川西北典型牧业县放牧家畜数量及结构的空间分布特征
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摘要
家畜数量、放牧强度和畜群结构直接影响草地状况,为了解并促进协调好畜牧经济发展和草地生态保护之间的关系,以2016年川西北阿坝藏族羌族自治州5个典型牧业县主要放牧家畜的存栏数、放牧强度和基础母畜百分比为基础,利用属性数据空间化技术,构建家畜空间分布格局图,分析川西北牧区主要放牧家畜牦牛及绵羊的空间分布特征.结果表明,2016年川西北典型牧业县的放牧家畜主要分布于若尔盖县与红原县,并且具有从北向南逐渐递减的趋势,其中若尔盖县西部牦牛和绵羊的总存栏数最多在113 870以上,壤塘县和松潘县相对较少,大部分区域存栏数在30 166以下.放牧家畜放牧强度与存栏数在空间上关联性不明显,放牧强度较高的地区主要在若尔盖县和阿坝县,其中阿坝县的哇尔玛乡放牧强度最大,值为8.55羊单位/hm~2(0.57羊单位/亩),其次为壤塘县和红原县,松潘县放牧强度最低.就畜种结构而言,绵羊主要分布在若尔盖县北部,而牦牛主要分布在红原县大部、阿坝县东北部及若尔盖县南部;畜群结构中基础母畜比例最高的县主要是红原和壤塘,平均为62.5%以上.本研究明晰了川西北典型牧业县放牧家畜的空间分布特征、畜牧结构和载畜情况,可为实现川西北草地草畜平衡及促进畜牧经济发展提供借鉴依据.
Livestock population, grazing intensity, and population structure have a direct impact on grassland status. It is an important scientific proposition to coordinate the relationship between livestock economic development and grassland protection.Firstly, the spatial distribution patterns of livestock were established using the method of spatialization of attribute data, which were based on the livestock population, grazing intensity, and proportion of female livestock of five typical animal husbandry counties of Aba Tibetan-Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northwestern Sichuan in 2016, and then the spatial distribution characteristics of yak and sheep were analyzed. The results showed that the livestock population of Ruoergai and Hongyuan counties enjoyed the highest proportion among the typical animal husbandry counties of northwestern Sichuan with a decreasing tendency from north to south, and the total number of yaks and sheep in Western Ruoergai county was above 113 870.However, the number of yaks and sheep in Yantang and Songpan counties was relatively small, being less than 30 166. The correlation between livestock population and grazing intensity was not obvious in space. The grazing intensity was higher mainly in Ruoergai and Aba counties, and the Waerma Town of Aba County had the largest grazing intensity, with a value of 8.55 sheep/hm~2(0.57 sheep/area), followed by Rangtang and Hongyuan counties, whereas Songpan County had the lowest grazing intensity.In terms of the livestock breed structure, the sheep of the northern parts of Ruoergai County accounted for the highest proportion in five typical animal husbandry counties, while Yak was mainly distributed in most parts of Hongyuan County, the northeast parts of Aba County, and the southern parts of Ruoergai County. With regard to the livestock population restructuring, the counties with the highest average ratio of female yak and sheep were Hongyuan and Rangtang with an average value above 62.5%.The analysis results of the livestock spatial distribution patterns clarified the spatial distribution characteristic of grazing livestock,animal husbandry structure, and carrying-stock capacity of typical animal husbandry counties in northwestern Sichuan, as well as provide references for the realization of feed-animal balance and development of animal husbandry.
Livestock population, grazing intensity, and population structure have a direct impact on grassland status. It is an important scientific proposition to coordinate the relationship between livestock economic development and grassland protection.Firstly, the spatial distribution patterns of livestock were established using the method of spatialization of attribute data, which were based on the livestock population, grazing intensity, and proportion of female livestock of five typical animal husbandry counties of Aba Tibetan-Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northwestern Sichuan in 2016, and then the spatial distribution characteristics of yak and sheep were analyzed. The results showed that the livestock population of Ruoergai and Hongyuan counties enjoyed the highest proportion among the typical animal husbandry counties of northwestern Sichuan with a decreasing tendency from north to south, and the total number of yaks and sheep in Western Ruoergai county was above 113 870.However, the number of yaks and sheep in Yantang and Songpan counties was relatively small, being less than 30 166. The correlation between livestock population and grazing intensity was not obvious in space. The grazing intensity was higher mainly in Ruoergai and Aba counties, and the Waerma Town of Aba County had the largest grazing intensity, with a value of 8.55 sheep/hm~2(0.57 sheep/area), followed by Rangtang and Hongyuan counties, whereas Songpan County had the lowest grazing intensity.In terms of the livestock breed structure, the sheep of the northern parts of Ruoergai County accounted for the highest proportion in five typical animal husbandry counties, while Yak was mainly distributed in most parts of Hongyuan County, the northeast parts of Aba County, and the southern parts of Ruoergai County. With regard to the livestock population restructuring, the counties with the highest average ratio of female yak and sheep were Hongyuan and Rangtang with an average value above 62.5%.The analysis results of the livestock spatial distribution patterns clarified the spatial distribution characteristic of grazing livestock,animal husbandry structure, and carrying-stock capacity of typical animal husbandry counties in northwestern Sichuan, as well as provide references for the realization of feed-animal balance and development of animal husbandry.
引文
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9 Dormaar JF,Walter DW.Effect of forty-four years of grazing on fescue grassland soil[J].J Range Manage,1998,51(1):122-126
10 Holechek JL,de Souza Gomes H,Moliar F,Galt D.Grazing Studies:what we’ve learned[J].Rangelands,1999,20(5):12-16
11 Altesor A,Oesterheld M,Leoni E,Lezamal F,Rodriguezl C.Effect of grazing on community structure and productivity of a Uruguayan grassland[J].Plant Ecol,2005,179:83-91
12郑伟,董全民,李世雄,李红涛,刘玉,杨时海.放牧强度对环青海湖高寒草原群落物种多样性和生产力的影响[J].草地学报,2012,20(6):1033-1038[Zheng W,Dong QM,Li SX,Li HT,Liu Y,Yang SH.Impact of grazing intensities on community biodiversity and productivity of alpine grassland in Qinghai Lake region[J].Acta Agrest Sin,2012,20(6):1033-1038]
13卢苓苓,李青丰.北方草原牧区草畜平衡分析及对策——以克什克腾旗中-韩生态示范村为例[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(1):98-101[Lu LL,Li QF.Feed-animal balance analysis and countermeasure in northern pastoral Area-taking China-Korean ecological demonstration village in Keshiketeng banner as an example[J].Chin J Grassl,2009,31(1):98-101]
14 Macharia PN,Ekaya WN.The impact of rangeland condition and trend to the grazing resources of a semi-arid environment in Kenya.J Hum Ecol,2005,17(2):143-147
15段庆伟,辛晓平.GIS技术在草地畜牧业的应用研究进展[J].现代农业科技,2012(3):11-12+15[Duan QW,Xin XP.Research advances on application of GIS technology in grassland livestock husbandry[J].Mod Agric Sci Technol,2012(3):11-12+15]
16王修康.阿坝州牦牛业发展的现状与对策探讨[J].草业与畜牧,2007(5):53-55[Wang XK.The present situation and countermeasures of the development of yak industry in Aba prefecture[J].Pratacult Anim Husb,2007(5):53-55]
17郑阳,徐柱,锡林图雅,师尚礼.放牧强度对土-草-畜系统的影响研究进展[J].草原与草坪,2009(5):72-76[Zheng Y,Xu Y,Xilin TY,Shi SL.Impacts of grazing intensity on the system of soil-grass-animal[J].Grassl Turf,2009(5):72-76]
18洒文君.青藏高原高寒草地生产力及载畜量动态分析研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2012[Sa WJ.Studied on dynamic change of grassland productivities and carrying capacity on the alpine grassland of QinghaiTibetan plateau[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2012]
19蔺成友,牟永娟,万玛吉,张亚林,郝恩茂,丁考仁青,普华才让,左彩兰.甘加羊畜群结构调整探讨[J].畜牧兽医杂志,2012,31(2):68-69[Lin CY,Mou YJ,Wan MJ,Zhang YL,Hao EM,Ding KRQ,Pu HCR,Zuo CL.Discussion on Ganjia Sheep structure of animal-flock adjustment[J].J Anim Sci Veter Med,2012,31(2):68-69]
20周华坤,周立,赵新全,严作良,刘伟,师燕.放牧干扰对高寒草场的影响[J].中国草地,2002,24(5):54-62[Zhou HK,Zhou L,Zhao XQ,Yan ZL,Liu W,Shi Y.Influence of grazing disturbance on alpine grassland[J].Grassl China,2002,24(5):54-62]
21刘焘,干友民,张洪轩,杨树晶,宋中齐,符佩斌,张雪莲.川西北红原草地在联户经营下的适宜载畜量研究[J].草业学报,2014,23(3):197-204[Liu T,Gan YM,Zhang HX,Yang SJ,Song ZQ,Fu PB,Zhang XL.A study on the appropriate stocking capacity under group-household management on the Hongyuan grasslands in north western Sichuan[J].Acta Prat Sin,2014,23(3):197-204]
22赵新全,王启基,皮南林,周兴民,冯金虎,张堰青.青海高寒草甸草场优化放牧方案的综合评价[J].中国农业科学,1989,22(2):68-75[Zhao XQ,Wang QJ,Pi NL,Zhou XM,Fen JH,Zhang YQ.The multifaceted evaluation of optimum grazing plan for alpine meadow pasture in Haibei,Qinghai[J].Sci Agric Sin,1989,22(2):68-75]
23李希来.青南高原家庭牧场优化经营模式的探讨[J].草业科学,2001,18(4):50-53+56[Li XL.An optimal pattern of management for family farm on southern Qinghai plateau,Qinghai,China[J].Pratac Sci,2001,18(4):50-53+56]
24皮南林,王启基,赵新全.青海高寒草甸草场优化放牧方案及提高畜牧业经济效益的研究[J].家畜生态学报,1988,9(1):26-35[Pi NL,Wang QJ,Zhao XQ.The research of optimizing grazing plan and raising the economic benefit of livestock husbandry for alpine meadow pasture in Qinghai[J].Acta Ecol Anim Domas,1988,9(1):26-35]
2周寿荣.川西北草地改良与利用[M].成都:四川民族出版社,1989[Zhou SR.Improvement and Utilization of Grassland in Northwest Sichuan[M].Chengdu:Sichuan Minorities Press,1989]
3于伯华,吕昌河.青藏高原高寒区生态脆弱性评价[J].地理研究,2011,30(12):2289-2295[Yu BH,LüCH.Assessment of ecological vulnerability on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geogr Res,2011,30(12):2289-2295]
4王修康,罗昌俊,毛中丽.阿坝州牧区畜牧产业发展的几点建议[J].草业与畜牧,2013(4):53-55[Wang XK,Luo CJ,Mao ZL.Some suggestions on the development of animal husbandry industry in Aba prefecture[J].Pratacult Anim Husb,2013(4):53-55]
5宫旭胤.草畜平衡和精准管理模型在肃南县绵羊生产中的应用研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2010[Gong XY.Application research of forage-livestock balance and livestock precision management model about grazing sheep production in Sunan county[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2010]
6旦增.当雄县草地畜牧业现状及可持续发展对策[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2005[Dan Z.Current situation and strategies of grassland animal husbandry farming and sustainable development in Dangxiong of Tibet[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2005]
7宋仁德,汪永洲,李国梅,牛永娟,贺顺忠.玉树州畜种畜群结构调查与对策初探[J].家畜生态学报,2014,35(2):53-57[Song RD,Wang YZ,Li GM,Niu YJ,He SZ.Preliminary study and analysis of livestock breed and structure in Yushu prefecture[J].Acta Ecol Anim Domas,2014,35(2):53-57]
8朝宝.近70年巴林右旗五畜数量结构时空变化及其影响因素分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2017[Han B.Temporal and spatial changes of the quantitative structure of five domestic animals in Balinyou banner over the recent 70 years and analysis of influencing factors[D]Hohhot:Inner Mongol Normal University,2017]
9 Dormaar JF,Walter DW.Effect of forty-four years of grazing on fescue grassland soil[J].J Range Manage,1998,51(1):122-126
10 Holechek JL,de Souza Gomes H,Moliar F,Galt D.Grazing Studies:what we’ve learned[J].Rangelands,1999,20(5):12-16
11 Altesor A,Oesterheld M,Leoni E,Lezamal F,Rodriguezl C.Effect of grazing on community structure and productivity of a Uruguayan grassland[J].Plant Ecol,2005,179:83-91
12郑伟,董全民,李世雄,李红涛,刘玉,杨时海.放牧强度对环青海湖高寒草原群落物种多样性和生产力的影响[J].草地学报,2012,20(6):1033-1038[Zheng W,Dong QM,Li SX,Li HT,Liu Y,Yang SH.Impact of grazing intensities on community biodiversity and productivity of alpine grassland in Qinghai Lake region[J].Acta Agrest Sin,2012,20(6):1033-1038]
13卢苓苓,李青丰.北方草原牧区草畜平衡分析及对策——以克什克腾旗中-韩生态示范村为例[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(1):98-101[Lu LL,Li QF.Feed-animal balance analysis and countermeasure in northern pastoral Area-taking China-Korean ecological demonstration village in Keshiketeng banner as an example[J].Chin J Grassl,2009,31(1):98-101]
14 Macharia PN,Ekaya WN.The impact of rangeland condition and trend to the grazing resources of a semi-arid environment in Kenya.J Hum Ecol,2005,17(2):143-147
15段庆伟,辛晓平.GIS技术在草地畜牧业的应用研究进展[J].现代农业科技,2012(3):11-12+15[Duan QW,Xin XP.Research advances on application of GIS technology in grassland livestock husbandry[J].Mod Agric Sci Technol,2012(3):11-12+15]
16王修康.阿坝州牦牛业发展的现状与对策探讨[J].草业与畜牧,2007(5):53-55[Wang XK.The present situation and countermeasures of the development of yak industry in Aba prefecture[J].Pratacult Anim Husb,2007(5):53-55]
17郑阳,徐柱,锡林图雅,师尚礼.放牧强度对土-草-畜系统的影响研究进展[J].草原与草坪,2009(5):72-76[Zheng Y,Xu Y,Xilin TY,Shi SL.Impacts of grazing intensity on the system of soil-grass-animal[J].Grassl Turf,2009(5):72-76]
18洒文君.青藏高原高寒草地生产力及载畜量动态分析研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2012[Sa WJ.Studied on dynamic change of grassland productivities and carrying capacity on the alpine grassland of QinghaiTibetan plateau[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2012]
19蔺成友,牟永娟,万玛吉,张亚林,郝恩茂,丁考仁青,普华才让,左彩兰.甘加羊畜群结构调整探讨[J].畜牧兽医杂志,2012,31(2):68-69[Lin CY,Mou YJ,Wan MJ,Zhang YL,Hao EM,Ding KRQ,Pu HCR,Zuo CL.Discussion on Ganjia Sheep structure of animal-flock adjustment[J].J Anim Sci Veter Med,2012,31(2):68-69]
20周华坤,周立,赵新全,严作良,刘伟,师燕.放牧干扰对高寒草场的影响[J].中国草地,2002,24(5):54-62[Zhou HK,Zhou L,Zhao XQ,Yan ZL,Liu W,Shi Y.Influence of grazing disturbance on alpine grassland[J].Grassl China,2002,24(5):54-62]
21刘焘,干友民,张洪轩,杨树晶,宋中齐,符佩斌,张雪莲.川西北红原草地在联户经营下的适宜载畜量研究[J].草业学报,2014,23(3):197-204[Liu T,Gan YM,Zhang HX,Yang SJ,Song ZQ,Fu PB,Zhang XL.A study on the appropriate stocking capacity under group-household management on the Hongyuan grasslands in north western Sichuan[J].Acta Prat Sin,2014,23(3):197-204]
22赵新全,王启基,皮南林,周兴民,冯金虎,张堰青.青海高寒草甸草场优化放牧方案的综合评价[J].中国农业科学,1989,22(2):68-75[Zhao XQ,Wang QJ,Pi NL,Zhou XM,Fen JH,Zhang YQ.The multifaceted evaluation of optimum grazing plan for alpine meadow pasture in Haibei,Qinghai[J].Sci Agric Sin,1989,22(2):68-75]
23李希来.青南高原家庭牧场优化经营模式的探讨[J].草业科学,2001,18(4):50-53+56[Li XL.An optimal pattern of management for family farm on southern Qinghai plateau,Qinghai,China[J].Pratac Sci,2001,18(4):50-53+56]
24皮南林,王启基,赵新全.青海高寒草甸草场优化放牧方案及提高畜牧业经济效益的研究[J].家畜生态学报,1988,9(1):26-35[Pi NL,Wang QJ,Zhao XQ.The research of optimizing grazing plan and raising the economic benefit of livestock husbandry for alpine meadow pasture in Qinghai[J].Acta Ecol Anim Domas,1988,9(1):26-35]