模拟降雨和风干对玉米青贮营养品质及有氧暴露期微生物数量的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究模拟降雨和风干对玉米青贮过程中营养品质的影响。选取蜡熟期去穗玉米秸秆粉碎后分为3组,模拟降雨组(RAIN)通过人工喷水完成,每2 h喷洒一次,每次每吨玉米秸秆喷洒2 L水,喷洒3次,风干组(DRY)自然风干6 h,对照组(CON)不作任何处理。将3组秸秆放入20 L的自制青贮发酵桶制作青贮饲料,每组制作30桶,共发酵50 d。测定玉米青贮的化学成分、发酵品质;青贮第50天模拟开窖,打开剩余的青贮桶,同时在发酵桶模拟开窖后第0、1、3、7、15天分别检测微生物数量。结果表明:对照组粗蛋白质(CP)、乳酸(LA)、乙酸(AA)含量分别较模拟降雨组高0.43%、2.39%、0.31%(P <0.05),分别较风干组高0.39%、0.95%、0.13(P <0.05),而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、pH、氨态氮含量显著低于模拟降雨组和风干组(P <0.05),模拟降雨组水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量分别较对照组和风干组低2.81%、1.63%(P <0.05),对照组未检测到丙酸(PA)和丁酸(BA)的存在。有氧暴露第3天时,对照组霉菌含量较模拟降雨组低0.99(P <0.05),随着有氧暴露时间的延长,各处理组均呈现酵母菌、霉菌逐渐升高,乳酸菌逐渐降低的趋势。综上所述,降雨和风干都会使青贮营养品质降低,影响青贮饲料的保存与利用。
This study was conducted to observe the effects of simulated rainfall and air drying on the quality of corn silage.Corn straw without grain which was at dough stage was selected and divided into 3 groups after grinding.Artificial sprayed water was regarded as simulated rain group(RAIN),artificial sprayed water was once two hours,2 L/t water was sprayed each times,three times in total.Air drying for 1 d was regarded as air drying group(DRY).The control group(CON) was not treated at all.Whole corn straw in 3 groups was used to make silage and stored in 20 L self-made silos for 50 d and then determined chemical composition,fermentation quality,microbe quantity.The results showed that the content of crude protein(CP),lactic acid(LA),acetic acid(AA) in CON were increased by 0.43%,2.39%,0.31%(P < 0.05)than RAIN,and were increased by 0.39%,0.95%,0.13(P < 0.05)than DRY,neutral detergent fiber(NDF),pH,NH3-N were decreased significantly than RAIN and DRY.The content of water soluble carbohydrates(WSC) was decreased by 2.81%,1.63%(P < 0.05) in RAIN than CON and DRY.In CON have no propanoic acid(PA),butyric acid(BA) were detected than RAIN and DRY(P < 0.05),After aerobic exposure 3 d,the content of mold was increased by 0.99%(P < 0.05) in CON than RAIN and DRY,with the extention of aerobic exposure time,all the groups showed a trend of the yeast and mold were increased,lactic acid bacteria was decreased gradually.In conclusion,rainfall and air drying will reduce the nutritional quality of silage and affect the preservation and utilization of silage.
This study was conducted to observe the effects of simulated rainfall and air drying on the quality of corn silage.Corn straw without grain which was at dough stage was selected and divided into 3 groups after grinding.Artificial sprayed water was regarded as simulated rain group(RAIN),artificial sprayed water was once two hours,2 L/t water was sprayed each times,three times in total.Air drying for 1 d was regarded as air drying group(DRY).The control group(CON) was not treated at all.Whole corn straw in 3 groups was used to make silage and stored in 20 L self-made silos for 50 d and then determined chemical composition,fermentation quality,microbe quantity.The results showed that the content of crude protein(CP),lactic acid(LA),acetic acid(AA) in CON were increased by 0.43%,2.39%,0.31%(P < 0.05)than RAIN,and were increased by 0.39%,0.95%,0.13(P < 0.05)than DRY,neutral detergent fiber(NDF),pH,NH3-N were decreased significantly than RAIN and DRY.The content of water soluble carbohydrates(WSC) was decreased by 2.81%,1.63%(P < 0.05) in RAIN than CON and DRY.In CON have no propanoic acid(PA),butyric acid(BA) were detected than RAIN and DRY(P < 0.05),After aerobic exposure 3 d,the content of mold was increased by 0.99%(P < 0.05) in CON than RAIN and DRY,with the extention of aerobic exposure time,all the groups showed a trend of the yeast and mold were increased,lactic acid bacteria was decreased gradually.In conclusion,rainfall and air drying will reduce the nutritional quality of silage and affect the preservation and utilization of silage.
引文
[1]丁良,原现军,闻爱友,等.添加剂对西藏啤酒糟全混合日粮青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(7):112~120.
[2]杜晋平,殷裕斌,邓代君,等.玉米秸青贮和晒干过程中化学成分变化及碳水化合物组分发酵动力学[J].中国畜牧杂志,2010,46(23):36~40.
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[4]李真真,白春生,余奕东,等.水分含量及添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质及CNCPS蛋白组分的影响[J].中国奶牛,2016,319(11):1~6.
[5]吕建敏,胡伟莲,刘建新.添加酶制剂和麸皮对稻草青贮发酵品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2005,17(2):58~62.
[6]梁瑜,雷赵民,吴建平,等.不同添加剂(物)对玉米秸秆青贮有机酸含量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2012,47(5):34~39.
[7]武得礼,葛文华,何世炜.甘肃景泰灌区玉米收籽与收刈青贮临界适期的研究[J].草业学报,1999,2:65~70.
[8]万学瑞,吴建平,雷赵民,等.优良抑菌活性乳酸菌对玉米青贮及有氧暴露期微生物数量和pH的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):204~211.
[9]邬彩霞,汤前,韩志森,等.水分、乳酸菌和蔗糖对青贮苜蓿品质的影响[J].中国奶牛,2015,18:22~26.
[10]王旭哲,贾舒安,张凡凡,等.紧实度对青贮玉米有氧稳定期发酵品质、微生物数量的效应研究[J].草业学报,2017,26(9):156~166.
[11]杨云贵,张越利,刘桂要,等.2种玉米青贮饲料青贮过程中主要微生物的变化规律研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2012,43(3):397~403.
[12]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.46~75.
[13]周娟娟,魏巍,秦爱琼,等.水分和添加剂对辣椒秸秆青贮品质的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(2):231~239.
[14]Broderick G A,Kang J H.Automated Simultaneous Determination of Ammonia and Total Amino Acids in Ruminal Fluid and in vitro Media 1[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1980,63(1):64~75.
[15]Chen L,Guo G,Yuan X,et al.Effect of Applying Molasses and Propionic Acid on Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Total Mixed Ration Silage Prepared with Whole-plant Corn in Tibet.[J].Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences,2014,27(3):349~56.
[16]Calabro S,Cutrignelli M I,Bovera F,et al.In vitro fermentation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of fresh forage,silage and hay of Avena sativa.[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2005,85(11):1838~1844.
[17]Cavallarin L,Tabacco E,Antoniazzi S,et al.Aflatoxin accumula tion in whole crop maize silage as a result of aerobic exposure[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2011,91(13):2419~2425.
[18]Dubois M,Gilles K A,Hamilton J K,et al.Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances[J].Analytical Chemistry,1956,28(3):350~356.
[19]Kalscheur K F,Garcia A D,Hippen A R,et al.Fermentation characteristics of ensiling wet corn distillers grains in combination with wet beet pulp[J].Poultry Science,2004,87:53.
[20]Li Y,Nishino N.Effects of inoculation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus buchneri on fermentation,aerobic stability and microbial communities in whole crop corn silage[J].Grassland Science,2011,57(4):184~191.
[21]Spadaro D,Bustos-Lopez M P,Gullino M L,et al.Evolution of fungal populations in corn silage conserved under polyethylene or biodegradable films[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2015,119(2):510.
[22]Shi H T,Cao Z J,Wang Y J,et al.Effects of calcium oxide treatment at varying moisture concentrations on the chemical composition,in situ degradability,in vitro digestibility and gas production kinetics of anaerobically stored corn stover[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2015,100(4):748~757.
[23]Te Giffel M C,Wagendorp A,Herrewegh A,et al.Bacterial spores in silage and raw milk[J].Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek,2002,81(1~4):625~630.
[24]Van Soest P J,Robertson J B,Lewis B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583~3597.
[25]Yang W,Xiaoyue F U,Yang B,et al.Effects of Different Absorbents and Corn on Fermentation Characteristics and Quality of Potato Vines Silages[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015.
[26]Yahaya M S,Kawai M.The effect of different moisture contents at ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of orchardgrass[J].Animal Feed Science&Technology,2002,101(1):127~133.
[27]Zeng X,Ma Y,Ma L.Utilization of straw in biomass energy in China[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2007,11(5):976~987.
[28]Zhang W.Different Absorbents Affect Silage Quality and Aerobic Stability of Beet Pulp[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2011,23(9):1577~1583.
[2]杜晋平,殷裕斌,邓代君,等.玉米秸青贮和晒干过程中化学成分变化及碳水化合物组分发酵动力学[J].中国畜牧杂志,2010,46(23):36~40.
[3]贾春旺,原现军,肖慎华,等.青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早娥发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):179~187.
[4]李真真,白春生,余奕东,等.水分含量及添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质及CNCPS蛋白组分的影响[J].中国奶牛,2016,319(11):1~6.
[5]吕建敏,胡伟莲,刘建新.添加酶制剂和麸皮对稻草青贮发酵品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2005,17(2):58~62.
[6]梁瑜,雷赵民,吴建平,等.不同添加剂(物)对玉米秸秆青贮有机酸含量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2012,47(5):34~39.
[7]武得礼,葛文华,何世炜.甘肃景泰灌区玉米收籽与收刈青贮临界适期的研究[J].草业学报,1999,2:65~70.
[8]万学瑞,吴建平,雷赵民,等.优良抑菌活性乳酸菌对玉米青贮及有氧暴露期微生物数量和pH的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):204~211.
[9]邬彩霞,汤前,韩志森,等.水分、乳酸菌和蔗糖对青贮苜蓿品质的影响[J].中国奶牛,2015,18:22~26.
[10]王旭哲,贾舒安,张凡凡,等.紧实度对青贮玉米有氧稳定期发酵品质、微生物数量的效应研究[J].草业学报,2017,26(9):156~166.
[11]杨云贵,张越利,刘桂要,等.2种玉米青贮饲料青贮过程中主要微生物的变化规律研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2012,43(3):397~403.
[12]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.46~75.
[13]周娟娟,魏巍,秦爱琼,等.水分和添加剂对辣椒秸秆青贮品质的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(2):231~239.
[14]Broderick G A,Kang J H.Automated Simultaneous Determination of Ammonia and Total Amino Acids in Ruminal Fluid and in vitro Media 1[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1980,63(1):64~75.
[15]Chen L,Guo G,Yuan X,et al.Effect of Applying Molasses and Propionic Acid on Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Total Mixed Ration Silage Prepared with Whole-plant Corn in Tibet.[J].Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences,2014,27(3):349~56.
[16]Calabro S,Cutrignelli M I,Bovera F,et al.In vitro fermentation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of fresh forage,silage and hay of Avena sativa.[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2005,85(11):1838~1844.
[17]Cavallarin L,Tabacco E,Antoniazzi S,et al.Aflatoxin accumula tion in whole crop maize silage as a result of aerobic exposure[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,2011,91(13):2419~2425.
[18]Dubois M,Gilles K A,Hamilton J K,et al.Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances[J].Analytical Chemistry,1956,28(3):350~356.
[19]Kalscheur K F,Garcia A D,Hippen A R,et al.Fermentation characteristics of ensiling wet corn distillers grains in combination with wet beet pulp[J].Poultry Science,2004,87:53.
[20]Li Y,Nishino N.Effects of inoculation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus buchneri on fermentation,aerobic stability and microbial communities in whole crop corn silage[J].Grassland Science,2011,57(4):184~191.
[21]Spadaro D,Bustos-Lopez M P,Gullino M L,et al.Evolution of fungal populations in corn silage conserved under polyethylene or biodegradable films[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2015,119(2):510.
[22]Shi H T,Cao Z J,Wang Y J,et al.Effects of calcium oxide treatment at varying moisture concentrations on the chemical composition,in situ degradability,in vitro digestibility and gas production kinetics of anaerobically stored corn stover[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2015,100(4):748~757.
[23]Te Giffel M C,Wagendorp A,Herrewegh A,et al.Bacterial spores in silage and raw milk[J].Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek,2002,81(1~4):625~630.
[24]Van Soest P J,Robertson J B,Lewis B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583~3597.
[25]Yang W,Xiaoyue F U,Yang B,et al.Effects of Different Absorbents and Corn on Fermentation Characteristics and Quality of Potato Vines Silages[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015.
[26]Yahaya M S,Kawai M.The effect of different moisture contents at ensiling on silo degradation and digestibility of structural carbohydrates of orchardgrass[J].Animal Feed Science&Technology,2002,101(1):127~133.
[27]Zeng X,Ma Y,Ma L.Utilization of straw in biomass energy in China[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2007,11(5):976~987.
[28]Zhang W.Different Absorbents Affect Silage Quality and Aerobic Stability of Beet Pulp[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2011,23(9):1577~1583.