容器规格和养分加载对珍贵树种容器苗生长的影响
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摘要
容器规格和养分加载量是影响容器苗生长的关键因素。以红豆树、浙江楠、浙江樟和赤皮青冈的2 a生容器苗为对象,设置容器规格和缓释肥加载量2因素4水平的析因试验,分析不同容器规格、缓释肥加载量及其交互作用对各珍贵树种生长的影响,筛选适宜的容器规格及缓释肥加载量。结果表明,随容器规格和缓释肥加载量增大,各树种容器苗生长势愈好,容器规格为C3(18 cm×20 cm)时,各树种容器苗苗高、地径和生物量最大,容器规格增大到C4(20 cm×20 cm),仅赤皮青冈苗高有显著提高;而容器苗生长量较大时对应的加载量则因树种而不同,红豆树和赤皮青冈为F2(2 kg·m~(-3)),而浙江楠和浙江樟则为F3(3 kg·m~(-3))。根系生长量亦随容器规格变大而增加,红豆树、浙江楠、浙江樟和赤皮青冈根系分别在容器规格C3、C2(16 cm×18 cm)、C4和C4时发育较好;红豆树根系随加载量增加变细变长,其根系体积在加载量F2时最大,浙江楠和浙江樟分别在加载量F3和F1时根系各项指标值较大,加载量增加反而抑制浙江樟根系生长,赤皮青冈根系则受加载量的影响不明显。各树种根冠比随容器规格增加变化不大,但随着加载量的增加,均表现出减小的趋势,最小加载量F1(1 kg·m~(-3))时,根冠比最大。除红豆树外,容器规格和加载量2因素对各树种的交互效应明显,经初步评价,红豆树、浙江楠、浙江樟和赤皮青冈优质容器苗培育的组合分别为C3F2、C3F3、C3F3和C4F2,相对其他3树种,赤皮青冈更适宜于较大规格的容器;浙江楠和浙江樟较红豆树和赤皮青冈要求更多的基质养分。
Container size(CS) and slow-release fertilizer(SRF) loading were the key factors affecting the growth of container seedlings.In this study,2-year-old container seedlings of 4 key precious tree species in southern China were used as research objects,including Ormosia hosiei,Phoebe chekiangensis,Cinnamomum japonicum and Cyclobalanopsis gilva.A factorial test with 2 factors and 4 levels of CS and SRF loading was carried out.The effects of different CS,SRF loading and their interactions on the growth of 4 precious tree species were analyzed.And the suitable CS and SRF loading for the growth of the container seedlings were selected.The results showed that with the increase of CS and SRF loading,the growth of the container seedlings becoming better.When the CS was C3(18 cm×20 cm),the seedling height,the root collar diameter and the biomass were the largest,with the CS increased to C4(20 cm×20 cm),and the height of the seedlings increased significantly only for C.gilva.While the suitable SRF loading was different with varied tree species.The better SRF loading dose for O.hosiei and C.gilva was F2(2 kg·m~(-3)),and that for P.chekiangensis and C.japonicum was F3(3 kg·m~(-3)).The root growth also increased with the CS,and the roots of O.hosiei,P.chekiangensis,C.japonicum and C.gilva were better developed in C3,C2(16 cm×18 cm),C4 and C4,respectively.And the root of O.hosiei was thinner and longer with the increase of SRF loading,the root volume was the largest with loading dose of F2.While,the larger root index values of P.chekiangensis and C.japonicum were at the loading dose of F3 and F1,respectively.And the root growth of C.japonicum was inhibited by the increasing loading,but C.gilva was not.The root to shoot ratio of each tree species changed little with the increase of CS,decreased with the added loading dose.The root to shoot ratio was the largest with the minimum loading of F1(1 kg·m~(-3)).Except for O.hosiei,the interaction effect of CS and SRF loading on the growth of the seedlings was obvious.After preliminary evaluation,the optimal combinations for the seedling growth of O.hosiei,P.chekiangensis,C.japonicum and C.gilva cultivations were C3 F2,C3 F3,C3 F3 and C4 F2 respectively,which indicating that relative to the other 3 species,C.gilva was more suitable for larger size containers,while P.chekiangensis and C.japonicum required more nutrients than O.hosiei and C.gilva.
Container size(CS) and slow-release fertilizer(SRF) loading were the key factors affecting the growth of container seedlings.In this study,2-year-old container seedlings of 4 key precious tree species in southern China were used as research objects,including Ormosia hosiei,Phoebe chekiangensis,Cinnamomum japonicum and Cyclobalanopsis gilva.A factorial test with 2 factors and 4 levels of CS and SRF loading was carried out.The effects of different CS,SRF loading and their interactions on the growth of 4 precious tree species were analyzed.And the suitable CS and SRF loading for the growth of the container seedlings were selected.The results showed that with the increase of CS and SRF loading,the growth of the container seedlings becoming better.When the CS was C3(18 cm×20 cm),the seedling height,the root collar diameter and the biomass were the largest,with the CS increased to C4(20 cm×20 cm),and the height of the seedlings increased significantly only for C.gilva.While the suitable SRF loading was different with varied tree species.The better SRF loading dose for O.hosiei and C.gilva was F2(2 kg·m~(-3)),and that for P.chekiangensis and C.japonicum was F3(3 kg·m~(-3)).The root growth also increased with the CS,and the roots of O.hosiei,P.chekiangensis,C.japonicum and C.gilva were better developed in C3,C2(16 cm×18 cm),C4 and C4,respectively.And the root of O.hosiei was thinner and longer with the increase of SRF loading,the root volume was the largest with loading dose of F2.While,the larger root index values of P.chekiangensis and C.japonicum were at the loading dose of F3 and F1,respectively.And the root growth of C.japonicum was inhibited by the increasing loading,but C.gilva was not.The root to shoot ratio of each tree species changed little with the increase of CS,decreased with the added loading dose.The root to shoot ratio was the largest with the minimum loading of F1(1 kg·m~(-3)).Except for O.hosiei,the interaction effect of CS and SRF loading on the growth of the seedlings was obvious.After preliminary evaluation,the optimal combinations for the seedling growth of O.hosiei,P.chekiangensis,C.japonicum and C.gilva cultivations were C3 F2,C3 F3,C3 F3 and C4 F2 respectively,which indicating that relative to the other 3 species,C.gilva was more suitable for larger size containers,while P.chekiangensis and C.japonicum required more nutrients than O.hosiei and C.gilva.
引文
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[10] 王艺,王秀花,吴小林,等.缓释肥加载对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗生长和养分库构建的影响[J].林业科学,2013,49(12):57-63.
[11] 肖遥,楚秀丽,王秀花,等.缓释肥加载对3种珍贵树种大规格容器苗生长和N、P库构建的影响[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(6):781-787.
[12] FU Y L,OLIET J A,LI G L,et al.Effect of controlled release fertilizer type and rate on mineral nutrients,non-structural carbohydrates,and field performance of Chinese pine container-grown seedlings[J].Silva Fennica,2017,51(2):1607.
[13] HSU Y M,TSENG M J,LIN C H.Container volume affects growth and development of wax apple[J].Hort Science,1996,31(7):1139-1142.
[14] 刘军,姜景民,陈益泰,等.闽楠种子轻基质容器育苗及优良家系选择[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(6):70-73.LU J,JIANG J M,CHEN Y T,et al.Cultural techniques of container seedlings with light medium and family selection for Phoebe bourne[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2011,26(6):70-73.(in Chinese)
[15] 乔志霞,沈火林,安岩.番茄耐高温胁迫能力鉴定方法的研究[J].西北农业学报,2006,15(6):114-120.
[16] O?REILLY C,OWENS J N,ARNOTT J T,et al.Effects of nursery culture and morphological development of western hemlock seedlings during field establishment:flushing,shoot elongation and bud development[J].Can.J.For.Res.,1994,24:53-70.
[17] KRAMER P J,KOZLOWSKI T T.Physiology of woody plants[M].New York:Academic,1979.
[18] RICHARDS D,ROWE R N.Effects of root restriction,root pruning,and 6-benzyl-aminopurine on the growth of peach seedlings[J].Ann.Bot.,1977,41:729-740.
[19] GUREVITCH J P,WILSON J L,STONE P,et al.Competition among old field perennials at different levels of soil fertility and available space[J].J.Ecol.,1990,78:727-744.
[20] IRINO K O,IBA Y,ISHIZUKA S,et al.Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of pot-grown seedlings of the dipterocarp Dryobalanops lanceolata in a tropical nursery[J].Soil Science & Plant Nutrition,2004,50(5):747-753.
[21] KLOOSTER W S,CREGG B M,FERNANDEZ R T,et al.Growth and physiology of deciduous shade trees in response to controlled-release fertilizer[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,135:71-79.
[22] SANTELICES R,ESPINOZA S,ARIZA A C,et al.Effect of shading and fertilization on the development of container-grown Nothofagus glauca seedlings,a threatened species from central Chile[J].Southern Forests:A Journal of Forest Science,2013,75(3):145-148.
[23] WEI H X,REN J,ZHOU J H.Effect of exponential fertilization on growth and nutritional status in Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus [Thunb.]D.Don) seedlings cultured in natural and prolonged photoperiods[J].Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.,2013,59:933-941.
[24] OLIET J,PLANELLES R,SEGURA M L,et al.Mineral nutrition and growth of containerized Pinus halepensis seedlings under controlled-release fertilizer[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2004,103:113-129.
[25] HERMANS C,HAMMOND J P,WHITE P J,et al.How do plants respond to nutrient shortage by biomass allocation?[J].Trends in Plant Science,2006,11(12):610-617.
[26] 马雪红,胡根长,冯建国,等.基质配比、缓释肥量和容器规格对木荷容器苗质量的影响[J].林业科学研究,2010,23(4):505-509.
[27] FRANCESCO F,FRANCESCO P N.Effect of container type nursery techniques on growth and chlorophyll content of Acer platanoides L.and Liquidambar styraciflua L.plants[J].Journal of Food,Agriculture & Environment,2006,4(3/4):209-213.
[28] 陈秋夏,郑坚,林霞,等.不同容器对木荷等3个容器苗生长的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2009,24(2):75-79.CHEN Q X,ZHENG J,LIN X,et al.Effects of different containers on the growth of seedlings of 3 tree species[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2009,24(2):75-79.(in Chinese)
[2] MALTONI A,MARIOTTI B,TANI A,et al.Relation of Fraxinus excelsior seedling morphology to growth and root proliferation during field establishment[J].Scand J.For.Res.,2010,25:60-67.
[3] MARIOTTI B,MALTONI A,CHIARABAGLIO P M,et al.Can the use of large,alternative nursery containers aid in field establishment of Juglans regia and Quercus robur seedlings[J].New Forests ,2015,46:773-794.
[4] DRENOU C.Pruning trees:the problem of forks[J].J Arboric,2000,26(5):264-269.
[5] 徐玉梅,唐红燕,张建珠,等.不同轻基质配方对思茅松容器育苗的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(6):147-150.XU Y M,TANG H Y,ZHANG J Z,et al.Effects of different light substrates on container seedling quality of Pinus kesiya var.langbianensis[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(6):147-150.(in Chinese)
[6] 楚秀丽,张守攻,孙晓梅,等.日本落叶松容器苗不同控释肥营养元素效应分析[J].北京林业大学学报,2012,34(6):47-54.CHU X L,ZHANG S G,SUN X M,et al.Mineral nutrition efficiency of controlled release fertilizers in net container seedlings of Larix kampferi Sarg[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2012,34 (6):47-54.(in Chinese)
[7] SOUTH D B,HARRIS S W,BARNETT J P,et al.Effect of container type and seedling size on survival and early height growth of Pinus palustris seedlings in Alabama,U.S.A.[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2005,204:385-398.
[8] DOMINGUEZ LERENA S,SIERRA N H,MANZANO I C,et al.Container characteristics influence Pinus pinea seedling development in the nursery and field[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,221:63-71.
[9] 周志春,刘青华,胡根长,等.3种珍贵用材树种轻基质网袋容器育苗方案优选[J].林业科学,2011,47(10):172-178.
[10] 王艺,王秀花,吴小林,等.缓释肥加载对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗生长和养分库构建的影响[J].林业科学,2013,49(12):57-63.
[11] 肖遥,楚秀丽,王秀花,等.缓释肥加载对3种珍贵树种大规格容器苗生长和N、P库构建的影响[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(6):781-787.
[12] FU Y L,OLIET J A,LI G L,et al.Effect of controlled release fertilizer type and rate on mineral nutrients,non-structural carbohydrates,and field performance of Chinese pine container-grown seedlings[J].Silva Fennica,2017,51(2):1607.
[13] HSU Y M,TSENG M J,LIN C H.Container volume affects growth and development of wax apple[J].Hort Science,1996,31(7):1139-1142.
[14] 刘军,姜景民,陈益泰,等.闽楠种子轻基质容器育苗及优良家系选择[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(6):70-73.LU J,JIANG J M,CHEN Y T,et al.Cultural techniques of container seedlings with light medium and family selection for Phoebe bourne[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2011,26(6):70-73.(in Chinese)
[15] 乔志霞,沈火林,安岩.番茄耐高温胁迫能力鉴定方法的研究[J].西北农业学报,2006,15(6):114-120.
[16] O?REILLY C,OWENS J N,ARNOTT J T,et al.Effects of nursery culture and morphological development of western hemlock seedlings during field establishment:flushing,shoot elongation and bud development[J].Can.J.For.Res.,1994,24:53-70.
[17] KRAMER P J,KOZLOWSKI T T.Physiology of woody plants[M].New York:Academic,1979.
[18] RICHARDS D,ROWE R N.Effects of root restriction,root pruning,and 6-benzyl-aminopurine on the growth of peach seedlings[J].Ann.Bot.,1977,41:729-740.
[19] GUREVITCH J P,WILSON J L,STONE P,et al.Competition among old field perennials at different levels of soil fertility and available space[J].J.Ecol.,1990,78:727-744.
[20] IRINO K O,IBA Y,ISHIZUKA S,et al.Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of pot-grown seedlings of the dipterocarp Dryobalanops lanceolata in a tropical nursery[J].Soil Science & Plant Nutrition,2004,50(5):747-753.
[21] KLOOSTER W S,CREGG B M,FERNANDEZ R T,et al.Growth and physiology of deciduous shade trees in response to controlled-release fertilizer[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,135:71-79.
[22] SANTELICES R,ESPINOZA S,ARIZA A C,et al.Effect of shading and fertilization on the development of container-grown Nothofagus glauca seedlings,a threatened species from central Chile[J].Southern Forests:A Journal of Forest Science,2013,75(3):145-148.
[23] WEI H X,REN J,ZHOU J H.Effect of exponential fertilization on growth and nutritional status in Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus [Thunb.]D.Don) seedlings cultured in natural and prolonged photoperiods[J].Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.,2013,59:933-941.
[24] OLIET J,PLANELLES R,SEGURA M L,et al.Mineral nutrition and growth of containerized Pinus halepensis seedlings under controlled-release fertilizer[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2004,103:113-129.
[25] HERMANS C,HAMMOND J P,WHITE P J,et al.How do plants respond to nutrient shortage by biomass allocation?[J].Trends in Plant Science,2006,11(12):610-617.
[26] 马雪红,胡根长,冯建国,等.基质配比、缓释肥量和容器规格对木荷容器苗质量的影响[J].林业科学研究,2010,23(4):505-509.
[27] FRANCESCO F,FRANCESCO P N.Effect of container type nursery techniques on growth and chlorophyll content of Acer platanoides L.and Liquidambar styraciflua L.plants[J].Journal of Food,Agriculture & Environment,2006,4(3/4):209-213.
[28] 陈秋夏,郑坚,林霞,等.不同容器对木荷等3个容器苗生长的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2009,24(2):75-79.CHEN Q X,ZHENG J,LIN X,et al.Effects of different containers on the growth of seedlings of 3 tree species[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2009,24(2):75-79.(in Chinese)
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