水氮管理对设施番茄根系生长的影响
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摘要
为研究高盐分累积设施土壤(电导率为1 106μS/cm)中水氮管理对设施番茄根系生长的影响,采用二因素随机区组设计,利用盆栽试验研究了设施土壤中不同水分和氮肥处理对番茄生长和养分吸收的影响.结果表明:与适宜灌溉〔浇水量为2. 1L/(盆·次)〕相比,水分胁迫处理〔浇水量为1. 5 L/(盆·次)〕显著抑制番茄根系、株高和生物量的增加,番茄总根长、根总表面积、根尖数分别平均减少16. 6%、24. 4%、14. 3%,养分吸收量平均减少21. 7%;高量灌溉〔浇水量为2. 7 L/(盆·次)〕可增加番茄果期生物量,增幅达35. 5%,但氮素吸收量有所降低.与传统施肥相比,减氮施肥可显著促进番茄植株、根系的生长,从而增加养分吸收量;番茄总根长、根总表面积、根尖数分别增加2. 9%～55. 3%、10. 8%～55. 5%、4. 9%～62. 7%,株高平均增加12. 7%,养分吸收量平均增加38. 5%,氮肥利用率从9. 1%增至30. 8%.研究显示,在高盐分累积的设施土壤中,氮肥减施可促进作物根系生长,同时提高氮肥利用率.
A two-factor experiment with randomized block design was conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on root growth of tomato planting in the soil with high salt accumulating facilities( EC values was 1106 μS/cm). The results showed that compared to suitable irrigation( watering amount was 2. 1 L/( plot·time)),water stress treatment( watering amount was 1. 5 L/( plot·time)) decreased the root length,root surface area and root tip of tomato by 16. 6%,24. 4% and 14. 3%,respectively,and reduced the total uptake of nutrients by 21. 7% on average; the tomato biomass in the sufficient irrigation treatment( watering amount was2. 7 L/( plot·time)) was higher by 35. 5% than the suitable irrigation treatment,but N uptake in the sufficient irrigation treatment was lower than in the suitable irrigation treatment. Compared to traditional N management,reduced N management significantly increased the root length,root surface area,and root tip of the tomato by 2. 9%-55. 3%,10. 8%-55. 5%,and 4. 9%-62. 7% respectively,plant height and total uptake of nutrients in the reduced N managements was higher by 12. 7% and 38. 5% than traditional N managements,in addition,the N recovery rate was 30. 8% in the reduced N management,which was significantly higher than the N recovery rate 9. 1% in the traditional N management. In general,reduce N management could promote the growth of crop roots and increase nitrogen use efficiency in the soil with high accumulation of salt under greenhouse conditions.
A two-factor experiment with randomized block design was conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on root growth of tomato planting in the soil with high salt accumulating facilities( EC values was 1106 μS/cm). The results showed that compared to suitable irrigation( watering amount was 2. 1 L/( plot·time)),water stress treatment( watering amount was 1. 5 L/( plot·time)) decreased the root length,root surface area and root tip of tomato by 16. 6%,24. 4% and 14. 3%,respectively,and reduced the total uptake of nutrients by 21. 7% on average; the tomato biomass in the sufficient irrigation treatment( watering amount was2. 7 L/( plot·time)) was higher by 35. 5% than the suitable irrigation treatment,but N uptake in the sufficient irrigation treatment was lower than in the suitable irrigation treatment. Compared to traditional N management,reduced N management significantly increased the root length,root surface area,and root tip of the tomato by 2. 9%-55. 3%,10. 8%-55. 5%,and 4. 9%-62. 7% respectively,plant height and total uptake of nutrients in the reduced N managements was higher by 12. 7% and 38. 5% than traditional N managements,in addition,the N recovery rate was 30. 8% in the reduced N management,which was significantly higher than the N recovery rate 9. 1% in the traditional N management. In general,reduce N management could promote the growth of crop roots and increase nitrogen use efficiency in the soil with high accumulation of salt under greenhouse conditions.
引文
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[2]杨可昀,宋海亮,黄诗蓓,等.根系分泌物调控对人工湿地去除雌激素的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(1):59-66.YANG Keyun,SONG Hailiang,HUANG Shibei,et al. Influence of different root exudates on steroidal estrogen removal in constructed wetlands[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(1):59-66.
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[4]王亮亮,高志山,宋伟杰,等.滴灌施肥下钾肥对番茄生长及产质量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(21):132-134.WANG Liangliang,GAO Zhishan,SONG Weijie,et al.Influences of potassium fertilizer on growth,yield and quality of tomato under fertigation[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(21):132-134.
[5]李生秀,李世清,高亚军,等.施用氮肥对提高旱地作物利用土壤水分的作用机理和效果[J].干旱地区农业研究,1994,12(1):38-46.LI Shengxiu,LI Shiqing,GAO Yajun,et al. The mechanism and effects of N fertilization in increasing water use efficiency[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1994,12(1):38-46.
[6] SHARMA B R,CHAUDHARY T N.Wheat root growth,grain yield and water uptake as influenced by soil water regime and depth of nitrogen placement in a loamy sand soil[J]. Agricultural Water Management,1983,6(4):365-373.
[7] GAJRI P R,PRIHAR S S,ARORA V K. Effects of nitrogen and early irrigation on root development and water use by wheat on two soils[J].Field Crops Research,1989,21(2):103-114.
[8] MORGAN J A.The effects of N nutrition on the water relations and gas exchange characteristics of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)[J].Plant Physiology,1986,80(1):52-58.
[9]陆扣萍,谢寅峰,闵炬,等.不同施氮量对大棚莴苣根系形态及产量和品质的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(4):542-547.LU Kouping,XIE Yinfeng,MIN Ju,et al.Effects of different N rates on root morphology,yield and fruit quality of lettuce cultivated in plastic greenhouse[J].Soils,2011,43(4):542-547.
[10] HSIAO T C. Growth and productivity of crops in relation to water status[J].Acta Horticulturae,1993,335:137-148.
[11] KUCHENBUCH R O,BARBER S A. Yearly variation of root distribution with depth in relation to nutrient uptake and corn yield[J].Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1987,18(3):255-263.
[12] YANG W H,WEBER K A,SILVER W L. Nitrogen loss from soil through anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction[J].Nature Geoscience,2012,5(8):538-541.
[13] RASSE D P,SMUCKER A J M.Root recolonization of previous root channels in corn and alfafa rotation[J]. Plant and Soil,1988,204(2):203-212.
[14] HURD E A. Phenotype and drought tolerance in wheat[J].Developments in Agricultural and Managed Forest Ecology,1975,1(1):39-55.
[15] BARRACOUGH P B,WEIR A H. Effects of compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth,water use and nutrient uptake of winter wheat[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science,1988,110(2):207-216.
[16]赵立新,荆家海,王韶唐.水分胁迫下盆栽冬小麦根系生长与苗系生长及某些生理特性的关系[J].西北植物学报,1994,14(5):36-40.ZHAO Lixin,JING Jiahai,WANG Shaotang. Relationship between root growth and shoot growth and some physiological properties of winter wheat grown in the pots under water stress[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,1991,14(5):36-40.
[17]孙宗训.凯氏定氮法和奈氏比色法测定植株全氮方法的比较[J].现代农业科技,2011(24):41-44.
[18]向晓黎,王静,王国红.钒钼黄比色法测定食品中磷的研究[J].绿色科技,2015(4):328-329.XIANG Xiaoli,WANG Jing,WANG Guohong. Study on the determination of phosphorus in food based on vanadium molybdenum yellow colorimetric method[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology,2015(4):328-329.
[19]张道兰,左继林.火焰光度计法与四苯硼钠比浊法测K的对比分析[J].南方林业科技,2000(5):26-28.ZHANG Daolan,ZUO Jilin. Contrast analysis on determination of inorganic element K with flare photometer and sodium tetraphenylboron[J]. South China Forestry Science,2000(5):26-28.
[20] PRIETO M H,LAVADO M,MONINO M J,et al. Root water absorption pattern in a processing tomato crop under different irrigation strategies[J]. Acta Horticulturae,2000,537(537):839-845.
[21]单长卷,梁宗锁.土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗根系生长及生理特性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(5):38-41.SHAN Changjuan,LIANG Zongsuo. Effects of soil drought on root growth and physiological characteristics of winter wheat seedlings[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(5):38-41.
[22]韩希英,宋凤斌.干旱胁迫对玉米根系生长及根际养分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):170-172.HAN Xiying,SONG Fengbin.Effect of drought stress on root growth and rhizosphere nutrients of maize(Zea mays L.)[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(3):170-172.
[23] TRACHSEL S,KAEPPLER S M,BROWN K M,et al. Maize root growth angles become steeper under low N conditions[J]. Field Crops Research,2013,140(9):18-31.
[24] STEUDLE E. Water uptake by roots:effects of water deficit[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2000,51(350):1531-1542.
[25] LEE S H,CHUNG G C,STEUDLE E.Gating of aquaporins by low temperature in roots of chilling-sensitive cucumber and chillingtolerant figleaf gourd[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2005,56(413):985-995.
[26] FORDE B,LORENZO H. The nutritional control of root development[J].Plant and Soil,2001,232(1/2):51-68.
[27] ABRAHAM Z,DEL POZO J C.Ectopic expression of E2FB,a cell cycle transcription factor,accelerates flowering and increases fruit yield in tomato[J]. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,2012,31(1):11-24.
[28]王士超,白新禄,陈竹君,等.日光温室土壤养分平衡及其累积特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(7):1091-1098.WANG Shichao,BAI Xinlu,CHEN Zhujun,et al. Nutrient balance and accumulation in soils of solar greenhouses[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(7):1091-1098.
[29] ZHU Y,CAI H,SONG L,et al. Impacts of oxygation on plant growth,yield and fruit quality of tomato[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):199-211.
[30] YANG Lijuan,QU Hui,ZHANG Yulong,et al. Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on physiology,fruit yield and quality and water use efficiency of tomato under different calcium levels[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104(1):89-94.
[31] SHARMA S P,LESKOVAR D I,CROSBY K M.et al.Root growth,yield,and fruit quality responses of Reticulatus and Inodorus melons(Cucumis melo L.)to deficit subsurface drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,136:75-85.
[2]杨可昀,宋海亮,黄诗蓓,等.根系分泌物调控对人工湿地去除雌激素的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(1):59-66.YANG Keyun,SONG Hailiang,HUANG Shibei,et al. Influence of different root exudates on steroidal estrogen removal in constructed wetlands[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(1):59-66.
[3]贺德先,王晨阳,杨清华,等.小麦根系生理研究现状及展望[J].河南农业大学学报,2000,34(4):329-333.HE Dexian,WANG Chenyang,YANG Qinghua,et al. Current situation and prospects of study on physiology of wheat root system[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2000,34(4):329-333.
[4]王亮亮,高志山,宋伟杰,等.滴灌施肥下钾肥对番茄生长及产质量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(21):132-134.WANG Liangliang,GAO Zhishan,SONG Weijie,et al.Influences of potassium fertilizer on growth,yield and quality of tomato under fertigation[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2018,46(21):132-134.
[5]李生秀,李世清,高亚军,等.施用氮肥对提高旱地作物利用土壤水分的作用机理和效果[J].干旱地区农业研究,1994,12(1):38-46.LI Shengxiu,LI Shiqing,GAO Yajun,et al. The mechanism and effects of N fertilization in increasing water use efficiency[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1994,12(1):38-46.
[6] SHARMA B R,CHAUDHARY T N.Wheat root growth,grain yield and water uptake as influenced by soil water regime and depth of nitrogen placement in a loamy sand soil[J]. Agricultural Water Management,1983,6(4):365-373.
[7] GAJRI P R,PRIHAR S S,ARORA V K. Effects of nitrogen and early irrigation on root development and water use by wheat on two soils[J].Field Crops Research,1989,21(2):103-114.
[8] MORGAN J A.The effects of N nutrition on the water relations and gas exchange characteristics of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)[J].Plant Physiology,1986,80(1):52-58.
[9]陆扣萍,谢寅峰,闵炬,等.不同施氮量对大棚莴苣根系形态及产量和品质的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(4):542-547.LU Kouping,XIE Yinfeng,MIN Ju,et al.Effects of different N rates on root morphology,yield and fruit quality of lettuce cultivated in plastic greenhouse[J].Soils,2011,43(4):542-547.
[10] HSIAO T C. Growth and productivity of crops in relation to water status[J].Acta Horticulturae,1993,335:137-148.
[11] KUCHENBUCH R O,BARBER S A. Yearly variation of root distribution with depth in relation to nutrient uptake and corn yield[J].Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1987,18(3):255-263.
[12] YANG W H,WEBER K A,SILVER W L. Nitrogen loss from soil through anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction[J].Nature Geoscience,2012,5(8):538-541.
[13] RASSE D P,SMUCKER A J M.Root recolonization of previous root channels in corn and alfafa rotation[J]. Plant and Soil,1988,204(2):203-212.
[14] HURD E A. Phenotype and drought tolerance in wheat[J].Developments in Agricultural and Managed Forest Ecology,1975,1(1):39-55.
[15] BARRACOUGH P B,WEIR A H. Effects of compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth,water use and nutrient uptake of winter wheat[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science,1988,110(2):207-216.
[16]赵立新,荆家海,王韶唐.水分胁迫下盆栽冬小麦根系生长与苗系生长及某些生理特性的关系[J].西北植物学报,1994,14(5):36-40.ZHAO Lixin,JING Jiahai,WANG Shaotang. Relationship between root growth and shoot growth and some physiological properties of winter wheat grown in the pots under water stress[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,1991,14(5):36-40.
[17]孙宗训.凯氏定氮法和奈氏比色法测定植株全氮方法的比较[J].现代农业科技,2011(24):41-44.
[18]向晓黎,王静,王国红.钒钼黄比色法测定食品中磷的研究[J].绿色科技,2015(4):328-329.XIANG Xiaoli,WANG Jing,WANG Guohong. Study on the determination of phosphorus in food based on vanadium molybdenum yellow colorimetric method[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology,2015(4):328-329.
[19]张道兰,左继林.火焰光度计法与四苯硼钠比浊法测K的对比分析[J].南方林业科技,2000(5):26-28.ZHANG Daolan,ZUO Jilin. Contrast analysis on determination of inorganic element K with flare photometer and sodium tetraphenylboron[J]. South China Forestry Science,2000(5):26-28.
[20] PRIETO M H,LAVADO M,MONINO M J,et al. Root water absorption pattern in a processing tomato crop under different irrigation strategies[J]. Acta Horticulturae,2000,537(537):839-845.
[21]单长卷,梁宗锁.土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗根系生长及生理特性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(5):38-41.SHAN Changjuan,LIANG Zongsuo. Effects of soil drought on root growth and physiological characteristics of winter wheat seedlings[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(5):38-41.
[22]韩希英,宋凤斌.干旱胁迫对玉米根系生长及根际养分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):170-172.HAN Xiying,SONG Fengbin.Effect of drought stress on root growth and rhizosphere nutrients of maize(Zea mays L.)[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(3):170-172.
[23] TRACHSEL S,KAEPPLER S M,BROWN K M,et al. Maize root growth angles become steeper under low N conditions[J]. Field Crops Research,2013,140(9):18-31.
[24] STEUDLE E. Water uptake by roots:effects of water deficit[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2000,51(350):1531-1542.
[25] LEE S H,CHUNG G C,STEUDLE E.Gating of aquaporins by low temperature in roots of chilling-sensitive cucumber and chillingtolerant figleaf gourd[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2005,56(413):985-995.
[26] FORDE B,LORENZO H. The nutritional control of root development[J].Plant and Soil,2001,232(1/2):51-68.
[27] ABRAHAM Z,DEL POZO J C.Ectopic expression of E2FB,a cell cycle transcription factor,accelerates flowering and increases fruit yield in tomato[J]. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,2012,31(1):11-24.
[28]王士超,白新禄,陈竹君,等.日光温室土壤养分平衡及其累积特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(7):1091-1098.WANG Shichao,BAI Xinlu,CHEN Zhujun,et al. Nutrient balance and accumulation in soils of solar greenhouses[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(7):1091-1098.
[29] ZHU Y,CAI H,SONG L,et al. Impacts of oxygation on plant growth,yield and fruit quality of tomato[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(8):199-211.
[30] YANG Lijuan,QU Hui,ZHANG Yulong,et al. Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on physiology,fruit yield and quality and water use efficiency of tomato under different calcium levels[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104(1):89-94.
[31] SHARMA S P,LESKOVAR D I,CROSBY K M.et al.Root growth,yield,and fruit quality responses of Reticulatus and Inodorus melons(Cucumis melo L.)to deficit subsurface drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,136:75-85.