东海及黄海南部渔业资源水文环境类群划分及其相关特征的初步分析
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摘要
渔业资源管理正在由过去的单一物种管理向生态系统管理转变,基于生态系统的渔业管理(ecosystem-based fisheries management, EBFM)已成为新的发展方向,而定义和确定一个合适的生态系统是实施EBFM的重要前提。本研究基于2014―2015年4个季节的大面调查数据,根据渔业生物分布的水温、盐度、水深和经纬度等因素的季节特征,通过聚类方法把渔业生物划分出不同的生活习性偏好群,并就各类群对水文环境的偏好、空间分布和组成特征进行分析比较,以期为EBFM的实现提供一个生态系统划分方法的探讨。研究结果发现,调查海域的渔业生物可以分成5个类群,类群1为处于南部近海深水的高温、高盐水域的鱼种;类群2为南部外海深水的偏高温、偏高盐水域的鱼种;类群3为北部近岸浅水的偏低温、低盐水域的鱼种;类群4为中部偏近岸非深非浅水的中温、中盐水域的鱼种;类群5为北部近海偏浅水的低温、偏低盐水域的鱼种。从类群物种对水温偏好角度来看,类群1的水温偏好明显偏向暖水,而类群5相对偏冷水,类群4属于暖水和冷水偏好同时并有类群;类群2和3的物种数量均相对较少,且均无冷水种,而后者相对偏暖,前者相对偏冷。从空间分布特点来看,类群空间呈块状分布,各类群块状之间有相连、包含、穿插等组合形式;各类群重心分布四季变化特征差异显著,类群3、4和5,四季洄游起点与终点比较接近,洄游路径趋于完整的闭环;而类群1和2,四季洄游起点与终点相差较远,不能形成完整洄游过程。从类群结构及组成来看,类群1在春、夏季的优势种分别为太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)和大管鞭虾(Solenocera melantho);类群2在春、冬季的优势种分别为竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、日本海鲂(Zeus faber),夏、秋季的优势种均为刺鲳(Psenopsis anomala);类群3情况相对复杂,龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)除夏季外均处于优势,三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)在春、夏季为优势种,而黄鲫(Setipinna taty)在秋、冬季为优势种;类群4和类群5均只有1个优势种,分别为带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)。另外,本研究还提出研究对象在调查水域范围内的数据是否完整的检验方法,以及不同类群相对稳定的比例结构与生态功能之间的联系等探讨方向。
Fisheries resource management is shifting from the management of single species towards the management of the whole ecosystem. Ecosystem-based fisheries management(EBFM) is a relatively new concept and defining and identifying a suitable ecosystem is an important prerequisite for implementing EBFM. Based on survey data of four seasons from 2014 to 2015 in the East China Sea and south of the Yellow Sea, this study classified fishery organisms into different living habit preference groups by clustering according to the biodistribution seasonal characteristics of water temperature, salinity, water depth, latitude, longitude, etc. The preference for hydrological environment, characteristics of spatial distribution, and group composition structure among all groups were analyzed and compared, in order to probe an ecosystem division method for the realization of EBFM. The fishery organisms in the surveyed seas can be divided into five groups: group 1 has a preference for high-temperature and high-salt conditions in the deep southern offshore waters, group 2 has a preference for high-temperature and high-salt conditions in the deep waters of the southern open sea, group 3 has a preference for low-temperature and low-salt-water conditions in the shallow waters near the northern coast, group 4 has a preference for medium-temperature and medium-salt conditions in the intermediate waters near the central area, and group 5 has a preference for low temperature and low salt water conditions in the shallow northern offshore waters. From the perspective of water temperature preference of group species, group 1 obviously prefers warm water, while group5 prefers cold water. The preference of group 4 was intermediate. From the perspective of spatial distribution characteristics, the group space is distributed in blocks, and there are combinations of combinations, inclusions,and interspersions among various groups. The different groups were concentrated in different areas in different seasons. The starting point of the migration of groups 3, 4, and 5 is close to the end point of the migration. For groups 1 and 2, the starting point and the ending point of the migration are far apart, and a complete migration could not be identified. In terms of group structure and composition, the dominant species in spring and summer of group 1 were flying squid(Todarodes pacificus) and mud shrimp(Solenocera melantho), respectively. In group 2,the dominant species of spring and winter were horse mackerel(Trachurus japonicus) and John dory(Zeus faber),respectively, and butterfish(Psenopsis anomala) was dominant both in summer and autumn. The situation of group 3 is relatively complicated, and the Indian Bombay duck(Harpadon nehereus) is dominant in all seasons except summer, the swimming crab(Portunus trituberculatus) is dominant in spring and summer, and the scaly hairfin anchovy(Setipinna taty) is dominant in autumn and winter. For groups 4 and 5, there is only one dominant species each, the hairtail(Trichiurus japonicus) and the small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis), respectively.
Fisheries resource management is shifting from the management of single species towards the management of the whole ecosystem. Ecosystem-based fisheries management(EBFM) is a relatively new concept and defining and identifying a suitable ecosystem is an important prerequisite for implementing EBFM. Based on survey data of four seasons from 2014 to 2015 in the East China Sea and south of the Yellow Sea, this study classified fishery organisms into different living habit preference groups by clustering according to the biodistribution seasonal characteristics of water temperature, salinity, water depth, latitude, longitude, etc. The preference for hydrological environment, characteristics of spatial distribution, and group composition structure among all groups were analyzed and compared, in order to probe an ecosystem division method for the realization of EBFM. The fishery organisms in the surveyed seas can be divided into five groups: group 1 has a preference for high-temperature and high-salt conditions in the deep southern offshore waters, group 2 has a preference for high-temperature and high-salt conditions in the deep waters of the southern open sea, group 3 has a preference for low-temperature and low-salt-water conditions in the shallow waters near the northern coast, group 4 has a preference for medium-temperature and medium-salt conditions in the intermediate waters near the central area, and group 5 has a preference for low temperature and low salt water conditions in the shallow northern offshore waters. From the perspective of water temperature preference of group species, group 1 obviously prefers warm water, while group5 prefers cold water. The preference of group 4 was intermediate. From the perspective of spatial distribution characteristics, the group space is distributed in blocks, and there are combinations of combinations, inclusions,and interspersions among various groups. The different groups were concentrated in different areas in different seasons. The starting point of the migration of groups 3, 4, and 5 is close to the end point of the migration. For groups 1 and 2, the starting point and the ending point of the migration are far apart, and a complete migration could not be identified. In terms of group structure and composition, the dominant species in spring and summer of group 1 were flying squid(Todarodes pacificus) and mud shrimp(Solenocera melantho), respectively. In group 2,the dominant species of spring and winter were horse mackerel(Trachurus japonicus) and John dory(Zeus faber),respectively, and butterfish(Psenopsis anomala) was dominant both in summer and autumn. The situation of group 3 is relatively complicated, and the Indian Bombay duck(Harpadon nehereus) is dominant in all seasons except summer, the swimming crab(Portunus trituberculatus) is dominant in spring and summer, and the scaly hairfin anchovy(Setipinna taty) is dominant in autumn and winter. For groups 4 and 5, there is only one dominant species each, the hairtail(Trichiurus japonicus) and the small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis), respectively.
引文
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[2]Link J S.System level optimal yield:Increased value,less risk,improved stability,and better fisheries[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2017,75(1):1-16.
[3]Trochta J T,Pons M,Rudd M B,et al.Ecosystem-based fisheries management:Perception on definitions,implementations,and aspirations[J].PLoS ONE,2018,13(1):e190467.
[4]Brodziak J,Link J.Ecosystem-based fishery management:What is it and how can we do it?[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,2002,70(2):589-611.
[5]Pikitch E K.Ecology:ecosystem-based fishery management[J].Science,2004,305(5682):346-347.
[6]East China Sea Fisheries Headquarters of the Ministry of Agriculture,Aquatic Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture.Investigation and Zoning of Fishery Resources in the East China Sea[M].Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,1987.[农牧渔业部水产局,农牧渔业部东海区渔业指挥部.东海区渔业资源调查和区划[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1987.]
[7]Shen J A,Cheng Y H.A study on the deep sea demersal fish communities and their structures in the East China Sea[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1987,11(4):293-306.[沈金鏊,程炎宏.东海深海底层鱼类群落及其结构的研究[J].水产学报,1987,11(4):293-306.]
[8]Li S F,Cheng J H,Yan L P.Spatial structures of fish communities on the continental shelf of the East China Sea[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4377-4386.[李圣法,程家骅,严利平.东海大陆架鱼类群落的空间结构[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4377-4386.]
[9]Cai X M.Ecosystem Ecology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2000.[蔡晓明.生态系统生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.]
[10]Sun R Y.General Ecology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,1993.[孙儒泳.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.]
[11]Yan M C.Fish Ecology[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995.[殷名称.鱼类生态学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995.]
[12]Sharma S,Jackson D A,Minns C K,et al.Will northern fish populations be in hot water because of climate change?[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(10):2052-2064.
[13]Cochrane K,De Young C,Soto D,et al.Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture:Overview of Current Scientific Knowledge[M].Rome:Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,2009.
[14]Cheung W W L,Watson R,Pauly D.Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch[J].Nature,2013,497(7449):365-368.
[15]Zhang C Y,Feng Z G,Zhang X K,et al.Analysis on research progress of Kuroshio[J].World Sci-Tech R&D,2017,39(3):239-249.[张灿影,冯志纲,张晓琨,等.黑潮研究进展分析[J].世界科技研究与发展,2017,39(3):239-249.]
[16]Su J L.A review of circulation dynamics of the coastal oceans near China[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2001,23(4):1-16.[苏纪兰.中国近海的环流动力机制研究[J].海洋学报,2001,23(4):1-16.]
[17]Bae M J,Murphy C A,García-Berthou E.Temperature and hydrologic alteration predict the spread of invasive Largemouth Bass(Micropterus salmoides)[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,639:58-66.
[18]Miao Y T,Yu H H.Analysis of corresponding relation between water type and indication plankton under normal weather condition in the East China Sea[J].Marine Science Bulletin,1998,17(2):13-21.[苗育田,于洪华.正常天气系统下的东海水系与指示生物对应关系的分析[J].海洋通报,1998,17(2):13-21.]
[19]Wang B H.Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Modeling for R Language[M].Guangzhou:Jinan University Press,2010.[王斌会.多元统计分析及R语言建模[M].广州:暨南大学出版社,2010.]
[20]R Core Team.R:A language and environment for statistical computing[CP/OL].https://www.R-project.org/.
[21]Lucas A.amap:Another multidimensional analysis package[CP/OL].Http://cran.r-project.org/package=amap.
[22]Liu Y,Cheng J H.Bottom-temperature distribution characteristics of small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis)in the East China Sea and comparison of analysis methods[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2018,25(2):423-435.[刘勇,程家骅.东海区小黄鱼海底水温分布特征及分析方法比较[J].中国水产科学,2018,25(2):423-435.]
[23]Ripley B,Lapsley M.RODBC:ODBC database access[CP/OL].https://cran.r-project.org/package=RODBC.
[24]GmbH M S.XLConnect:Excel connector for R[CP/OL].https://cran.r-project.org/package=XLConnect.
[25]Becker R A,Wilks A R,Brownrigg R.mapdata:Extra map databases[CP/OL].https://cran.r-project.org/package=mapdata.
[26]Becker R A,Brownrigg R,Minka T P,et al.maps:Draw geographical maps[CP/OL].https://cran.r-project.org/package=maps.
[27]Gerritsen H.mapplots:Data visualisation on maps[CP/OL].https://cran.r-project.org/package=mapplots.
[28]Wickham H.ggplot2:Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,2009.
[29]Zheng Y J,Chen X Z,Cheng J H,et al.Resources and Environment of the East China Sea shelf[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers,2003:450-487.[郑元甲,陈雪忠,程家骅,等.东海大陆架生物资源与环境[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2003:450-487.]
[30]Zhan B Y.Fishery Resource Assessment[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995.[詹秉义.渔业资源评估[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995.]
[31]Chen D G.Fishery Resources Biology[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1997:34-36.[陈大刚.渔业资源生物学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997:34-36.]
[32]Zhang B,Tang Q S,Jin X S.Functional groups of communities and their major species at high trophic level in the Yellow Sea ecosystem[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(3):1099-1111.[张波,唐启升,金显仕.黄海生态系统高营养层次生物群落功能群及其主要种类[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1099-1111.]