不同苗情冬小麦氮肥追施推荐技术研究
|
摘要
为探索适合于不同苗情冬小麦春季追施氮肥的技术,选择45块农民麦田进行追肥试验,在大群体、中等群体和小群体3类苗情下,分别以不追氮和农民习惯追氮方式为对照,比较了总茎数法、茎基部硝酸盐测定、SPAD值及土壤硝态氮测定等四种氮肥优化推荐技术的效果和准确性。结果表明,春季追氮对提高冬小麦产量作用显著,与不追氮处理相比,增产率大于10%。推荐追氮处理与农民习惯追氮处理相比,能显著降低追氮量,减氮率大于40%;但其增产量与苗情有关,只在中等群体区差异达到显著水平。农民的底肥施氮量与其习惯追氮量之间呈显著负相关,但与最高产推荐追氮量不存在相关关系。综合考虑增产和节氮效果,小群体和中等群体区更适合采用土壤硝态氮测定和茎基部硝酸盐测定推荐技术进行氮肥的推荐,在大群体区则采用总茎数推荐技术更优。
In order to explore the appropriate recommendation technologies of spring top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer for winter wheat with different growth statuses,one-year field experiment with 45 locations from 2014 to 2015,was conducted with 6nitrogen treatments(zero N top-dressing,farmers practices of N top-dressing and 4recommendation N methods of total stem number,sap nitrate concentration test,SPAD chlorophyll meter test and nitrate nitrogen concentration of soil test),under the conditions of large population,medium population and small population.The results show that nitrogen fertilization by spring top-dressing could significantly increase the winter wheat yield,with the increase rate over 10%.Compared with farmers' practice treatment,the recommended nitrogen treatments could significantly reduce the nitrogen fertilizer rate of top-dressing by more than 40%;the increased yield is associated with its seedling,and is remarkably high in medium population zone.The basic N rate has significantly negative correlation with top-dressing N rate of farmers,but it has no obvious relationship with the recommended N application rate of the highest yield.Considering the effects of yield increase and nitrogen fertilizer reduction,the nitrate nitrogen concentration of soil test and sap nitrate concentration test are better technologies to be used in N fertilizer recommendation in small population and medium population zone,while the technology of total stem number is more appropriate in large population zone.
In order to explore the appropriate recommendation technologies of spring top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer for winter wheat with different growth statuses,one-year field experiment with 45 locations from 2014 to 2015,was conducted with 6nitrogen treatments(zero N top-dressing,farmers practices of N top-dressing and 4recommendation N methods of total stem number,sap nitrate concentration test,SPAD chlorophyll meter test and nitrate nitrogen concentration of soil test),under the conditions of large population,medium population and small population.The results show that nitrogen fertilization by spring top-dressing could significantly increase the winter wheat yield,with the increase rate over 10%.Compared with farmers' practice treatment,the recommended nitrogen treatments could significantly reduce the nitrogen fertilizer rate of top-dressing by more than 40%;the increased yield is associated with its seedling,and is remarkably high in medium population zone.The basic N rate has significantly negative correlation with top-dressing N rate of farmers,but it has no obvious relationship with the recommended N application rate of the highest yield.Considering the effects of yield increase and nitrogen fertilizer reduction,the nitrate nitrogen concentration of soil test and sap nitrate concentration test are better technologies to be used in N fertilizer recommendation in small population and medium population zone,while the technology of total stem number is more appropriate in large population zone.
引文
[1]国家统计局.中国农业统计报告:2013[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2014:20-30.National Bureau of Statistics.China Agriculture Statistical Report:2013[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2014:20-30.
[2]Zhu Z L,Chen D L.Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroeco Systems,2002,63(2-3):117-127.
[3]崔振岭,陈新平,张福锁,等.华北平原小麦施肥现状及影响小麦产量的因素分析[J].华北农学报,2008,23(增):224-229.Cui Z L,Chen X P,Zhang F S,et al.Analysis on fertilizer applied and the central factors influencing grain yield of wheat in the Northern China Plain[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(S):224-229.
[4]Chen X P,Cui Z L,Fan M S,et al.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs[J].Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489.
[5]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.Ju X T,Gu B J.Status-quo,problem and trend of nitrogen fertilization in China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(4):783-795.
[6]李志宏,王兴仁,张福锁.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究IV.冬小麦一夏玉米轮作制度下氮素诊断及追肥推荐的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(4):357-362.Li Z H,Wang X R,Zhang F S.Nitrogen nutritional diagnosis and recommendation as top-dressing fertilizer N for several crops in north ChinaⅣ.Nitrogen nutritional diagnosis and recommendation as top-dressing fertilizer N in wheat-corn rotation[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,1997,3(4):357-362.
[7]Follett R H,Follett R F,Halvorson A D.Use of a chlorophyll meter to evaluate the nitrogen status of dryland winter wheat[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,1992,23(7-8):687-697.
[8]米慧玲,孟庆健,杨玉荣,等.不同苗情下冬小麦氮肥最佳追施时期和追施量[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(10):62-65.Mi H L,Meng Q J,Yang F R,et al.The optimal nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing time and rate of winter wheat with different seedings[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(10):62-65.
[9]贾良良,陈新平,张福锁.叶绿素仪与植株硝酸盐浓度测试对冬小麦氮营养诊断准确性的比较研究[J].华北农学报,2007,22(6):157-160.Jia L L,Chen X P,Zhang F S.The comparision of spad chlorophyll meter and sap nitrate test as N diagnosis methods for winter wheat[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2007,22(6):157-160.
[10]贾良良.应用数字图像技术与土壤植株测试进行冬小麦氮营养诊断[D].北京:中国农业大学,2003.Jia L L.Diagnosis of N status of winter wheat using digital image processing and soil-plant testing techniques[D].Beijing:China Agricutural University,2003.
[11]张福锁,崔振岭,陈新平,等.最佳养分管理技术列单[M].中国农业大学出版社,2010:26-28.Zhang F S,Cui Z L,Chen X P,et al.Technical lists of the optimal nutrient management[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2010:26-28.
[12]张福锁,陈新平,陈清.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].中国农业大学出版社,2009:10-15.Zhang F S,Chen X P,Chen Q.The Guidelines of Fertilization in China,Major Crops[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009:10-15.
[13]Greenwood D J.Prediction of nitrogen fertilizer needs of arable crops[C]//Tinker B,Lauchlieds.Advances in Plant Nutrition.New York:Praeger Publisher,1986:1-65.
[14]陈新平,李志宏.土壤,植株快速测试推荐施肥技术体系的建立与应用[J].土壤肥料,1999(2):6-10.Chen X P,Li Z H.Technology system establishing about fertilizer recommendation by soil and plant testing[J].Soils and Fertilizers,1999(2):6-10.
[15]孙彦铭,贾良良,韩宝文,等.基于土壤无机氮测试的优化施肥对冬小麦产量和农田氮平衡的影响[J].河北农业科学,2008,12(2):73-75.Sun Y M,Jia L L,Han B W,et al.Effects of optimized nitrogen fertilization based on soil inorganic nitrogen test on winter wheat yield and nitrogen balance[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2008,12(2):73-75.
[16]Geraldson C M,Tyler K B.Plant analysis as an aid in fertilizing vegetable crops[J].Soil Testing and Plant Analysis.SSSA Book Series,1990,3:549-562.
[17]朱新开,盛海君,顾晶,等.应用SPAD值预测小麦叶片叶绿素和氮含量的初步研究[J].麦类作物学报,2005,25(2):46-50.Zhu X K,Sheng H J,Gu J,et al.Primary study on application of SPAD value to estimate chlorophyll and nitrogen content in wheat leaves[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2005,25(2):46-50.
[18]赵犇,姚霞,田永超,等.基于上部叶片SPAD值估算小麦氮营养指数[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):916-924.Zhao B,Yao X,Tian Y C,et al.Estimation of nitrogen nutrient index on SPAD value of top leaves in wheat[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(3):916-924.
[19]蒋阿宁,黄文江,刘克礼,等.利用叶绿素计进行冬小麦变量施肥及其效应研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1092-1097.Jiang A N,Huang W J,Liu K L,et al.Study on chlorophyll meter-based variable rate fertilizer application and influence on winter wheat[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2007,13(6):1092-1097.
[20]王亚飞.SPAD值用于小麦氮肥追施诊断的研究[D].扬州:扬州大学,2008.Wang Y F.Research on using SPAD value as diagnostic index for N application in wheat SPAD[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2008.
[21]肖焱波,贾良良,陈新平,等.应用数字图像分析技术进行冬小麦拔节期氮营养诊断[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(8):448-453.Xiao Y B,Jia L L,Chen X P,et al.N status diagnosis of winter wheat by using digital image analysis technology[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(8):448-453.
[2]Zhu Z L,Chen D L.Nitrogen fertilizer use in China-Contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroeco Systems,2002,63(2-3):117-127.
[3]崔振岭,陈新平,张福锁,等.华北平原小麦施肥现状及影响小麦产量的因素分析[J].华北农学报,2008,23(增):224-229.Cui Z L,Chen X P,Zhang F S,et al.Analysis on fertilizer applied and the central factors influencing grain yield of wheat in the Northern China Plain[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2008,23(S):224-229.
[4]Chen X P,Cui Z L,Fan M S,et al.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs[J].Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489.
[5]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.Ju X T,Gu B J.Status-quo,problem and trend of nitrogen fertilization in China[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(4):783-795.
[6]李志宏,王兴仁,张福锁.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究IV.冬小麦一夏玉米轮作制度下氮素诊断及追肥推荐的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(4):357-362.Li Z H,Wang X R,Zhang F S.Nitrogen nutritional diagnosis and recommendation as top-dressing fertilizer N for several crops in north ChinaⅣ.Nitrogen nutritional diagnosis and recommendation as top-dressing fertilizer N in wheat-corn rotation[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,1997,3(4):357-362.
[7]Follett R H,Follett R F,Halvorson A D.Use of a chlorophyll meter to evaluate the nitrogen status of dryland winter wheat[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,1992,23(7-8):687-697.
[8]米慧玲,孟庆健,杨玉荣,等.不同苗情下冬小麦氮肥最佳追施时期和追施量[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(10):62-65.Mi H L,Meng Q J,Yang F R,et al.The optimal nitrogen fertilizer top-dressing time and rate of winter wheat with different seedings[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(10):62-65.
[9]贾良良,陈新平,张福锁.叶绿素仪与植株硝酸盐浓度测试对冬小麦氮营养诊断准确性的比较研究[J].华北农学报,2007,22(6):157-160.Jia L L,Chen X P,Zhang F S.The comparision of spad chlorophyll meter and sap nitrate test as N diagnosis methods for winter wheat[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2007,22(6):157-160.
[10]贾良良.应用数字图像技术与土壤植株测试进行冬小麦氮营养诊断[D].北京:中国农业大学,2003.Jia L L.Diagnosis of N status of winter wheat using digital image processing and soil-plant testing techniques[D].Beijing:China Agricutural University,2003.
[11]张福锁,崔振岭,陈新平,等.最佳养分管理技术列单[M].中国农业大学出版社,2010:26-28.Zhang F S,Cui Z L,Chen X P,et al.Technical lists of the optimal nutrient management[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2010:26-28.
[12]张福锁,陈新平,陈清.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].中国农业大学出版社,2009:10-15.Zhang F S,Chen X P,Chen Q.The Guidelines of Fertilization in China,Major Crops[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009:10-15.
[13]Greenwood D J.Prediction of nitrogen fertilizer needs of arable crops[C]//Tinker B,Lauchlieds.Advances in Plant Nutrition.New York:Praeger Publisher,1986:1-65.
[14]陈新平,李志宏.土壤,植株快速测试推荐施肥技术体系的建立与应用[J].土壤肥料,1999(2):6-10.Chen X P,Li Z H.Technology system establishing about fertilizer recommendation by soil and plant testing[J].Soils and Fertilizers,1999(2):6-10.
[15]孙彦铭,贾良良,韩宝文,等.基于土壤无机氮测试的优化施肥对冬小麦产量和农田氮平衡的影响[J].河北农业科学,2008,12(2):73-75.Sun Y M,Jia L L,Han B W,et al.Effects of optimized nitrogen fertilization based on soil inorganic nitrogen test on winter wheat yield and nitrogen balance[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2008,12(2):73-75.
[16]Geraldson C M,Tyler K B.Plant analysis as an aid in fertilizing vegetable crops[J].Soil Testing and Plant Analysis.SSSA Book Series,1990,3:549-562.
[17]朱新开,盛海君,顾晶,等.应用SPAD值预测小麦叶片叶绿素和氮含量的初步研究[J].麦类作物学报,2005,25(2):46-50.Zhu X K,Sheng H J,Gu J,et al.Primary study on application of SPAD value to estimate chlorophyll and nitrogen content in wheat leaves[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2005,25(2):46-50.
[18]赵犇,姚霞,田永超,等.基于上部叶片SPAD值估算小麦氮营养指数[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):916-924.Zhao B,Yao X,Tian Y C,et al.Estimation of nitrogen nutrient index on SPAD value of top leaves in wheat[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(3):916-924.
[19]蒋阿宁,黄文江,刘克礼,等.利用叶绿素计进行冬小麦变量施肥及其效应研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1092-1097.Jiang A N,Huang W J,Liu K L,et al.Study on chlorophyll meter-based variable rate fertilizer application and influence on winter wheat[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2007,13(6):1092-1097.
[20]王亚飞.SPAD值用于小麦氮肥追施诊断的研究[D].扬州:扬州大学,2008.Wang Y F.Research on using SPAD value as diagnostic index for N application in wheat SPAD[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2008.
[21]肖焱波,贾良良,陈新平,等.应用数字图像分析技术进行冬小麦拔节期氮营养诊断[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(8):448-453.Xiao Y B,Jia L L,Chen X P,et al.N status diagnosis of winter wheat by using digital image analysis technology[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(8):448-453.