基于GIS的新疆和田地区人居环境适宜性评价
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摘要
人居环境是人类生存和发展的基础。运用GIS和RS技术采用单因子评价和综合评价模型,系统地归纳了国内外人居环境评价研究的理论基础和应用研究成果,利用DEM与NDVI数据将多年平均气温、降水量、人口和GDP等要素的栅格数统一到1 km×1 km的栅格尺度,以此反映干旱区适宜性的空间分布特征。通过数字评价模型分析,结果表明:和田地区的人居环境指数介于1.139～4.495之间;整体分布景观是从和田河流域、克里雅河流域等绿洲区向北部沙漠区和南部山脉区递减,大部分地区受到自然条件的限制,人居环境中高级适宜区面积最少,占全研究区面积的1.04%,较适宜区占5.95%,中等适宜区占21.13%、难适宜区和不适宜区占71.68%,表明自然环境基础很恶劣,生态环境相当脆弱。因此,开展和田地区人居环境适宜性评价研究,对干旱区生态环境保护具有现实意义。
With the economic and social development,human beings have been concerning about the survival of their own living environment.Human settlement is a basis of human survival and development,and the concentrated expression of human civilization.Through applying the Comprehensive Assessment Model and 3S Technology, this paper systematically summarizes the theoretical basis and study the results of Residential Environment Evaluation which carried on home and abroad.Based on grid data such as DEM,NDVI,the multi-year average temperature and precipitation,GDP,population,with the 1 km×1 km grid scale,the spatial distribution trait is directly reflected of Residential Environment Suitability in the Hotan Prefecture.The results show that the index of suitability for Residential Environment in the Hotan Prefecture is from 1.139 to 4.495.In general,suitability of Residential Environment is decreased from the oasis which formed around the Hotan River and the Yutian River basins to the south mountains and north desert area,and Increased from the mountains to the plain and from the northern desert to the separated oasis.Most parts of the Hotan Prefecture are affected by restrictions of natural environmental conditions.Considering the suitability of residential environment for the Hotan Prefecture,the proportion of high suitability area is the least,which accounts for 1.04%of the total study area,second ranked suitable area accounts for 5.94%,third ranked suitable area accounts for 21.13%,less suitable and not suitable areas accounts for 71.68%.The highestpopulation density areas are mainly concentrated in the central area of administrative region which locate in the Hotan River and Yutian River basins.The lowest suitable living environment for the study area is concentrated in the northern desert and southern high mountains,the region's population distribution and population density is relatively low or even zero.It indicates that the natural environment is extremely bad.In the whole study area except the oasis which has been developed,undeveloped pastoral zone has good natural development conditions and human settlements potential,but this region's ecological environment is rather fragile,so in the future the development planning requires a lot of consideration and demonstration.
With the economic and social development,human beings have been concerning about the survival of their own living environment.Human settlement is a basis of human survival and development,and the concentrated expression of human civilization.Through applying the Comprehensive Assessment Model and 3S Technology, this paper systematically summarizes the theoretical basis and study the results of Residential Environment Evaluation which carried on home and abroad.Based on grid data such as DEM,NDVI,the multi-year average temperature and precipitation,GDP,population,with the 1 km×1 km grid scale,the spatial distribution trait is directly reflected of Residential Environment Suitability in the Hotan Prefecture.The results show that the index of suitability for Residential Environment in the Hotan Prefecture is from 1.139 to 4.495.In general,suitability of Residential Environment is decreased from the oasis which formed around the Hotan River and the Yutian River basins to the south mountains and north desert area,and Increased from the mountains to the plain and from the northern desert to the separated oasis.Most parts of the Hotan Prefecture are affected by restrictions of natural environmental conditions.Considering the suitability of residential environment for the Hotan Prefecture,the proportion of high suitability area is the least,which accounts for 1.04%of the total study area,second ranked suitable area accounts for 5.94%,third ranked suitable area accounts for 21.13%,less suitable and not suitable areas accounts for 71.68%.The highestpopulation density areas are mainly concentrated in the central area of administrative region which locate in the Hotan River and Yutian River basins.The lowest suitable living environment for the study area is concentrated in the northern desert and southern high mountains,the region's population distribution and population density is relatively low or even zero.It indicates that the natural environment is extremely bad.In the whole study area except the oasis which has been developed,undeveloped pastoral zone has good natural development conditions and human settlements potential,but this region's ecological environment is rather fragile,so in the future the development planning requires a lot of consideration and demonstration.
引文
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[2]邓茂林,张斌,高运荣,等.四川省地级城市人居环境评价研究[J].四川环境,2009,28(2):42-48.[DENG Maolin,ZHANG Bin,GAO Yunrong,et al.Assessment of human settlements in prefecture-level cities of Sichuan Province[J]Sichuan Environment, 2009,28(2):42-48.]
[3]尹晓科.基于GIS的湖南省人居环境适宜性研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2010.[YIN Xiaoke.The study on suitability of hu- man settlements in Hunan Province based on GIS[D].Changsha; Hunan Normal University,2010.]
[4]郝慧梅,任志远.基于栅格数据的陕西省人居环境自然适宜性测评[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):498-506.[HAO Huimei, REN Zhiyuan.Evaluation of nature suitability for human settlement in Shaanxi Province based on grid data[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):498 -506.]
[5]徐军昶,王永丽,王菁,等.陕西人居环境气候适宜度评价及人口分布[J].陕西气象,2009(1):9-14.[XU Junchang,WANG Yongli,WANG Jing,et al.Living environment and climate suitability assessment and population distribution in Shaanxi[J].Journal of Shaanxi Meteorology,2009(1):9 - 14.]
[6]唐焰,封志明,杨艳昭.基于栅格尺度的中国人居环境气候适宜性评价[J].资源科学,2008,30(5):648-654.[TANG Yan,FENG Zhiming,YANG Yanzhao.Evaluation of climate suitability for human settlement in China(J].Resources Science, 2008,30(5):648-654.]
[7]吴斌,张宇清,吴秀芹.中国沙区人居环境安全研究的初步探讨[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):50-59.[WU Bin,ZHANG Yuqing, WU Xiuqin.Primary probe into security of human settle-ments environment in sandy desertification areas[J].Journal of Desert Research,2009,29(1):50 - 59.]
[8]封志明,唐焰,杨艳昭,等.基于GIS的中国人居环境指数模型的建立与应用[J].地理学报,2008,63(12):1328-1338.[ FENG Zhiming.TANG Yan,YANG Yanzhao.et al.Establishment and application of human settlements environment index model (HEI) based on GIS[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63 (12):1328 -1338.]
[9]娄焱,孟杰.白城市区人居环境质量的综合评价[J].衡阳师范学院学报,2004,25(6):104-106.[LOU Yan,MENG Jie. Comprehensive evaluation of the environment quality of the urban human settlement in Baicheng City[J].Journal of Hengyang Normal University,2004,25(6):104 - 106.]
[10]潘晓玲,王学才,雷加强.关于中国西部干旱区生态环境演变与调控研究的思考[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(1):24-25.[PAN Xiao ling,WANG Xuecai,LEI Jiaqiang.Some consideration on evolution and control of ecological environment of arid regions in western China [J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2001,16(1):24-25.]
[11]塔西甫拉提,熊黑钢,丁建丽,等.塔里木盆地南部生态环境演变研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学出版社,2001:6-12.[Tash- ipolat,XIONG Heigang.DING Jianli.Research for environment evolution of southern Tarim basin[M].Urumqi:Xinjiang University Press,2001:6-12.]
[12]塔西甫拉提,熊黑刚,丁建丽,等.干旱区环境演变遥感研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学出版社,2001:4-7.[Tashipolat, XIONG Heigang.DING Jianli,et al.Remote sensing study for environmental change in arid area[M].Urumqi;Xinjiang University Press,2001:4-7.]
[13]资源环境科学数据中心[EB/OL].http://www.geodata.cn, 2007.(Resource and environment science data center[EB/OL]. http://www.geodata.cn,2007.]
[14]刘波,肖子牛.1961-2005年新疆区域分级雨日(量)的气候特征[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(3):419-428.[LIU Bo,XI- AO Ziniu.Climatic features of graded rain in Xinjiang from 1961 to 2005[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(3):419-428.]
[15]成鹏.乌鲁木齐地区近50a降水特征分析[J].干旱区地理,
[16]黄莹,包安明,陈曦,等.新疆天山北坡干旱区GDP时空模拟[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(4),494-502.[HUANG Ying, 2010,33(4):580 -588.[CHENG Peng.Characteristics of precipitation in the Urunmqi regions over the past 50 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2010,33(4):580-588.]
[17]穆艾塔.基于自组织的绿洲及自然是异性评价[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2007. BAO Anming,CHEN Xi,et al.GIS based space-time simulation of GDP in arid regions:taking the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains as an example[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28 (4),494-502.] natural suitability based on self-organization[D].Urumqi:Xin- jiang University,2010.]
[18]谢叶伟,赵军,李勇,等.基于GIS的典型黑土区海伦市耕地地力评价研究[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(2):325-330.[XIEYewei,ZHAO Jun,LI Yong,et al.Assessment of cropland productivity based on GIS for typical black soil region at Hailun County [J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(2):325-330.]