造山带橄榄岩岩石学与构造过程:以松树沟橄榄岩为例
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摘要
造山带橄榄岩不仅是地幔地球化学,而且是造山带形成与演化过程研究的主要对象.造山带橄榄岩主要有3种类型:(1)阿尔卑斯型橄榄岩,即岩石圈地幔构造-热侵位就位于造山带浅部地壳的橄榄岩;(2)前期层状基性-超基性堆晶岩经俯冲变质形成的橄榄岩;(3)蛇绿岩型橄榄岩.松树沟糜棱岩化橄榄岩及其相关高级变质岩详细的岩石学和地球化学研究发现这些橄榄岩记录了洋岩石圈形成到角闪岩相变质的全过程.即1 000～800 Ma洋岩石圈形成阶段,主要形成纯橄岩;<800～500Ma洋-陆转换即陆岩石圈演化阶段,岩石圈被交代形成大量方辉橄榄岩;500～480 Ma快速深俯冲和榴辉岩相变质阶段;460～335Ma角闪岩相退变质阶段,此阶段在松树沟橄榄岩中形成大量富镁的直闪石类矿物,包括透闪石、阳起石和镁闪石.由此可见,蛇绿岩型造山带橄榄岩能够记录造山带形成与演化的全过程,通常会经历4个形成和演化阶段:(1)洋岩石圈(蛇绿岩)形成阶段,形成纯榄岩;(2)洋-陆转换阶段,陆岩石圈演化阶段,岩石圈受交代形成方辉橄榄岩;(3)岩石圈深俯冲,榴辉岩相变质;(4)俯冲板片抬升至角闪岩相时退变质,此时在橄榄岩中形成富镁的直闪石类矿物.不同造山带中蛇绿岩型橄榄岩的区别可能只是俯冲深度和退变质程度不同而已.最后,蛇绿岩一定要强调是什么时代的蛇绿岩.同时,造山带进变质作用产物经常会被后期抬升过程中退变质作用彻底改造,这应该引起重视.
Orogenic peridotite is one of major research targets not only for mantle geochemistry,but also for the formation and evolution of the orogenic belts.There are mainly three types of orogenic peridotites:(1)Alpine peridotite,i.e.lithospheric mantle tectonic-thermal diaper into the shallow orogenic crust;(2)mafic-ultramafic cumulates of layered intrusions underwent subduction and metamorphism;(3)ophiolitic peridotite.Detailed petrological and geochemical investigation on Songshugou mylonitized peridotites and their related high-grade metamorphic rocks demonstrates that the Songshugou peridotites recorded the whole cycle from the formation of an oceanic lithosphere to amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism.i.e.dunites produced during the formation of an oceanic lithosphere at 1 000-800 Ma;followed by the period of oceanic-continental transition during<800-500 Ma,lithospheric dunites metasomatized to produce an amounts of metasomatic harzburgites;rapid deep subdution and eclogite-facies metamorphism at 500-480 Ma;and amphibolite-facies retrograde metasomatism during slow exhumation at460-335 Ma,magnesium-rich anthophyllites in Songshugou peridotites,including tremolite,actinolite,and magnesium amphibole,were emerged at this stage.Thus it can be seen that ophiolitic orogenic peridotites can record the whole cycle from the orogen formation and its evolution.They often underwent four stages:(1)formation of an oceanic lithosphere(ophiolite)to produce dunites;(2)the period of oceanic-continental transition and the formation of metasomatic harzburgite due to mantle metasomatism;(3)deep lithosphere subduction and eclogite-facies metamorphism;(4)retrograde metamorphism when exhumed to the depth of amphibolite-facies,lots of anthophyllites in peridotites emerged in this stage.Different orogens may have a diverse rock types just in the depth of the deep subduction and in degrees of retrograde metamorphism.Finally,the age formation of ophiolites must be emphasized.Meantime,the high grade metamorphosed rocks can be completely destroyed due to the later retrograde metamorphism,this deserves a great attention.
Orogenic peridotite is one of major research targets not only for mantle geochemistry,but also for the formation and evolution of the orogenic belts.There are mainly three types of orogenic peridotites:(1)Alpine peridotite,i.e.lithospheric mantle tectonic-thermal diaper into the shallow orogenic crust;(2)mafic-ultramafic cumulates of layered intrusions underwent subduction and metamorphism;(3)ophiolitic peridotite.Detailed petrological and geochemical investigation on Songshugou mylonitized peridotites and their related high-grade metamorphic rocks demonstrates that the Songshugou peridotites recorded the whole cycle from the formation of an oceanic lithosphere to amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism.i.e.dunites produced during the formation of an oceanic lithosphere at 1 000-800 Ma;followed by the period of oceanic-continental transition during<800-500 Ma,lithospheric dunites metasomatized to produce an amounts of metasomatic harzburgites;rapid deep subdution and eclogite-facies metamorphism at 500-480 Ma;and amphibolite-facies retrograde metasomatism during slow exhumation at460-335 Ma,magnesium-rich anthophyllites in Songshugou peridotites,including tremolite,actinolite,and magnesium amphibole,were emerged at this stage.Thus it can be seen that ophiolitic orogenic peridotites can record the whole cycle from the orogen formation and its evolution.They often underwent four stages:(1)formation of an oceanic lithosphere(ophiolite)to produce dunites;(2)the period of oceanic-continental transition and the formation of metasomatic harzburgite due to mantle metasomatism;(3)deep lithosphere subduction and eclogite-facies metamorphism;(4)retrograde metamorphism when exhumed to the depth of amphibolite-facies,lots of anthophyllites in peridotites emerged in this stage.Different orogens may have a diverse rock types just in the depth of the deep subduction and in degrees of retrograde metamorphism.Finally,the age formation of ophiolites must be emphasized.Meantime,the high grade metamorphosed rocks can be completely destroyed due to the later retrograde metamorphism,this deserves a great attention.
引文
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Bowen,N.L.,Tuttle,O.F.,1949.The System MgO-SiO2-H2O.Geological Society of America Bulletin,60(3):439-460.
Chen,D.L.,Liu,L.,Zhou,D.W.,et al.,2002.Genesis and40 Ar-39 Ar Dating of Clinopyroxene Megacrysts in Ultramafic Terrain from Songshugou,East Qinling Mountain and Its Geological Implication.Acta Petrologica Sinica,18(3):355-362(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Chen,Z.H.,Lu,S.N.,Li,H.K.,et al.,2004.The Age of the Dehe Biotite Monzogranite Gneiss in the North Qinling:TIMS and SHRIMP U-Pb Zircon Dating.Regional Geology of China,23(2):136-141(in Chinese with English abstract).
Cheng,H.,Zhang,C.,Vervoort,J.D.,et al.,2011.Geochronology of the Transition of Eclogite to Amphibolite Facies Metamorphism in the North Qinling Orogen of Central China.Lithos,125(3-4):969-983.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.05.010
Cheng,H.,Zhang,C.,Vervoort,J.D.,et al.,2012.Timing of Eclogite Facies Metamorphism in the North Qinling by U-Pb and Lu-Hf Geochronology.Lithos,136-139:46-59.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.003
Dong,Y.P.,Genser,J.,Neubauer,F.,et al.,2011a.U-Pb and40 Ar/39 Ar Geochronological Constraints on the Exhumation History of the North Qinling Terrane,China.Gondwana Research,19(4):881-893.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.09.007
Dong,Y.P.,Zhang,G.W.,Neubauer,F.,et al.,2011b.Tectonic Evolution of the Qinling Orogen,China:Review and Synthesis.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,41(3):213-237.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.03.002
Dong,Y.P.,Zhou,D.W.,Liu,L.,et al.,1997.Sm-Nd Isotopic Ages of the Songshugou Ophiolite from the East Qinling and Its Geological Significance.Regional Geology of China,16(2):217-221(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hangh?j,K.,Kelemen,P.B.,Hassler,D.,et al.,2010.Composition and Genesis of Depleted Mantle Peridotites from the Wadi Tayin Massif,Oman Ophiolite;Major and Trace Element Geochemistry,and Os Isotope and PGESystematics.Journal of Petrology,51(1-2):201-227.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp077
Kaczmarek,M.A.,Müntener,O.,2008.Juxtaposition of Melt Impregnation and High-Temperature Shear Zones in the Upper Mantle;Field and Petrological Constraints from the Lanzo Peridotite(Northern Italy).Journal of Petrology,49(12):2187-2220.https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egn065
Kelemen,P.B.,Dick,H.J.B.,Quick,J.E.,1992.Formation of Harzburgite by Pervasive Melt/Rock Reaction in the Upper Mantle.Nature,358(6388):635-641.https://doi.org/10.1038/358635a0
Kelemen,P.B.,Hart,S.R.,Bernstein,S.,1998.Silica Enrichment in the Continental Upper Mantle via Melt/Rock Reaction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,164(1-2):387-406.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00233-7
Khedr,M.Z.,Arai,S.,Python,M.,2013.Petrology and Chemistry of Basal Lherzolites above the Metamorphic Sole from Wadi Sarami Central Oman Ophiolite.Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences,108(1):13-24.https://doi.org/10.2465/jmps.121026
Kusbach,V.,Ulrich,S.,Schulmann,K.,2012.Ductile Deformation and Rheology of Sub-Continental Mantle in a Hot Collisional Orogeny:Example from the Bohemian Massif.Journal of Geodynamics,56-57:108-123.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2011.06.004
Li,S.G.,Chen,Y.Z.,Zhang,G.W.,et al.,1991.A 1Ga B.Alpine Peridotite Body Emplaced into the Qinling Group:Evidence for the Existence of the Late Proterozoic Plate Tectonics in the North Qinling Area.Geological Review,37:235-242(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,L.,Liao,X.Y.,Zhang,C.L.,et al.,2013.MultiMetamorphic Timings of HP-UHP Rocks in the North Qinling and Their Geological Implications.Acta Petrologica Sinica,29(5):1634-1656(in Chinese with English abstract).
McInnes,B.I.A.,Gregoire,M.,Binns,R.A.,et al.,2001.Hydrous Metasomatism of Oceanic Sub-Arc Mantle,Lihir,Papua New Guinea:Petrology and Geochemistry of Fluid-Metasomatised Mantle Wedge Xenoliths.Earth andPlanetaryScienceLetters,188(1-2):169-183.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(01)00306-5
Meng,Q.R.,Zhang,G.W.,2000.Geologic Framework and Tectonic Evolution of the Qinling Orogen,Central China.Tectonophysics,323(3-4):183-196.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00106-2
Newman,J.,Lamb,W.M.,Drury,M.R.,et al.,1999.Deformation Processes in a Peridotite Shear Zone:ReactionSoftening by an H2O-Deficient,Continuous Net Transfer Reaction.Tectonophysics,303(1-4):193-222.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00259-5
Nozaka,T.,2011.Constraints on Anthophyllite Formation in Thermally Metamorphosed Peridotites from Southwestern Japan.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,29(4):385-398.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00921.x
Nozaka,T.,2014.Metasomatic Hydration of the Oeyama Forearc Peridotites:Tectonic Implications.Lithos,184-187:346-360.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.11.012
Ratschbacher,L.,Hacker,B.R.,Calvert,A.,et al.,2003.Tectonics of the Qinling(Central China):Tectonostratigraphy,Geochronology,and Deformation History.Tectonophysics,366(1-2):1-53.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(03)00053-2
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