减缓滴头堵塞风险的毛管首次冲洗时间及周期的确定
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摘要
为探究引黄滴灌区水肥一体化灌溉过程中毛管冲洗周期对滴头堵塞风险的影响,该研究分别对浑水和浑水+尿素滴灌后不同毛管冲洗周期(3、5、7、10 d)对滴灌滴头堵塞的控制效果进行了研究。结果表明:毛管冲洗周期对滴头相对流量有极显著影响,在浑水滴灌条件下,毛管冲洗处理的相对流量比未冲洗的对照处理高14.29%～47.77%(P<0.05),在浑水+尿素滴灌条件下,毛管冲洗处理的相对流量比未冲洗的对照处理高12.89%～126.67%(P<0.05)。按照毛管冲洗对滴头流量的保持能力可将滴灌系统运行为3个阶段:冲洗钝感期、冲洗敏感期和冲洗无效期,首次冲洗应在冲洗钝感期结束前进行。宁夏中卫段黄河水浑水滴灌和浑水+尿素滴灌后的首次冲洗应该分别在第2灌水和第9次灌水后进行,适宜的毛管冲洗周期分别为5和7 d。研究结果可为宁夏中卫段黄河水滴灌区采取适宜的抗堵塞措施提供参考。
Flushing the drip tubes(laterals) is one of the simplest, most convenient and effective methods for anti-clogging of emitters. However, it is still unclear whether the lateral flushing lowers the risk of emitter clogging in the drip irrigation system watered by Yellow River. In order to explore the influence of lateral flushing periods on the risk of emitter clogging during the integrated irrigation process of water and fertilizer in Yellow River drip irrigation area, a set of short-cycle indoor drip irrigation simulation tests were carried out under 4 different flushing periods(3, 5, 7 and 10 d) and 2 kinds of water(0.8 g/L sediment concentration without urea and 0.8 g/L sediment concentration with 1% urea) in the study. The mean relative flow rate, the recovery rate of flow after flushing events, the flushing rate of sediment in laterals and the particle composition of the sediment were analyzed. The results showed that after the irrigation of muddy water, the mean relative flow rate in flushing treatments were 14.29%-47.77% higher(P<0.05) than that under the no flushing(CK) treatment, while after the drip irrigation of muddy water drip irrigation with urea, the mean relative flow rate in the flushing treatments were 12.89%-126.67% higher(P<0.05) than CK. It indicated that laterals flushing reduced the risk of emitter clogging in Zhongwei Yellow River drip irrigation area. According to the ability to maintain the flow rate after laterals flushing, the whole operation period of drip irrigation was classified into 3 stages: insensitive, sensitive and ineffective flushing period. And the first flushing event should be performed before the end of the insensitive flushing period. Analysis of variance results showed that the effect of applying urea and flushing period on the relative flow of emitters was extremely significant either in a separate way or in an interactive way, which indicated that within a certain concentration range of sediment, the application of urea would affect the risk of emitter clogging, and the flushing periods had a great influence on the relative flow of emitters. The treatment group with the flushing period of 5 d had the highest rate of recovery flow, and the recovery flow rate of the other flushing periods were about 0.36%/time to 0.41%/time. Under the 2 kinds of water drip irrigation conditions, the flushing rate of sediment under different flushing periods showed a decreasing trend with increasing flushing periods, indicating that the accumulation of sediment mainly occurred in the initial stage of irrigation. The variance analysis of the particle size composition of sediment showed that flushing period had a great influence on the sediment, and the effects of different flushing periods on the composition of sediment were different. Fine sediment was easy to settle in the laterals during the irrigation process. And the application of urea increased fine particles settled in the laterals. In Yellow River drip irrigation area of Zhongwei, Ningxia, lateral flushing could reduce the amount of sediment deposited in the capillary, restore the cross-sectional areas of the emitter, and maintain emitters flow at a high level for a long time. The first flushing should be taken before the end of insensitive flushing period. When drip irrigation system reached the ineffective flushing period, the laterals need to be replaced or the other anti-blocking measures should be taken. During the dripping process of the Yellow River in Zhongwei, Ningxia, the first flushing measure should be carried out after the first 2 times of irrigation for muddy water drip irrigation system, and 9 times of irrigation for muddy water drip irrigation system with urea. In addition, suitable flushing periods were 5 and 7 d for muddy water drip irrigation system and muddy water drip irrigation system with urea, respectively. The proposed suitable lateral flushing period for drip irrigation is expected to improve the adaptability of drip irrigation technology in the Zhongwei, Ningxia Yellow River drip irrigation area.
Flushing the drip tubes(laterals) is one of the simplest, most convenient and effective methods for anti-clogging of emitters. However, it is still unclear whether the lateral flushing lowers the risk of emitter clogging in the drip irrigation system watered by Yellow River. In order to explore the influence of lateral flushing periods on the risk of emitter clogging during the integrated irrigation process of water and fertilizer in Yellow River drip irrigation area, a set of short-cycle indoor drip irrigation simulation tests were carried out under 4 different flushing periods(3, 5, 7 and 10 d) and 2 kinds of water(0.8 g/L sediment concentration without urea and 0.8 g/L sediment concentration with 1% urea) in the study. The mean relative flow rate, the recovery rate of flow after flushing events, the flushing rate of sediment in laterals and the particle composition of the sediment were analyzed. The results showed that after the irrigation of muddy water, the mean relative flow rate in flushing treatments were 14.29%-47.77% higher(P<0.05) than that under the no flushing(CK) treatment, while after the drip irrigation of muddy water drip irrigation with urea, the mean relative flow rate in the flushing treatments were 12.89%-126.67% higher(P<0.05) than CK. It indicated that laterals flushing reduced the risk of emitter clogging in Zhongwei Yellow River drip irrigation area. According to the ability to maintain the flow rate after laterals flushing, the whole operation period of drip irrigation was classified into 3 stages: insensitive, sensitive and ineffective flushing period. And the first flushing event should be performed before the end of the insensitive flushing period. Analysis of variance results showed that the effect of applying urea and flushing period on the relative flow of emitters was extremely significant either in a separate way or in an interactive way, which indicated that within a certain concentration range of sediment, the application of urea would affect the risk of emitter clogging, and the flushing periods had a great influence on the relative flow of emitters. The treatment group with the flushing period of 5 d had the highest rate of recovery flow, and the recovery flow rate of the other flushing periods were about 0.36%/time to 0.41%/time. Under the 2 kinds of water drip irrigation conditions, the flushing rate of sediment under different flushing periods showed a decreasing trend with increasing flushing periods, indicating that the accumulation of sediment mainly occurred in the initial stage of irrigation. The variance analysis of the particle size composition of sediment showed that flushing period had a great influence on the sediment, and the effects of different flushing periods on the composition of sediment were different. Fine sediment was easy to settle in the laterals during the irrigation process. And the application of urea increased fine particles settled in the laterals. In Yellow River drip irrigation area of Zhongwei, Ningxia, lateral flushing could reduce the amount of sediment deposited in the capillary, restore the cross-sectional areas of the emitter, and maintain emitters flow at a high level for a long time. The first flushing should be taken before the end of insensitive flushing period. When drip irrigation system reached the ineffective flushing period, the laterals need to be replaced or the other anti-blocking measures should be taken. During the dripping process of the Yellow River in Zhongwei, Ningxia, the first flushing measure should be carried out after the first 2 times of irrigation for muddy water drip irrigation system, and 9 times of irrigation for muddy water drip irrigation system with urea. In addition, suitable flushing periods were 5 and 7 d for muddy water drip irrigation system and muddy water drip irrigation system with urea, respectively. The proposed suitable lateral flushing period for drip irrigation is expected to improve the adaptability of drip irrigation technology in the Zhongwei, Ningxia Yellow River drip irrigation area.
引文
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[9]Zhou Bo,Li Yunkai,Liu Yaoze,et al.Effect of drip irrigation frequency on emitter clogging using reclaimed water[J].Irrigation Science,2015,33(3):221-234.
[10]Song Peng,Li Yunkai,Zhou Bo,et al.Controlling mechanism of chlorination on emitter bio-clogging for drip irrigation using reclaimed water[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,184:36-45.
[11]宋鹏,李云开,李久生,等.加氯及毛管冲洗控制再生水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):80-86.Song Peng,Li Yunkai,Li Jiusheng,et al.Chlorination with lateral flushing controling drip irrigation emitter clogging using reclaimed water[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(2):80-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Feng Di,Kang Yaohu,Wan Shuqin,et al.Lateral flushing regime for managing emitter clogging under drip irrigation with saline groundwater[J].Irrigation Science,2017,35(3):217-225.
[13]王建众,牛文全,吴普特,等.滴灌毛管灌水均匀度试验研究[J].人民黄河,2008(3):56-57.Wang Jianzhong,Niu Wenquan,Wu Pute,et al.Experimental study on uniformity of drip irrigation capillary tube irrigation[J].Yellow River,2008(3):56-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]于文波.滴灌堵塞原因及解决方法[J].农机使用与维修,2006(6):47.Yu Wenbo.Causes and solutions of drip irrigation clogging[J].Agricultural Machinery Usage and Maintenance,2006(6):47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]陈斌.内镶式滴灌管滴头堵塞原因及防止方法[J].现代农业科技,2006(12):127.Chen Bin.Causes and prevention methods of drip irrigation in the drip irrigation pipe[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2006(12):127.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]ISO.Agricultural irrigation equipment-emitters and emitting pipe-specification and test methods:ISO 9261[S].Geneva,Switzerland,2004.
[17]仵峰,范永申,李辉,等.地下滴灌灌水器堵塞研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):80-83.Wu Feng,Fan Yongshen,Li Hui,et al.Clogging of emitter in subsurface drip irrigation system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(1):80-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Abulnaga B E.Chapter 4:Heterogeneous flows of settling slurries[M]//Slurry Systems Handbook.New York:McGrawHill,2002.
[19]Schiller R E,Herbich J B.Chapter 6:Sediment transport in pipes[M]//Handbook of Dredging Engineering.New York:McGraw-Hill,1991.
[20]吴泽广.泥沙粒径与含沙量对滴头堵塞的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.Wu Zeguang.Influence of Particle Size,Concentration and Composition of Sediment on Clogging of Labyrinth Channels Emitters[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]袁铁柱,刘涛.粗粒料干密度和细料含量强度参数试验研究[J].人民黄河,2011,33(1):99-100.Yuan Tiezhu,Liu Tao.Experimental study on parameters of dry density and fines content of coarse aggregation[J].Yellow River,2011,33(1):99-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]何芳,杨秋宁,毛明杰.骨料粒径及抗压侧配筋量对钢筋混凝土板冲切强度的影响[J].宁夏大学学报:自然科学版,2016(4):452-456.He Fang,Yang Qiuning,Mao Mingjie.Effects of aggregate size and quantity of reinforcement in compressive side plate on punching shear strength of reinforced concrete slab[J].Journal of Ningxia University:Natural Science Edition,2016(4):452-456.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Hills D M,Nawar J.Effects of chemical clogging on drip-tape irrigation uniformity[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,1989,32(4):1202-1206.
[24]刘燕芳,吴普特,朱德兰,等.滴灌条件下水的硬度对滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,34(20):95-100.Liu Yanfang,Wu Pute,Zhu Delan,et al.Effect of water hardness on emitter clogging of drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,34(20):95-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Liu Lu,Niu Wenquan,Wu Zhiguang,et al.Effect of fertilization and sediment flow hydraulic characteristics on emitter clogging in muddy water drip fertigation system[J/OL].Irrigation and Drainage,2018,67(4).doi:10.1002/ird.2281
[26]官雅辉,牛文全,刘璐,等.肥料类型及浓度对水肥一体化浑水滴灌滴头输沙能力的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):78-84.Guan Yahui,Niu Wenquan,Liu Lu,et al.Effect of fertilizer type and concentration on sediment transport capacity of dripper in drip fertigation with muddy water[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(1):78-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]官雅辉,牛文全,刘璐,等.尿素对浑水水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2018,36(2):93-100.Guan Yahui,Niu Wenquan,Liu Lu,et al.Influence of urea on emitter clogging with muddy water fertigation[J].Agricultural Research in Arid Areas,2018,36(2):93-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[31]Yu Liming,Li Na,Liu Xiaogang,et al.Influence of flushing pressure,flushing frequency and flushing time on the service life of a labyrinth-channel emitter[J].Biosystems Engineering,2018,172:154-164.
[2]刘璐,牛文全,Bob Zhou.细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):87-93.Liu Lu,Niu Wenquan,Bob Zhou.Influence of sediment particle size on clogging performance of labyrinth path emitter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(1):87-93.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]吴泽广,张子卓,张珂萌,等.泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(7):99-108.Wu Zeguang,Zhang Zizhuo,Zhang Kemeng,et al.Influence of particle size and concentration of sediment on clogging of labyrinth channels emitters[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(7):99-108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]刘璐,牛文全,武志广,等.施肥滴灌加速滴头堵塞风险与诱发机制研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(1):228-236.Liu Lu,Niu Wenquan,Wu Zhiguang,et al.Risk and Inducing mechanism of acceleration emitter clogging with fertigation through drip irrigation systems[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(1):228-236.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]王伟楠,徐飞鹏,周博,等.引黄滴灌水源中泥沙表面附生生物膜的分形特征[J].排灌机械工程学报,2014,32(10):914-920.Wang Weinan,Xu Feipeng,Zhou Bo,et al.Structural and fractal characteristics of biofilm attached on surfaces of sediments in Yellow River for drip irrigation[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2014,32(10):914-920.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Puig-Bargués J,Arbat G,Elbana M,et al.Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in microirrigation with effluents[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(6):883-891.
[7]Puig-Bargués F R J,Lamm T.Effect of dripline flushing on subsurface drip irrigation systems[J].Soil&Water Division of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,2010,53(1):147-155.
[8]Puig-Bargués F R J,Lamm T.Effect of flushing velocity and flushing duration on sediment transport in microirrigation driplines[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,2013,56(5):1821-1828.
[9]Zhou Bo,Li Yunkai,Liu Yaoze,et al.Effect of drip irrigation frequency on emitter clogging using reclaimed water[J].Irrigation Science,2015,33(3):221-234.
[10]Song Peng,Li Yunkai,Zhou Bo,et al.Controlling mechanism of chlorination on emitter bio-clogging for drip irrigation using reclaimed water[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,184:36-45.
[11]宋鹏,李云开,李久生,等.加氯及毛管冲洗控制再生水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):80-86.Song Peng,Li Yunkai,Li Jiusheng,et al.Chlorination with lateral flushing controling drip irrigation emitter clogging using reclaimed water[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(2):80-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Feng Di,Kang Yaohu,Wan Shuqin,et al.Lateral flushing regime for managing emitter clogging under drip irrigation with saline groundwater[J].Irrigation Science,2017,35(3):217-225.
[13]王建众,牛文全,吴普特,等.滴灌毛管灌水均匀度试验研究[J].人民黄河,2008(3):56-57.Wang Jianzhong,Niu Wenquan,Wu Pute,et al.Experimental study on uniformity of drip irrigation capillary tube irrigation[J].Yellow River,2008(3):56-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]于文波.滴灌堵塞原因及解决方法[J].农机使用与维修,2006(6):47.Yu Wenbo.Causes and solutions of drip irrigation clogging[J].Agricultural Machinery Usage and Maintenance,2006(6):47.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]陈斌.内镶式滴灌管滴头堵塞原因及防止方法[J].现代农业科技,2006(12):127.Chen Bin.Causes and prevention methods of drip irrigation in the drip irrigation pipe[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2006(12):127.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]ISO.Agricultural irrigation equipment-emitters and emitting pipe-specification and test methods:ISO 9261[S].Geneva,Switzerland,2004.
[17]仵峰,范永申,李辉,等.地下滴灌灌水器堵塞研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):80-83.Wu Feng,Fan Yongshen,Li Hui,et al.Clogging of emitter in subsurface drip irrigation system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(1):80-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Abulnaga B E.Chapter 4:Heterogeneous flows of settling slurries[M]//Slurry Systems Handbook.New York:McGrawHill,2002.
[19]Schiller R E,Herbich J B.Chapter 6:Sediment transport in pipes[M]//Handbook of Dredging Engineering.New York:McGraw-Hill,1991.
[20]吴泽广.泥沙粒径与含沙量对滴头堵塞的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.Wu Zeguang.Influence of Particle Size,Concentration and Composition of Sediment on Clogging of Labyrinth Channels Emitters[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]袁铁柱,刘涛.粗粒料干密度和细料含量强度参数试验研究[J].人民黄河,2011,33(1):99-100.Yuan Tiezhu,Liu Tao.Experimental study on parameters of dry density and fines content of coarse aggregation[J].Yellow River,2011,33(1):99-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]何芳,杨秋宁,毛明杰.骨料粒径及抗压侧配筋量对钢筋混凝土板冲切强度的影响[J].宁夏大学学报:自然科学版,2016(4):452-456.He Fang,Yang Qiuning,Mao Mingjie.Effects of aggregate size and quantity of reinforcement in compressive side plate on punching shear strength of reinforced concrete slab[J].Journal of Ningxia University:Natural Science Edition,2016(4):452-456.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Hills D M,Nawar J.Effects of chemical clogging on drip-tape irrigation uniformity[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,1989,32(4):1202-1206.
[24]刘燕芳,吴普特,朱德兰,等.滴灌条件下水的硬度对滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,34(20):95-100.Liu Yanfang,Wu Pute,Zhu Delan,et al.Effect of water hardness on emitter clogging of drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,34(20):95-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Liu Lu,Niu Wenquan,Wu Zhiguang,et al.Effect of fertilization and sediment flow hydraulic characteristics on emitter clogging in muddy water drip fertigation system[J/OL].Irrigation and Drainage,2018,67(4).doi:10.1002/ird.2281
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