牙源性间充质干细胞促进牙周组织再生的可能性与前景
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摘要
背景:近年来,牙源性间充质干细胞在牙周炎模型牙周组织再生中取得了突破性进展,被认为是牙周组织再生的种子细胞,也是目前牙周组织重建的研究热点。目的:综述牙源性间充质干细胞在牙周组织再生中的研究进展,并提出牙源性间充质干细胞促进牙周组织再生的潜在机制。方法:以"牙周炎、牙源性间充质干细胞、牙周组织再生、多向分化能力、增殖、自我更新、迁移、归巢、免疫调节、衰老、牙周组织修复"为中文检索词;以"periodontitis,odontogenic mesenchymal stem cells/dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells,periodontal tissue regeneration,multidirectional differentiation,proliferation and self-renewal,migration and homing,immune regulation,aging,repair of periodontal tissue"为英文检索词,检索CNKI与PubMed数据库1995至2018年间相关文献,纳入61篇文献进行综述,分析牙源性间充质干细胞的相关特性、修复牙周组织的潜在机制及研究进展。结果与结论:在牙周炎动物模型及细胞模型中植入牙源性间充质干细胞,可形成牙周组织。牙源性间充质干细胞是重建牙周组织的一种新型治疗方法,但目前在牙周组织再生中的应用仍处于初期阶段,还面临干细胞增殖、分化、迁移和归巢、衰老以及新生物与体内功能相适应等挑战。
BACKGROUND: In recent years, dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells have made breakthroughs in the periodontal tissue regeneration of a periodontitis model, and they are the seed cells of periodontal tissue regeneration, which is also the hotspot study of periodontal tissue reconstruction OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress in the use of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells in periodontal tissue regeneration, and to propose the potential mechanism by which dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote periodontal tissue regeneration.METHODS: The related literatures addressing dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells and periodontal tissue regeneration published from 1995 to 2018 were retrieved in the databases of CNKI and PubMed. The keywords were "periodontitis, odontogenic mesenchymal stem cells/dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells, periodontal tissue regeneration, multidirectional differentiation, proliferation, self-renewal,migration, homing, immune regulation, aging, repair of periodontal tissue" in Chinese and English, respectively. Sixty-one articles were finally reviewed to analyze the characteristics and potential mechanisms of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells for periodontal repair.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells that are implanted into an animal model of periodontitis or a cell model can differentiate into periodontal tissue. Dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells are a new treatment method for the reconstruction of periodontal tissue. However, its application in periodontal tissue regeneration is still in its infancy, and several challenges, such as stem cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and homing, aging and adaptation of new organisms to the function of the body, need to be overcome.
BACKGROUND: In recent years, dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells have made breakthroughs in the periodontal tissue regeneration of a periodontitis model, and they are the seed cells of periodontal tissue regeneration, which is also the hotspot study of periodontal tissue reconstruction OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress in the use of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells in periodontal tissue regeneration, and to propose the potential mechanism by which dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote periodontal tissue regeneration.METHODS: The related literatures addressing dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells and periodontal tissue regeneration published from 1995 to 2018 were retrieved in the databases of CNKI and PubMed. The keywords were "periodontitis, odontogenic mesenchymal stem cells/dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells, periodontal tissue regeneration, multidirectional differentiation, proliferation, self-renewal,migration, homing, immune regulation, aging, repair of periodontal tissue" in Chinese and English, respectively. Sixty-one articles were finally reviewed to analyze the characteristics and potential mechanisms of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells for periodontal repair.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells that are implanted into an animal model of periodontitis or a cell model can differentiate into periodontal tissue. Dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells are a new treatment method for the reconstruction of periodontal tissue. However, its application in periodontal tissue regeneration is still in its infancy, and several challenges, such as stem cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and homing, aging and adaptation of new organisms to the function of the body, need to be overcome.
引文
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[5]Kim MJ,Kim ZH,Kim SM,et al.Conditioned medium derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regenerates atrophied muscles.Tissue Cell.2016;48(5):533-543.
[6]Rohban R,Pieber TR.Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cells in Regeneration:Tissue Specificity and Regenerative Potential.Stem Cells Int.2017;2017:5173732.
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[8]Yang X,van der Kraan PM,Bian Z,et al.Mineralized tissue formation by BMP2-transfected pulp stem cells.J Dent Res.2009;88(11):1020-1025.
[9]Laino G,d'Aquino R,Graziano A,et al.A new population of human adult dental pulp stem cells:a useful source of living autologous fibrous bone tissue(LAB).J Bone Miner Res.2005;20(8):1394-1402.
[10]Sonoyama W,Liu Y,Fang D,et al.Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated functional tooth regeneration in swine.PLoSOne.2006;1:e79.
[11]Sonoyama W,Liu Y,Yamaza T,et al.Characterization of the apical papilla and its residing stem cells from human immature permanent teeth:a pilot study.J Endod.2008;34(2):166-171.
[12]Chen FM,Sun HH,Lu H,et al.Stem cell-delivery therapeutics for periodontal tissue regeneration.Biomaterials.2012;33(27):6320-6344.
[13]Guo W,Gong K,Shi H,et al.Dental follicle cells and treated dentin matrix scaffold for tissue engineering the tooth root.Biomaterials.2012;33(5):1291-1302.
[14]Du ZH,Li SL,Ge XY,et al.Comparison of the secretory related molecules expression in stem cells from the pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth and dental pulp stem cells.Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi.2018;53(11):741-747.
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[16]Ching HS,Luddin N,Rahman IA,et al.Expression of Odontogenic and Osteogenic Markers in DPSCs and SHED:A Review.Curr Stem Cell Res Ther.2017;12(1):71-79.
[17]Bright R,Hynes K,Gronthos S,et al.Periodontal ligament-derived cells for periodontal regeneration in animal models:a systematic review.J Periodontal Res.2015;50(2):160-172.
[18]Yang H,Gao LN,An Y,et al.Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells derived from gingival tissue and periodontal ligament in different incubation conditions.Biomaterials.2013;34(29):7033-7047.
[19]Lee JS,Lee JB,Cha JK,et al.Chemokine in inflamed periodontal tissues activates healthy periodontal-ligament stem cell migration.J Clin Periodontol.2017;44(5):530-539.
[20]Zhang F,Si M,Wang H,et al.IL-1/TNF-αInflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Synchronization Affects Gingival Stem/Progenitor Cells'Regenerative Attributes.Stem Cells Int.2017;2017:1349481.
[21]Zhou L,D?rfer CE,Chen L,et al.Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides affect gingival stem/progenitor cells attributes through NF-κB,but not Wnt/β-catenin,pathway.JClin Periodontol.2017;44(11):1112-1122.
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[23]Liu Y,Wang L,Kikuiri T,et al.Mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue regeneration is governed by recipient T lymphocytes via IFN-γand TNF-α.Nat Med.2011;17(12):1594-1601.
[24]Sordi V.Mesenchymal stem cell homing capacity.Transplantation.2009;87(9 Suppl):S42-45.
[25]Yu Y,Wu RX,Gao LN,et al.Stromal cell-derived factor-1-directed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell migration in response to inflammatory and/or hypoxic stimuli.Cell Adh Migr.2016;10(4):342-359.
[26]Ziaei R,Ayatollahi M,Yaghobi R,et al.Involvement of TNF-αin differential gene expression pattern of CXCR4 on human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.Mol Biol Rep.2014;41(2):1059-1066.
[27]Yu Y,Bi CS,Wu RX,et al.Effects of short-term inflammatory and/or hypoxic pretreatments on periodontal ligament stem cells:in vitro and in vivo studies.Cell Tissue Res.2016;366(2):311-328.
[28]Sundin M,Barrett AJ,Ringdén O,et al.HSCT recipients have specific tolerance to MSC but not to the MSC donor.JImmunother.2009;32(7):755-764.
[29]Rasmusson I,Ringdén O,Sundberg B,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the formation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes,but not activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells.Transplantation.2003;76(8):1208-1213.
[30]Uccelli A,Moretta L,Pistoia V.Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease.Nat Rev Immunol.2008;8(9):726-736.
[31]Liu D,Xu J,Liu O,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells derived from inflamed periodontal ligaments exhibit impaired immunomodulation.J Clin Periodontol.2012;39(12):1174-1182.
[32]Ding G,Liu Y,An Y,et al.Suppression of T cell proliferation by root apical papilla stem cells in vitro.Cells Tissues Organs.2010;191(5):357-364.
[33]Yamaza T,Kentaro A,Chen C,et al.Immunomodulatory properties of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth.Stem Cell Res Ther.2010;1(1):5.
[34]Morsczeck C,V?llner F,Saugspier M,et al.Comparison of human dental follicle cells(DFCs)and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth(SHED)after neural differentiation in vitro.Clin Oral Investig.2010;14(4):433-440.
[35]Zhao Y,Wang L,Jin Y,et al.Fas ligand regulates the immunomodulatory properties of dental pulp stem cells.JDent Res.2012;91(10):948-954.
[36]Kawamura H,Nakatsuka R,Matsuoka Y,et al.TGF-βSignaling Accelerates Senescence of Human Bone-Derived CD271 and SSEA-4 Double-Positive Mesenchymal Stromal Cells.Stem Cell Reports.2018;10(3):920-932.
[37]Zheng W,Wang S,Ma D,et al.Loss of proliferation and differentiation capacity of aged human periodontal ligament stem cells and rejuvenation by exposure to the young extrinsic environment.Tissue Eng Part A.2009;15(9):2363-2371.
[38]Li Y,Pan E,Wang Y,et al.Flk-1?Sca-1?mesenchymal stem cells:functional characteristics in vitro and regenerative capacity in vivo.Int J Clin Exp Pathol.2015;8(9):9875-9888.
[39]Aksel H,Huang GT.Human and Swine Dental Pulp Stem Cells Form a Vascularlike Network after Angiogenic Differentiation in Comparison with Endothelial Cells:AQuantitative Analysis.J Endod.2017;43(4):588-595.
[40]Miura M,Gronthos S,Zhao M,et al.SHED:stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2003;100(10):5807-5812.
[41]Han J,Menicanin D,Marino V,et al.Assessment of the regenerative potential of allogeneic periodontal ligament stem cells in a rodent periodontal defect model.J Periodontal Res.2014;49(3):333-345.
[42]Mrozik KM,Wada N,Marino V,et al.Regeneration of periodontal tissues using allogeneic periodontal ligament stem cells in an ovine model.Regen Med.2013;8(6):711-723.
[43]Yu N,Oortgiesen DA,Bronckers AL,et al.Enhanced periodontal tissue regeneration by periodontal cell implantation.J Clin Periodontol.2013;40(7):698-706.
[44]Shi S,Bartold PM,Miura M,et al.The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate and repair dental structures.Orthod Craniofac Res.2005;8(3):191-199.
[45]Han C,Yang Z,Zhou W,et al.Periapical follicle stem cell:a promising candidate for cementum/periodontal ligament regeneration and bio-root engineering.Stem Cells Dev.2010;19(9):1405-1415.
[46]Fu X,Jin L,Ma P,et al.Allogeneic stem cells from deciduous teeth in treatment for periodontitis in miniature swine.JPeriodontol.2014;85(6):845-851.
[47]Khorsand A,Eslaminejad MB,Arabsolghar M,et al.Autologous dental pulp stem cells in regeneration of defect created in canine periodontal tissue.J Oral Implantol.2013;39(4):433-443.
[48]Aimetti M,Ferrarotti F,Cricenti L,et al.Autologous dental pulp stem cells in periodontal regeneration:a case report.Int JPeriodontics Restorative Dent.2014;34 Suppl 3:s27-33.
[49]D'Aquino R,De Rosa A,Lanza V,et al.Human mandible bone defect repair by the grafting of dental pulp stem/progenitor cells and collagen sponge biocomplexes.Eur Cell Mater.2009;18:75-83.
[50]Bakopoulou A,About I.Stem Cells of Dental Origin:Current Research Trends and Key Milestones towards Clinical Application.Stem Cells Int.2016;2016:4209891.
[51]Sakai VT,Zhang Z,Dong Z,et al.SHED differentiate into functional odontoblasts and endothelium.J Dent Res.2010;89(8):791-796.
[52]Kawai T,Katagiri W,Osugi M,et al.Secretomes from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells enhance periodontal tissue regeneration.Cytotherapy.2015;17(4):369-381.
[53]Liu AQ,Hu CH,Jin F,et al.Contributions of Bioactive Molecules in Stem Cell-Based Periodontal Regeneration.Int JMol Sci.2018;19(4):E1016.
[54]Ochiai H,Okada S,Saito A,et al.Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)expression by prolonged transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)administration suppresses osteoblast differentiation.J Biol Chem.2012;287(27):22654-22661.
[55]Qin Z,Fang Z,Zhao L,et al.High dose of TNF-αsuppressed osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling.J Mol Histol.2015;46(4-5):409-420.
[56]Feng X,Shen S,Cao P,et al.The role of oncostatin Mregulates osteoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells through STAT3 pathway.Cytotechnology.2016;68(6):2699-2709.
[57]Page-McCaw A,Ewald AJ,Werb Z.Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.2007;8(3):221-233.
[58]Rifas L,Arackal S,Weitzmann MN.Inflammatory T cells rapidly induce differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into mature osteoblasts.J Cell Biochem.2003;88(4):650-659.
[59]Fu Y,Karbaat L,Wu L,et al.Trophic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration.Tissue Eng Part B Rev.2017;23(6):515-528.
[60]Aliotta JM,Sanchez-Guijo FM,Dooner GJ,et al.Alteration of marrow cell gene expression,protein production,and engraftment into lung by lung-derived microvesicles:a novel mechanism for phenotype modulation.Stem Cells.2007;25(9):2245-2256.
[61]Han H,Hu J,Yan Q,et al.Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells rescue injured H9c2 cells via transferring intact mitochondria through tunneling nanotubes in an in vitro simulated ischemia/reperfusion model.Mol Med Rep.2016;13(2):1517-1524.
[2]Chalisserry EP,Nam SY,Park SH,et al.Therapeutic potential of dental stem cells.J Tissue Eng.2017;8(1):1-17.
[3]Collart-Dutilleul PY,Chaubron F,De Vos J,et al.Allogenic banking of dental pulp stem cells for innovative therapeutics.World J Stem Cells.2015;7(7):1010-1021.
[4]Liao J,Yu X,Hu X,et al.lncRNA H19 mediates BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)through Notch signaling.Oncotarget.2017;8(32):53581-53601.
[5]Kim MJ,Kim ZH,Kim SM,et al.Conditioned medium derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regenerates atrophied muscles.Tissue Cell.2016;48(5):533-543.
[6]Rohban R,Pieber TR.Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cells in Regeneration:Tissue Specificity and Regenerative Potential.Stem Cells Int.2017;2017:5173732.
[7]Seo BM,Miura M,Gronthos S,et al.Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament.Lancet.2004;364(9429):149-155.
[8]Yang X,van der Kraan PM,Bian Z,et al.Mineralized tissue formation by BMP2-transfected pulp stem cells.J Dent Res.2009;88(11):1020-1025.
[9]Laino G,d'Aquino R,Graziano A,et al.A new population of human adult dental pulp stem cells:a useful source of living autologous fibrous bone tissue(LAB).J Bone Miner Res.2005;20(8):1394-1402.
[10]Sonoyama W,Liu Y,Fang D,et al.Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated functional tooth regeneration in swine.PLoSOne.2006;1:e79.
[11]Sonoyama W,Liu Y,Yamaza T,et al.Characterization of the apical papilla and its residing stem cells from human immature permanent teeth:a pilot study.J Endod.2008;34(2):166-171.
[12]Chen FM,Sun HH,Lu H,et al.Stem cell-delivery therapeutics for periodontal tissue regeneration.Biomaterials.2012;33(27):6320-6344.
[13]Guo W,Gong K,Shi H,et al.Dental follicle cells and treated dentin matrix scaffold for tissue engineering the tooth root.Biomaterials.2012;33(5):1291-1302.
[14]Du ZH,Li SL,Ge XY,et al.Comparison of the secretory related molecules expression in stem cells from the pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth and dental pulp stem cells.Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi.2018;53(11):741-747.
[15]Yamada Y,Ito K,Nakamura S,et al.Promising cell-based therapy for bone regeneration using stem cells from deciduous teeth,dental pulp,and bone marrow.Cell Transplant.2011;20(7):1003-1013.
[16]Ching HS,Luddin N,Rahman IA,et al.Expression of Odontogenic and Osteogenic Markers in DPSCs and SHED:A Review.Curr Stem Cell Res Ther.2017;12(1):71-79.
[17]Bright R,Hynes K,Gronthos S,et al.Periodontal ligament-derived cells for periodontal regeneration in animal models:a systematic review.J Periodontal Res.2015;50(2):160-172.
[18]Yang H,Gao LN,An Y,et al.Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells derived from gingival tissue and periodontal ligament in different incubation conditions.Biomaterials.2013;34(29):7033-7047.
[19]Lee JS,Lee JB,Cha JK,et al.Chemokine in inflamed periodontal tissues activates healthy periodontal-ligament stem cell migration.J Clin Periodontol.2017;44(5):530-539.
[20]Zhang F,Si M,Wang H,et al.IL-1/TNF-αInflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Synchronization Affects Gingival Stem/Progenitor Cells'Regenerative Attributes.Stem Cells Int.2017;2017:1349481.
[21]Zhou L,D?rfer CE,Chen L,et al.Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides affect gingival stem/progenitor cells attributes through NF-κB,but not Wnt/β-catenin,pathway.JClin Periodontol.2017;44(11):1112-1122.
[22]Tomasello L,Mauceri R,Coppola A,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells derived from inflamed dental pulpal and gingival tissue:a potential application for bone formation.Stem Cell Res Ther.2017;8(1):179.
[23]Liu Y,Wang L,Kikuiri T,et al.Mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue regeneration is governed by recipient T lymphocytes via IFN-γand TNF-α.Nat Med.2011;17(12):1594-1601.
[24]Sordi V.Mesenchymal stem cell homing capacity.Transplantation.2009;87(9 Suppl):S42-45.
[25]Yu Y,Wu RX,Gao LN,et al.Stromal cell-derived factor-1-directed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell migration in response to inflammatory and/or hypoxic stimuli.Cell Adh Migr.2016;10(4):342-359.
[26]Ziaei R,Ayatollahi M,Yaghobi R,et al.Involvement of TNF-αin differential gene expression pattern of CXCR4 on human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.Mol Biol Rep.2014;41(2):1059-1066.
[27]Yu Y,Bi CS,Wu RX,et al.Effects of short-term inflammatory and/or hypoxic pretreatments on periodontal ligament stem cells:in vitro and in vivo studies.Cell Tissue Res.2016;366(2):311-328.
[28]Sundin M,Barrett AJ,Ringdén O,et al.HSCT recipients have specific tolerance to MSC but not to the MSC donor.JImmunother.2009;32(7):755-764.
[29]Rasmusson I,Ringdén O,Sundberg B,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the formation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes,but not activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells.Transplantation.2003;76(8):1208-1213.
[30]Uccelli A,Moretta L,Pistoia V.Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease.Nat Rev Immunol.2008;8(9):726-736.
[31]Liu D,Xu J,Liu O,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells derived from inflamed periodontal ligaments exhibit impaired immunomodulation.J Clin Periodontol.2012;39(12):1174-1182.
[32]Ding G,Liu Y,An Y,et al.Suppression of T cell proliferation by root apical papilla stem cells in vitro.Cells Tissues Organs.2010;191(5):357-364.
[33]Yamaza T,Kentaro A,Chen C,et al.Immunomodulatory properties of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth.Stem Cell Res Ther.2010;1(1):5.
[34]Morsczeck C,V?llner F,Saugspier M,et al.Comparison of human dental follicle cells(DFCs)and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth(SHED)after neural differentiation in vitro.Clin Oral Investig.2010;14(4):433-440.
[35]Zhao Y,Wang L,Jin Y,et al.Fas ligand regulates the immunomodulatory properties of dental pulp stem cells.JDent Res.2012;91(10):948-954.
[36]Kawamura H,Nakatsuka R,Matsuoka Y,et al.TGF-βSignaling Accelerates Senescence of Human Bone-Derived CD271 and SSEA-4 Double-Positive Mesenchymal Stromal Cells.Stem Cell Reports.2018;10(3):920-932.
[37]Zheng W,Wang S,Ma D,et al.Loss of proliferation and differentiation capacity of aged human periodontal ligament stem cells and rejuvenation by exposure to the young extrinsic environment.Tissue Eng Part A.2009;15(9):2363-2371.
[38]Li Y,Pan E,Wang Y,et al.Flk-1?Sca-1?mesenchymal stem cells:functional characteristics in vitro and regenerative capacity in vivo.Int J Clin Exp Pathol.2015;8(9):9875-9888.
[39]Aksel H,Huang GT.Human and Swine Dental Pulp Stem Cells Form a Vascularlike Network after Angiogenic Differentiation in Comparison with Endothelial Cells:AQuantitative Analysis.J Endod.2017;43(4):588-595.
[40]Miura M,Gronthos S,Zhao M,et al.SHED:stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2003;100(10):5807-5812.
[41]Han J,Menicanin D,Marino V,et al.Assessment of the regenerative potential of allogeneic periodontal ligament stem cells in a rodent periodontal defect model.J Periodontal Res.2014;49(3):333-345.
[42]Mrozik KM,Wada N,Marino V,et al.Regeneration of periodontal tissues using allogeneic periodontal ligament stem cells in an ovine model.Regen Med.2013;8(6):711-723.
[43]Yu N,Oortgiesen DA,Bronckers AL,et al.Enhanced periodontal tissue regeneration by periodontal cell implantation.J Clin Periodontol.2013;40(7):698-706.
[44]Shi S,Bartold PM,Miura M,et al.The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate and repair dental structures.Orthod Craniofac Res.2005;8(3):191-199.
[45]Han C,Yang Z,Zhou W,et al.Periapical follicle stem cell:a promising candidate for cementum/periodontal ligament regeneration and bio-root engineering.Stem Cells Dev.2010;19(9):1405-1415.
[46]Fu X,Jin L,Ma P,et al.Allogeneic stem cells from deciduous teeth in treatment for periodontitis in miniature swine.JPeriodontol.2014;85(6):845-851.
[47]Khorsand A,Eslaminejad MB,Arabsolghar M,et al.Autologous dental pulp stem cells in regeneration of defect created in canine periodontal tissue.J Oral Implantol.2013;39(4):433-443.
[48]Aimetti M,Ferrarotti F,Cricenti L,et al.Autologous dental pulp stem cells in periodontal regeneration:a case report.Int JPeriodontics Restorative Dent.2014;34 Suppl 3:s27-33.
[49]D'Aquino R,De Rosa A,Lanza V,et al.Human mandible bone defect repair by the grafting of dental pulp stem/progenitor cells and collagen sponge biocomplexes.Eur Cell Mater.2009;18:75-83.
[50]Bakopoulou A,About I.Stem Cells of Dental Origin:Current Research Trends and Key Milestones towards Clinical Application.Stem Cells Int.2016;2016:4209891.
[51]Sakai VT,Zhang Z,Dong Z,et al.SHED differentiate into functional odontoblasts and endothelium.J Dent Res.2010;89(8):791-796.
[52]Kawai T,Katagiri W,Osugi M,et al.Secretomes from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells enhance periodontal tissue regeneration.Cytotherapy.2015;17(4):369-381.
[53]Liu AQ,Hu CH,Jin F,et al.Contributions of Bioactive Molecules in Stem Cell-Based Periodontal Regeneration.Int JMol Sci.2018;19(4):E1016.
[54]Ochiai H,Okada S,Saito A,et al.Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)expression by prolonged transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)administration suppresses osteoblast differentiation.J Biol Chem.2012;287(27):22654-22661.
[55]Qin Z,Fang Z,Zhao L,et al.High dose of TNF-αsuppressed osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling.J Mol Histol.2015;46(4-5):409-420.
[56]Feng X,Shen S,Cao P,et al.The role of oncostatin Mregulates osteoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells through STAT3 pathway.Cytotechnology.2016;68(6):2699-2709.
[57]Page-McCaw A,Ewald AJ,Werb Z.Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol.2007;8(3):221-233.
[58]Rifas L,Arackal S,Weitzmann MN.Inflammatory T cells rapidly induce differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into mature osteoblasts.J Cell Biochem.2003;88(4):650-659.
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