不同灌溉方式和灌水量对北疆加工番茄生理生长及产量的影响
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摘要
为探讨不同灌溉方式和灌水量对滴灌加工番茄生长特性、生理特性、产量及灌溉水利用效率的影响,寻求适宜新疆干旱地区加工番茄种植的灌水组合模式,优化干旱地区滴灌加工番茄种植管理。采用桶栽试验,设置3种灌溉方式,即分根区交替灌溉(APRI)、固定灌溉(FPRI)和常规灌溉(CI)分别与滴灌覆膜结合,在3个灌溉水平(充分灌溉1 060mm、中度亏水810mm和重度亏水560mm,APRI和FPRI的灌水量为CI的2/3)下对加工番茄株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、光合、荧光、产量、灌溉水利用效率的影响,并得出最佳灌水组合模式。结果表明:9个处理间加工番茄各生育期株高变化规律均为CW1>AW1>CW2>AW2>FW1>CW3>AW3>FW2>FW3(平均值);茎粗变化规律均为AW1> AW2>CW1>CW2> AW3>FW1>CW3>FW2>FW3(平均值);叶面积指数变化规律为AW1>CW1>CW2>AW2>FW1>CW3>AW3>FW2>FW3(平均值);株高、茎粗和叶面积指数的最大生长速率均表现为AW1>CW1>CW2>AW2>FW1>FW2>CW3>AW3>FW3;灌溉方式和灌水量交互作用对各生育期Pn和Tr均具有极显著影响(P<0.01),在同一灌溉方式下,Pn和Tr均随着灌水量的增加而增加,在AW1处达到最大值。W1水平下,Pn和Tr变化为APRI>CI>FPRI(平均值)。W2和W3水平下,Pn和Tr变化为CI>APRI>FPRI(平均值);灌溉方式对加工番茄各生育期功能叶Fv/Fm、Fv/F0的影响显著(P<0.01),对qp的影响显著(P<0.05);灌水量对加工番茄各生育期功能叶Fv/Fm、Fv/F0的影响不显著(P>0.05),对花果期及膨大期qp及NPQ的影响极显著(P<0.01);灌溉方式和灌水量交互作用均对加工番茄各生育期荧光参数的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。其中,产量(Y)最大值出现在AW1处理,为3.41kg/盆;最小值出现在FW3处理,为1.31kg/盆,相对增加1.60倍。研究认为分根区交替灌溉充分灌水条件可作为适宜本地区的灌水组合模式,本研究可为新疆干旱区滴灌加工番茄高效节水生产提供科学依据。
In order to explore the effects of different irrigation methods and irrigation amounts on the growth characteristics,physiological characteristics,yield,and irrigation water use efficiency of processing tomato under drip irrigation,the irrigation combination method suitable for processing tomato cultivation in arid regions of Xinjiang was sought to optimize the management of tomato planting in drip irrigation in arid areas.Pot test experiments were carried out on three irrigation methods(APRI,FPRI and CI)with three irrigation quotas(conventional irrigation level:1 060 mm,moderate water deficit:810 mm and severe water deficit:560 mm,the irrigation quota of APRI and FPRI are two thirds as CI)coupled with drip irrigation to explore plant height,stem diameter,leaf area index,photosynthesis,fluorescence,yield,irrigation water use efficiency and optimal irrigation combination model were studied.The results showed that the variation of plant height in different growth stages of processing tomato was:CW1>AW1>CW2>AW2>FW1>CW3>AW3 >FW2>FW3(average),and the change of stem diameter and leaf area index was:AW1>AW2 >CW1 >CW2>AW3>FW1 >CW3 >FW2 >FW3(average),growth potential and maximum growth rate of plant height,stem diameter and leaf area index were:AW1>CW1>CW2>AW2>FW1>CW3>AW3>FW2>FW3;the interaction between irrigation method and irrigation amount had significant effects on Pnand Tr,in each growth period(P<0.01).Under the same irrigation mode,Pnand Trincreased with the increase of irrigation amount.The maximum is reached at AW1.At W1 level,Pnand Trchange to:APRI>CI>FPRI(average value).At W2 and W3 levels,Pnand Trchange to:CI>APRI>FPRI(average);The effect of irrigation method on Fv/Fmand Fv/F0 of functional leaves of processing tomato was significant(P<0.01),and the effect on qp was significant(P<0.05).The amount of irrigation on functional leaves of processing tomato on Fv/Fmand Fv/F0 was not significant(P>0.05),and the effect on qp and NPQ in flowering and expansion period was extremely significant(P<0.01).The interaction between irrigation method and irrigation amount had a significant effect on the fluorescence parameters of processing tomato in each growth period(P<0.01).Among them,the maximum yield(Y)appeared in AW1 treatment,which was 149 155 kg/hm2;the minimum appeared in FW3 treatment,which was 57 060 kg/hm2,a relative increase of 2.61 times.The research suggests that the full irrigation condition of alternate root-zoon irrigation can be used as a suitable irrigation combination model in this area.This study can provide a scientific basis for efficient water-saving production of processing tomato in drip irrigation in Xinjiang.
In order to explore the effects of different irrigation methods and irrigation amounts on the growth characteristics,physiological characteristics,yield,and irrigation water use efficiency of processing tomato under drip irrigation,the irrigation combination method suitable for processing tomato cultivation in arid regions of Xinjiang was sought to optimize the management of tomato planting in drip irrigation in arid areas.Pot test experiments were carried out on three irrigation methods(APRI,FPRI and CI)with three irrigation quotas(conventional irrigation level:1 060 mm,moderate water deficit:810 mm and severe water deficit:560 mm,the irrigation quota of APRI and FPRI are two thirds as CI)coupled with drip irrigation to explore plant height,stem diameter,leaf area index,photosynthesis,fluorescence,yield,irrigation water use efficiency and optimal irrigation combination model were studied.The results showed that the variation of plant height in different growth stages of processing tomato was:CW1>AW1>CW2>AW2>FW1>CW3>AW3 >FW2>FW3(average),and the change of stem diameter and leaf area index was:AW1>AW2 >CW1 >CW2>AW3>FW1 >CW3 >FW2 >FW3(average),growth potential and maximum growth rate of plant height,stem diameter and leaf area index were:AW1>CW1>CW2>AW2>FW1>CW3>AW3>FW2>FW3;the interaction between irrigation method and irrigation amount had significant effects on Pnand Tr,in each growth period(P<0.01).Under the same irrigation mode,Pnand Trincreased with the increase of irrigation amount.The maximum is reached at AW1.At W1 level,Pnand Trchange to:APRI>CI>FPRI(average value).At W2 and W3 levels,Pnand Trchange to:CI>APRI>FPRI(average);The effect of irrigation method on Fv/Fmand Fv/F0 of functional leaves of processing tomato was significant(P<0.01),and the effect on qp was significant(P<0.05).The amount of irrigation on functional leaves of processing tomato on Fv/Fmand Fv/F0 was not significant(P>0.05),and the effect on qp and NPQ in flowering and expansion period was extremely significant(P<0.01).The interaction between irrigation method and irrigation amount had a significant effect on the fluorescence parameters of processing tomato in each growth period(P<0.01).Among them,the maximum yield(Y)appeared in AW1 treatment,which was 149 155 kg/hm2;the minimum appeared in FW3 treatment,which was 57 060 kg/hm2,a relative increase of 2.61 times.The research suggests that the full irrigation condition of alternate root-zoon irrigation can be used as a suitable irrigation combination model in this area.This study can provide a scientific basis for efficient water-saving production of processing tomato in drip irrigation in Xinjiang.
引文
[1]杨玉珍,孟超然,张新疆,等.氮、钾肥用量对膜下滴灌加工番茄产量和品质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017(1):61-67.
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[3] Wang Z,Liao R,Lin H,et al.Effects of drip irrigation levels on soil water,salinity and wheat growth in North China[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2018,11(1):146-156.
[4]张江辉,王新,丁新利,等.对新疆节水农业发展的几点认识[J].中国农村水利水电,2001(增刊1):1-4.
[5] Jensen C R,Battilani A,Plauborg F,et al.Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,98(3):403-413.
[6] Kang S,Zhang J.Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation:Its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica,2001,55(407):2437-2446.
[7] Wang Z,Kang S,Jensen C R,et al.Alternate partial rootzone irrigation reduces bundle-sheath cell leakage to CO2and enhances photosynthetic capacity in maize leaves[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(3):1145-1153.
[8] Lima R S N D,Martins A O,Deus B C D S D,et al.Partial root-zone drying(PRD)and regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)effects on stomatal conductance,growth,photosynthetic capacity,and water-use efficiency of papaya[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2015,183:13-22.
[9] Yang L,Qu H,Zhang Y,et al.Effects of partial rootzone irrigation on physiology,fruit yield and quality and water use efficiency of tomato under different calcium levels[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104(1):89-94.
[10] Wang Y,Liu F,Jensen L S,et al.Alternate partial root-zone irrigation improves fertilizer-n use efficiency in tomatoes[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(4):589-598.
[11] Wei Z,Du T,Zhang J,et al.Carbon isotope discrimination shows a higher water use efficiency under alternate partial root-zone irrigation of field-grown tomato[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,165:33-43.
[12] Du T,Kang S,Zhang J,et al.Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(6):659-668.
[13] Leib B G,Caspari H W,Redulla C A,et al.Partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation of‘Fuji'apples in a semi-arid climate[J].Irrigation Science,2006,24(2):85-99.
[14] Liu S Z,Zhang Q,Liu J,et al.Effect of partial rootzone irrigating deuterium oxide on the properties of water transportation and distribution in young apple trees[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13(6):1268-1275.
[15] Roháˇc ek K.Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters:The definitions,photosynthetic meaning,and mutual relationships[J].Photosynthetica,2002,40(1):13-29.
[16]杨小振,张显,马建祥,等.滴灌施肥对大棚西瓜生长、产量及品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(7):109-118.
[17]张忠学,郑恩楠,王长明,等.不同水氮处理对水稻荧光参数和光合特性的影响[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(6):176-183.
[18]杜亮亮,金爱武,胡元斌,等.5种箬竹属竹种叶绿素荧光特性的比较[J].世界竹藤通讯,2009,7(2):17-21.
[19]冯建灿,胡秀丽,毛训甲.叶绿素荧光动力学在研究植物逆境生理中的应用[J].经济林研究,2002(4):14-18.
[20] Souza R P,Machado E C,Silva J A B,et al.Photosynthetic gas exchange,chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea(Vigna unguiculata)during water stress and recovery[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2004,51(1):45-56.
[21] Epron D,Dreyer E,Bréda N.Photosynthesis of oak trees[quercus petraea(matt.)liebl.]during drought under field conditions:Diurnal course of net CO2assimilation and photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ[J].Plant Cell and Environment,2010,15(7):809-820.
[22]魏钦平,刘松忠,王小伟,等.分根交替不同灌水量对苹果生长和叶片生理特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2844-2851.
[23] Tan X,Shao D,Liu H,et al.Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on percolation and nitrogen leaching in paddy fields[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2013,11(1/4):381-395.
[24]朱延凯,王振华,李文昊.不同盐胁迫对滴灌棉花生理生长及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):298-305.
[25]薛惠云,张永江,刘连涛,等.干旱胁迫与复水对棉花叶片光谱、光合和荧光参数的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(11):2386-2393.
[26]于文颖,纪瑞鹏,冯锐,等.不同生育期玉米叶片光合特性及水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(9):2902-2909.
[27]刘兆新,刘妍,杨坚群,等.小麦花生一体化施肥对麦套花生生理特性及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):344-351.
[28]王振华,朱延凯,张金珠,等.水氮调控对轻度盐化土滴灌棉花生理特性与产量的影响[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(6):296-308.
[29] López-climent M F,Arbona V,Pérez-clemente R M,et al.Relationship between salt tolerance and photosynthetic machinery performance in citrus[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,62(2):176-184.
[30]马富举,杨程,张德奇,等.灌水模式对冬小麦光合特性、水分利用效率和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(4):1233-1239.
[31]许楠,孙广玉.低温锻炼后桑树幼苗光合作用和抗氧化酶对冷胁迫的响应[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(4):761-766.
[2] PatanèC,Tringali S,Sortino O.Effects of deficit irrigation on biomass,yield,water productivity and fruit quality of processing tomato under semi-arid mediterranean climate conditions[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2011,129(4):590-596.
[3] Wang Z,Liao R,Lin H,et al.Effects of drip irrigation levels on soil water,salinity and wheat growth in North China[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2018,11(1):146-156.
[4]张江辉,王新,丁新利,等.对新疆节水农业发展的几点认识[J].中国农村水利水电,2001(增刊1):1-4.
[5] Jensen C R,Battilani A,Plauborg F,et al.Deficit irrigation based on drought tolerance and root signalling in potatoes and tomatoes[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,98(3):403-413.
[6] Kang S,Zhang J.Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation:Its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica,2001,55(407):2437-2446.
[7] Wang Z,Kang S,Jensen C R,et al.Alternate partial rootzone irrigation reduces bundle-sheath cell leakage to CO2and enhances photosynthetic capacity in maize leaves[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(3):1145-1153.
[8] Lima R S N D,Martins A O,Deus B C D S D,et al.Partial root-zone drying(PRD)and regulated deficit irrigation(RDI)effects on stomatal conductance,growth,photosynthetic capacity,and water-use efficiency of papaya[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2015,183:13-22.
[9] Yang L,Qu H,Zhang Y,et al.Effects of partial rootzone irrigation on physiology,fruit yield and quality and water use efficiency of tomato under different calcium levels[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104(1):89-94.
[10] Wang Y,Liu F,Jensen L S,et al.Alternate partial root-zone irrigation improves fertilizer-n use efficiency in tomatoes[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(4):589-598.
[11] Wei Z,Du T,Zhang J,et al.Carbon isotope discrimination shows a higher water use efficiency under alternate partial root-zone irrigation of field-grown tomato[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,165:33-43.
[12] Du T,Kang S,Zhang J,et al.Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(6):659-668.
[13] Leib B G,Caspari H W,Redulla C A,et al.Partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation of‘Fuji'apples in a semi-arid climate[J].Irrigation Science,2006,24(2):85-99.
[14] Liu S Z,Zhang Q,Liu J,et al.Effect of partial rootzone irrigating deuterium oxide on the properties of water transportation and distribution in young apple trees[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13(6):1268-1275.
[15] Roháˇc ek K.Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters:The definitions,photosynthetic meaning,and mutual relationships[J].Photosynthetica,2002,40(1):13-29.
[16]杨小振,张显,马建祥,等.滴灌施肥对大棚西瓜生长、产量及品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(7):109-118.
[17]张忠学,郑恩楠,王长明,等.不同水氮处理对水稻荧光参数和光合特性的影响[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(6):176-183.
[18]杜亮亮,金爱武,胡元斌,等.5种箬竹属竹种叶绿素荧光特性的比较[J].世界竹藤通讯,2009,7(2):17-21.
[19]冯建灿,胡秀丽,毛训甲.叶绿素荧光动力学在研究植物逆境生理中的应用[J].经济林研究,2002(4):14-18.
[20] Souza R P,Machado E C,Silva J A B,et al.Photosynthetic gas exchange,chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea(Vigna unguiculata)during water stress and recovery[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2004,51(1):45-56.
[21] Epron D,Dreyer E,Bréda N.Photosynthesis of oak trees[quercus petraea(matt.)liebl.]during drought under field conditions:Diurnal course of net CO2assimilation and photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ[J].Plant Cell and Environment,2010,15(7):809-820.
[22]魏钦平,刘松忠,王小伟,等.分根交替不同灌水量对苹果生长和叶片生理特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2844-2851.
[23] Tan X,Shao D,Liu H,et al.Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on percolation and nitrogen leaching in paddy fields[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2013,11(1/4):381-395.
[24]朱延凯,王振华,李文昊.不同盐胁迫对滴灌棉花生理生长及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(2):298-305.
[25]薛惠云,张永江,刘连涛,等.干旱胁迫与复水对棉花叶片光谱、光合和荧光参数的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(11):2386-2393.
[26]于文颖,纪瑞鹏,冯锐,等.不同生育期玉米叶片光合特性及水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(9):2902-2909.
[27]刘兆新,刘妍,杨坚群,等.小麦花生一体化施肥对麦套花生生理特性及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):344-351.
[28]王振华,朱延凯,张金珠,等.水氮调控对轻度盐化土滴灌棉花生理特性与产量的影响[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(6):296-308.
[29] López-climent M F,Arbona V,Pérez-clemente R M,et al.Relationship between salt tolerance and photosynthetic machinery performance in citrus[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2008,62(2):176-184.
[30]马富举,杨程,张德奇,等.灌水模式对冬小麦光合特性、水分利用效率和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(4):1233-1239.
[31]许楠,孙广玉.低温锻炼后桑树幼苗光合作用和抗氧化酶对冷胁迫的响应[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(4):761-766.