砂质辫状河不同级次构型表征及其界面控制下的岩性分布模式——以山西大同盆地侏罗系辫状河露头为例
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摘要
由于水动力的变化,厚砂层内不同级次构型界面附近会发生岩性的变化,界面附近存在具有一定厚度的"岩性复合体",从而影响厚层砂体内部的非均质性。砂质辫状河构型叠置界面多样,界面附近的岩性分布模式尤其复杂。通过对山西大同侏罗系云岗组经典砂质辫状河露头进行考察,划分了8种构型要素类型及其内部岩石相组合模式,阐述了不同级次构型界面附近沉积模式控制下的岩性组合模式,并且定量统计了5级~3级界面附近岩性复合体的展布规模(长度、厚度)。分析不同级次界面附近岩性变化的成因机制,重塑了砂质辫状河沉积过程。研究表明,5级界面为单期河道的边界,界面附近为厚度较大、分布稳定的泛滥平原沉积。4级界面为单一心滩坝或河道充填的边界,界面附近有分布较不稳定的三类沉积,一是坝侧翼的侧积披覆泥岩,二是坝底的含泥砾砂岩,三是废弃河道泥岩。3级界面是心滩坝内部增生体的边界,3级界面附近有厚度较薄、分布不稳定的四类沉积,一是增生体顶的粉砂质泥岩细粒沉积,也称为落淤层,二是增生体底的薄层含泥砾砂岩,三是增生体顶的泥质冲沟沉积,四是增生体界面附近的钙质胶结砂岩。
In multistory sandstones, lithofacies near the architectural bounding surface vary due to the hydrodynamic changes, which affect the heterogeneity inside the sand bodies. Especially for braided fluvial deposits, the hydrodynamic changes are more frequent, and the lithofacies near the bounding surfaces are distributed rather complicatedly and unstably. Lithofacies are identified and divided by investigating the classical sandy braided river outcrops in Datong, Shanxi Province, and eight modes of lithofacies assemblages are summarized, which correspond to eight types of architectural elements. The modes of lithologic complexes near architectural bounding surfaces in study outcrops are divided and measured quantitatively based on photographic mosaics and interpretation of the outcrop sections. The genetic mechanisms of lithologic variation of different orders and different types are analyzed, the architectural models of braided fluvial deposits are summarized, and the sandy braided river depositional process is remodeled. The fifth order architectural bounding surface is defined as the surface of a braided channel. Therefore, the lithology near the fifth order bounding surface is the floodplain mudstone which is relatively thick and develops stably between different periods of braided channels. The fourth order architectural bounding surface is considered as the surface of mid-channel bars or single channel-fills. So the lithologies near the fourth order surfaces can be divided into three types: covering mudstone on the flank of bars, erosional muddy gravels on the bottom of bars, and abandoned channel-fill mudstone. The third order architectural bounding surface is defined as the surface of a single accretion inside mid-channel bars. Thus, the lithologies near the third order surfaces can be divided into four types. The first type is muddy siltstone, also known as fallsilt seam, which deposits during the last phase of a single period of vertical accretion due to the weakened hydrodynamics. The second one is the thin-layer erosional muddy gravel, which generally locates at the bottom of an accretion. The third one is the muddy gully-fill deposit, and the fourth type is the diagenetic cementation belt. The lithologies near the third order architectural bounding surfaces develop unstably, due to its thin thickness and lateral discontinuities.
In multistory sandstones, lithofacies near the architectural bounding surface vary due to the hydrodynamic changes, which affect the heterogeneity inside the sand bodies. Especially for braided fluvial deposits, the hydrodynamic changes are more frequent, and the lithofacies near the bounding surfaces are distributed rather complicatedly and unstably. Lithofacies are identified and divided by investigating the classical sandy braided river outcrops in Datong, Shanxi Province, and eight modes of lithofacies assemblages are summarized, which correspond to eight types of architectural elements. The modes of lithologic complexes near architectural bounding surfaces in study outcrops are divided and measured quantitatively based on photographic mosaics and interpretation of the outcrop sections. The genetic mechanisms of lithologic variation of different orders and different types are analyzed, the architectural models of braided fluvial deposits are summarized, and the sandy braided river depositional process is remodeled. The fifth order architectural bounding surface is defined as the surface of a braided channel. Therefore, the lithology near the fifth order bounding surface is the floodplain mudstone which is relatively thick and develops stably between different periods of braided channels. The fourth order architectural bounding surface is considered as the surface of mid-channel bars or single channel-fills. So the lithologies near the fourth order surfaces can be divided into three types: covering mudstone on the flank of bars, erosional muddy gravels on the bottom of bars, and abandoned channel-fill mudstone. The third order architectural bounding surface is defined as the surface of a single accretion inside mid-channel bars. Thus, the lithologies near the third order surfaces can be divided into four types. The first type is muddy siltstone, also known as fallsilt seam, which deposits during the last phase of a single period of vertical accretion due to the weakened hydrodynamics. The second one is the thin-layer erosional muddy gravel, which generally locates at the bottom of an accretion. The third one is the muddy gully-fill deposit, and the fourth type is the diagenetic cementation belt. The lithologies near the third order architectural bounding surfaces develop unstably, due to its thin thickness and lateral discontinuities.
引文
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[8]MIALL AD.Reservoir heterogeneities in fluvial sandstones:Lessons from outcrop studies[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 1988, 72:682–697.
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[11]MIALL A D. Architecture and sequence stratigraphy of Pleistocene fluvial systems in the Malay Basin, based on seismic time-slice analysis[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 2002, 86:1201–1216.
[12]MIALL A D, JONES B G. Fluvial architecture of the Hawkesbury Sandstone(Triassic), near Sydney, Australia[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2003, 73:531–545.
[13]MIALL A D. Reconstructing the architecture and sequence stratigraphy of the preserved fluvial record as a tool for reservoir development:a reality check[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 2006, 90:989–1002.
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[15]CANT D J, WAKER R G. Fluvial processes and facies sequences in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada[J]. Sedimentology, 1978, 25:625–648.
[16]HJELLBAKK A. Facies and fluvial architecture of a high-energy braided river:The Upper Proterozoic Seglodden Member, Varanger Penimsula, northern Norway[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1997, 114:131-160.
[17]HOPKINS J C.Channel-fill deposits formed by aggradation in deeply scoured,superimposed distributaries of the Lower Kootenai Formation(Cretaceous)[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1985, 55:42-52.
[18]JIAO Y Q, YAN J X, LI S T, et al. Architectural units and heterogeneity of channel reservoirs in the Karamay Formation, outcrop area of Karamay oil field, Junggar basin, northern China[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 2005, 89(4):529–545.
[19]KRAUS M J,GWINN B.Facies and facies architecture of Paleogene floodpain deposits, Willwood Formation,Bighorn Basin,Wyoming, USA[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1997, 114:33–54.
[20]OLIVER J W, WAKEFIELD E H, ALEX W P. Architectural analysis of a Triassic fluvial system:The Sherwood Sandstone of the East Midlands Shelf, UK[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2015, 327:1–13.
[21]REESINK A J H, BRIDGE J S. Influence of bedform superimposition and flow unsteadiness on the formation of cross strata in dunes and unit bars[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2009, 222:274–300.
[22]孙天建,穆龙新,吴向红,等.砂质辫状河储层构型表征方法——以苏丹穆格莱特盆地Hegli油田为例[J].石油学报, 2014, 04:715–724.[SUN T J, MU L X, WU X H, et al. A quantitative method for architectural characterization of sandy braided river reservoirs:taking Hegli oilfield of Muglad Basin in Sudan as an example. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2014, 04:715–724.]
[23]牛博,高兴军,赵应成,等.古辫状河心滩坝内部构型表征与建模——以大庆油田萨中密井网区为例[J].石油学报,2015,01:89-100.[NIU B, GAO X J, ZHAO Y C, et al. Architecture characterization and modeling of channel bar in paleo-braided river:a case study of dense well pattern area of Sazhong in Daqing oilfield[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2015, 01:89–100.]
[24]廖保方,张为民,李列,等.辫状河现代沉积研究与相模式——中国永定河剖析[J].沉积学报,1998,32(3):32–36.[LIAO B F, ZHANG W M, LI L, et al. Study on Modern Deposit of a Braided Stream a Facies Model–Taking the Yongding River as an Example. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1998, 32(3):32–36.]
[25]刘钰铭,侯加根,王连敏,等.辫状河储层构型分析[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2009,01:7–11+17.[LIU Y M, HOU J G,WANG L M, et al. Architecture analysis of braided river reservoir[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 2009, 01:7–11+17.]
[26]金振奎,杨有星,尚建林,等.辫状河砂体构型及定量参数研究——以阜康、柳林和延安地区辫状河露头为例[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(3):311-317.[JIN Z K, YANG Y X, SHANG J L, et al. Sandbody architecture and quantitive paremeters of single channel sandbodies of braided river:Cases from outcrops of braided river in Fukang, Liulin and Yanan areas[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2014,25(3):311-317.]
[27]吴胜和,翟瑞,李宇鹏,等.地下储层构型表征:现状与展望[J].地学前缘,2012,02:15–23.[WU S H, ZHAI R, LI Y P. Subsurface seservoir architecture characterization:Current status and prospects[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(2):015–023.]
[28]RANIE L,ELIZABETH H.Conceptual model for predicting mudstone dimensions in sandy braided-river reservoirs[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulltin, 2006, 90(8):1273–1288.
[29]ROMAN S, NIGEL P M. Interpreting complex fluvial and barform architecture:Carboniferous Central Pennine Province, northern England[J]. Sedimentology, 2016, 63, 207-252.
[30]LI S L, YU X H, et al. Quantitive characterization of architecture elements and their response to base-level change in a sandy braided fluvial system at a mountain front[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2015, 85:1258–1274.
[31]YU X H, MA X X, QING H R. Sedimentology and reservoir characteristics of a Middle Jurassic fluvial system, Datong Basin, northern China[J]. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 2002, 50:105–117.
[32]于兴河.辫状河储层地质模式及层次界面分析[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.[YU X H. Geological model and hierarchical bounding surface analysis of braided river reservoir[M]. Beijing:Petroleum industry press,2004.]
[33]陈彬滔,于兴河,王天奇,等.砂质辫状河岩相与构型特征——以山西大同盆地中侏罗统云冈组露头为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2015,36(1):111–117.[CHEN B T, YU X H, et al. Lithofacies and architectural characteristics of sandy braided river deposits:a case from outcrops of the Middle Jurassic Yungang Formation in the Datong Basin, Shanxi Province[J]. Oil&Gas Geology, 2015, 36(1):111-117.]
[34]杨丽莎,陈彬滔,李顺利,等.基于成因类型的砂质辫状河泥岩分布模式——以山西大同侏罗系砂质辫状河露头为例[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(01):93-98.[YANG L S, CHEN B T, LI S L, et al. Pattern of genesis-based mudstone distribution for sandy braided river:A case study of sandy braided-river outcrop, Datong, Shanxi province, China[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2013,24(01):93-98.]
[35]李海燕,高阳,王延杰,等.辫状河储集层夹层发育模式及其对开发的影响——以准噶尔盆地风城油田为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(03):364–373.[LI H Y, GAO Y, WANG Y J, et al. Intercalation pattern and its impact on development of braided river reservoirs:A case of Fengcheng Oilfield, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(03):364–373.]
[36]印森林,吴胜和,陈恭洋,等.基于砂砾质辫状河沉积露头隔夹层研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(04):29–36.[YIN S L, WU S H, CHEN G Y, et al. A study on intercalation of sand-gravel braided river deposit based on outcrop section[J].Journal of southwest petroleum university(Science&Technology Edition), 2014, 36(04):29–36.]
[37]CHEN Y X, DAI D L. Depositional facies of Jurassic in Datong area, Shanxi province[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1962, 42:321–338.
[38]DU P. Structure characteristics and relations with neighbouring area in Datong coal field[J]. Geological Review, 1964, 22:259–266.
[2]徐安娜,穆龙新,裘怿楠.我国不同沉积类型储集层中的储量和可动剩余油分布规律[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,05:41–44.[XU A N, MU L X, QIU Y N. Distribution pattern of OOIP and remaining mobile oil in different types of sedimentary reservoir of China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development. 1998, 05:41–44.]
[3]ALLEN J R L. Studies in fluviatile sedimentation:bars, bar-complexes and sandstone sheets(low-sinuosity braided streams)in the Brownstones(L. Devonian)[J]. Welsh Borders. Sedimentary Geology, 1983, 33:237–293.
[4]BRIDGE J S. The interaction between channel geometry, water flow, sediment transport and deposition in braided rivers[J]. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 1993, 75:13–71.
[5]BRIDGE J S, TYE R S. Interpreting the dimensions of ancient fluvial channel bars, channels, and channel belts from wireline-logs and cores[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 2000, 84:1205–1228.
[6]BRIDGE J S. Rivers and floodplains:Forms, process, and sedimentary record[J]. Australian Geographical Studies, 2003, 48(3):386–387.
[7]MIALL A D. Architectural-element analysis:A new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits[J]. Earth Science Reviews,1985, 22(4):261 308.
[8]MIALL AD.Reservoir heterogeneities in fluvial sandstones:Lessons from outcrop studies[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 1988, 72:682–697.
[9]MIALL A D. Hierarchies of architectural units in terrigenous clastic rocks, and their relationship to sedimentation rate[J]. Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, 1992, 3:6–12.
[10]MIALL A D. The geology of fluvial deposits:Sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology[J]. Springer Verlin Heidelberg,1996, 582 p.
[11]MIALL A D. Architecture and sequence stratigraphy of Pleistocene fluvial systems in the Malay Basin, based on seismic time-slice analysis[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 2002, 86:1201–1216.
[12]MIALL A D, JONES B G. Fluvial architecture of the Hawkesbury Sandstone(Triassic), near Sydney, Australia[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2003, 73:531–545.
[13]MIALL A D. Reconstructing the architecture and sequence stratigraphy of the preserved fluvial record as a tool for reservoir development:a reality check[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 2006, 90:989–1002.
[14]CANT D J, WAKER R G. Development of a braided fluvial facies model for the Devonian Battery Point sandstone, Quebec[J]. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1976, 13:102–119.
[15]CANT D J, WAKER R G. Fluvial processes and facies sequences in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada[J]. Sedimentology, 1978, 25:625–648.
[16]HJELLBAKK A. Facies and fluvial architecture of a high-energy braided river:The Upper Proterozoic Seglodden Member, Varanger Penimsula, northern Norway[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1997, 114:131-160.
[17]HOPKINS J C.Channel-fill deposits formed by aggradation in deeply scoured,superimposed distributaries of the Lower Kootenai Formation(Cretaceous)[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1985, 55:42-52.
[18]JIAO Y Q, YAN J X, LI S T, et al. Architectural units and heterogeneity of channel reservoirs in the Karamay Formation, outcrop area of Karamay oil field, Junggar basin, northern China[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 2005, 89(4):529–545.
[19]KRAUS M J,GWINN B.Facies and facies architecture of Paleogene floodpain deposits, Willwood Formation,Bighorn Basin,Wyoming, USA[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1997, 114:33–54.
[20]OLIVER J W, WAKEFIELD E H, ALEX W P. Architectural analysis of a Triassic fluvial system:The Sherwood Sandstone of the East Midlands Shelf, UK[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2015, 327:1–13.
[21]REESINK A J H, BRIDGE J S. Influence of bedform superimposition and flow unsteadiness on the formation of cross strata in dunes and unit bars[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2009, 222:274–300.
[22]孙天建,穆龙新,吴向红,等.砂质辫状河储层构型表征方法——以苏丹穆格莱特盆地Hegli油田为例[J].石油学报, 2014, 04:715–724.[SUN T J, MU L X, WU X H, et al. A quantitative method for architectural characterization of sandy braided river reservoirs:taking Hegli oilfield of Muglad Basin in Sudan as an example. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2014, 04:715–724.]
[23]牛博,高兴军,赵应成,等.古辫状河心滩坝内部构型表征与建模——以大庆油田萨中密井网区为例[J].石油学报,2015,01:89-100.[NIU B, GAO X J, ZHAO Y C, et al. Architecture characterization and modeling of channel bar in paleo-braided river:a case study of dense well pattern area of Sazhong in Daqing oilfield[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2015, 01:89–100.]
[24]廖保方,张为民,李列,等.辫状河现代沉积研究与相模式——中国永定河剖析[J].沉积学报,1998,32(3):32–36.[LIAO B F, ZHANG W M, LI L, et al. Study on Modern Deposit of a Braided Stream a Facies Model–Taking the Yongding River as an Example. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1998, 32(3):32–36.]
[25]刘钰铭,侯加根,王连敏,等.辫状河储层构型分析[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2009,01:7–11+17.[LIU Y M, HOU J G,WANG L M, et al. Architecture analysis of braided river reservoir[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 2009, 01:7–11+17.]
[26]金振奎,杨有星,尚建林,等.辫状河砂体构型及定量参数研究——以阜康、柳林和延安地区辫状河露头为例[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(3):311-317.[JIN Z K, YANG Y X, SHANG J L, et al. Sandbody architecture and quantitive paremeters of single channel sandbodies of braided river:Cases from outcrops of braided river in Fukang, Liulin and Yanan areas[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2014,25(3):311-317.]
[27]吴胜和,翟瑞,李宇鹏,等.地下储层构型表征:现状与展望[J].地学前缘,2012,02:15–23.[WU S H, ZHAI R, LI Y P. Subsurface seservoir architecture characterization:Current status and prospects[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(2):015–023.]
[28]RANIE L,ELIZABETH H.Conceptual model for predicting mudstone dimensions in sandy braided-river reservoirs[J]. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulltin, 2006, 90(8):1273–1288.
[29]ROMAN S, NIGEL P M. Interpreting complex fluvial and barform architecture:Carboniferous Central Pennine Province, northern England[J]. Sedimentology, 2016, 63, 207-252.
[30]LI S L, YU X H, et al. Quantitive characterization of architecture elements and their response to base-level change in a sandy braided fluvial system at a mountain front[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2015, 85:1258–1274.
[31]YU X H, MA X X, QING H R. Sedimentology and reservoir characteristics of a Middle Jurassic fluvial system, Datong Basin, northern China[J]. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 2002, 50:105–117.
[32]于兴河.辫状河储层地质模式及层次界面分析[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004.[YU X H. Geological model and hierarchical bounding surface analysis of braided river reservoir[M]. Beijing:Petroleum industry press,2004.]
[33]陈彬滔,于兴河,王天奇,等.砂质辫状河岩相与构型特征——以山西大同盆地中侏罗统云冈组露头为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2015,36(1):111–117.[CHEN B T, YU X H, et al. Lithofacies and architectural characteristics of sandy braided river deposits:a case from outcrops of the Middle Jurassic Yungang Formation in the Datong Basin, Shanxi Province[J]. Oil&Gas Geology, 2015, 36(1):111-117.]
[34]杨丽莎,陈彬滔,李顺利,等.基于成因类型的砂质辫状河泥岩分布模式——以山西大同侏罗系砂质辫状河露头为例[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(01):93-98.[YANG L S, CHEN B T, LI S L, et al. Pattern of genesis-based mudstone distribution for sandy braided river:A case study of sandy braided-river outcrop, Datong, Shanxi province, China[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience,2013,24(01):93-98.]
[35]李海燕,高阳,王延杰,等.辫状河储集层夹层发育模式及其对开发的影响——以准噶尔盆地风城油田为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(03):364–373.[LI H Y, GAO Y, WANG Y J, et al. Intercalation pattern and its impact on development of braided river reservoirs:A case of Fengcheng Oilfield, Junggar Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(03):364–373.]
[36]印森林,吴胜和,陈恭洋,等.基于砂砾质辫状河沉积露头隔夹层研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(04):29–36.[YIN S L, WU S H, CHEN G Y, et al. A study on intercalation of sand-gravel braided river deposit based on outcrop section[J].Journal of southwest petroleum university(Science&Technology Edition), 2014, 36(04):29–36.]
[37]CHEN Y X, DAI D L. Depositional facies of Jurassic in Datong area, Shanxi province[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1962, 42:321–338.
[38]DU P. Structure characteristics and relations with neighbouring area in Datong coal field[J]. Geological Review, 1964, 22:259–266.
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