缺血性脑卒中危险因素研究进展
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摘要
<正>脑卒中是当前威胁人类健康的主要疾患之一,具有高发病率、高致残率、高病死率、高复发率等特点。2013年中国脑卒中的年龄标化患病率为1 114. 8/10万,发病率为246. 8/10万,病死率为114. 8/10万~([1]),给患者家庭和社会带来了沉重的心理和经济负担;其中,缺血性脑卒中是最主要类型,占全部脑卒中的77. 8%,脑出血占15. 8%,蛛网膜下腔出血约占4%,其他约占2%~([1])。明确脑卒中尤其是缺血
引文
1 Wang W,Jiang B,Sun H,et al.Prevalence,Incidence,and mortality of stroke in China: Results from a nationwide population- based survey of 480 687 adults[J].Circulation,2017,135(8):759- 771.
2 Benjamin EJ,Blaha MJ,Chiuve SE,et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics- 2017 update:a report from the american heart association[J].Circulation,2017,135(10):e146- e603.
3 Kaplovitch E,Anand SS.Stroke in women:recognizing opportunities for prevention and treatment[J].Stroke,2018,49(3):515- 517.
4 Bushnell C,McCullough LD,Awad IA,et al.Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in women:a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2014,45(5):1545- 1588.
5 Howard G,Moy CS,Howard VJ,et al.Where to focus efforts to reduce the black–white disparity in stroke mortality:incidence versus case fatality?[J].Stroke, 2016,47(7):1893- 1898.
6 Seshadri S,Beiser A,Pikula A,et al.Parental occurrence of stroke and risk of stroke in their children:the framingham study[J].Circulation,2010,121(11):1304- 1312.
7 O’Donnell M J,Xavier D,Liu L,et al.Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries(the INTERSTROKE study):a case- control study[J].Lancet,2010,376(9735):112- 123.
8 Oza R,Rundell K,Garcellano M.Recurrent ischemic stroke:strategies for prevention[J].Am Fam Physician,2017,96(7):436- 440.
9 Lackland DT,Roccella EJ,Deutsch AF,et al.Factors influencing the decline in stroke mortality:a statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2014,45(1):315- 353.
10 Rothwell P M,Howard S C,Dolan E,et al.Prognostic significance of visit- to- visit variability,maximum systolic blood pressure,and episodic hypertension[J].Lancet,2010,375(9718):895- 905.
11 Tao Y,Xu J,Song B,et al.Short- term blood pressure variability and long- term blood pressure variability:which one is a reliable predictor for recurrent stroke[J].J Hum Hypertens,2017,31(9):568.
12 Men X,Sun W,Fan F,et al.China stroke primary prevention trial: visit- to- visit systolic blood pressure variability is an independent predictor of primary stroke in hypertensive patients[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2017,6(3):e004350.
13 Suchy- Dicey AM,Wallace ER,Mitchell SV,et al.Blood pressure variability and the risk of all- cause mortality,incident myocardial infarction,and incident stroke in the cardiovascular health study[J].Am J Hypertens,2013,26(10):1210- 1217.
14 Banerjee C,Moon YP,Paik MC,et al.Duration of diabetes and risk of ischemic stroke:the northern manhattan study[J].Stroke,2012,43(5):1212- 1217.
15 Peters SAE,Huxley RR,Woodward M.Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men:a systematic review and meta- analysis of 64 cohorts,including 775385 individuals and 12539 strokes[J].Lancet,2014,383(9933): 1973- 1980.
16 An Y,Zhang P,Wang J,et al.Cardiovascular and all- cause mortality over a 23- year period among Chinese with newly diagnosed diabetes in the da qing IGT and diabetes study[J].Diabetes Care,2015,38(7):1365- 1371.
17 Pan Y,Jing J,Li H,et al.Abnormal glucose regulation increases stroke risk in minor ischemic stroke or TIA[J].Neurology,2016:87(15):1551- 1556.
18 Shen X,Zhang P,Wang J,et al. Influence of improvement or worsening of glucose tolerance on risk of stroke in persons with impaired glucose tolerance[J].Int J Stroke,2018,13(9):941- 948.
19 Sanna T,Diener HC,Passman RS,et al.Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(26):2478- 2486.
20 Kamel H,Okin PM,Elkind MS,et al.Atrial fibrillation and mechanisms of stroke:time for a new model[J].Stroke,2016,47(3):895- 900.
21 Witsch J,Merkler AE,Chen ML,et al.Incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with recent ischemic stroke versus matched controls[J].Stroke,2018,49(10):2529- 2531.
22 Kamel H,Elkind MS,Bhave PD,et al.Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and the risk of ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2013,44(6):1550- 1554.
23 Kamel H,Hunter M,Moon YP,et al.Electrocardiographic left atrial abnormality and risk of stroke:northern manhattan study[J].Stroke,2015,46(11):3208- 3212.
24 He J,Tse G,Korantzopoulos P,et al.P- wave indices and risk of ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta- analysis[J].Stroke,2017,48(8):2066- 2072.
25 Kumral E,Evyapan D,G?k?ay F,et al.Association of baseline dyslipidemia with stroke recurrence within five- years after ischemic stroke[J].Int J Stroke,2014,9:119- 126.
26 Zhao L,Wang R,Song B,et al.Association between atherogenic dyslipidemia and recurrent stroke risk in patients with different subtypes of ischemic stroke[J]. Int J Stroke,2015,10(5):752- 758.
27 Lee JS,Chang PY,Zhang Y,et al.Triglyceride and HDL- C dyslipidemia and risks of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke by glycemic dysregulation status:the strong heart study[J].Diabetes Care,2017,40(4):529- 537.
28 Wang Y,Zhao X,Liu L,et al.Prevalence and outcomes of symptomatic intracranial large artery stenoses and occlusions in China:the Chinese intracranial atherosclerosis(CICAS)study[J].Stroke,2014,45(3):663- 669.
29 Banerjee C,Chimowitz MI.Stroke caused by atherosclerosis of the major intracranial arteries[J].Circ Res,2017,120(3):502- 513.
30 Zhu B,Liu H,Pan Y,et al.Elevated neutrophil and presence of intracranial artery stenosis increase the risk of recurrent stroke[J].Stroke,2018,49(10):2294- 2300.
31 Wang L,He M,Zhang Y.Risk factors associated with extracranial atherosclerosis in old patients with acute ischemic stroke[J]Sci Rep,2018,8(1):12541.
32 Ji R,Pan Y,Yan H,et al.Current smoking is associated with extracranial carotid atherosclerotic stenosis but not with intracranial large artery disease[J].BMC Neurol,2017,17(1):120.
33 Liu L,Zhan L,Wang Y,et al.Metabolic syndrome and the short- term prognosis of acute ischemic stroke:a hospital- based retrospective study[J].Lipids Health Dis,2015,14(1):76.
34 Chen YC,Sun CA,Yang T,et al.Impact of metabolic syndrome components on incident stroke subtypes:a Chinese cohort study[J].J Hum Hypertens,2014,28(11):689.
35 Li X,Li X,Fang F,et al.Is Metabolic syndrome associated with the risk of recurrent stroke:a meta- analysis of cohort studies[J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2017,26(12):2700- 2705.
36 Chen W,Pan Y,Jing J,et al.Recurrent stroke in minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with metabolic syndrome and/or diabetes mellitus[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2017,6(6):e005446.
37 Lehotsky J,Petras M,Kovalska M,et al.Mechanisms involved in the ischemic tolerance in brain:effect of the homocysteine[J].Cell Mol Neurobiol,2015,35(1):7- 15.
38 Kumral E,Saruhan G,Aktert D,et al.Association of hyperhomocysteinemia with stroke recurrence after initial stroke[J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2016,25(8):2047- 2054.
39 Sundell L,Salomaa V,Vartiainen E,et al.Increased stroke risk is related to a binge- drinking habit[J].Stroke,2008,39(12):3179- 3184.
40 Ronksley PE,Brien SE,Turner BJ,et al.Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes:a systematic review and meta- analysis[J].BMJ,2011,342:d671.
41 Suzuki S,Otsuka T,Sagara K,et al.Effects of smoking on ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage,and coronary artery events in Japanese patients with non- valvular atrial fibrillation[J].Int Heart J,2017,58(4):506- 515.
42 Malek AM,Cushman M,Lackland DT,et al.Secondhand smoke exposure and stroke:the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke(REGARDS) study[J].Am J Prev Med,2015,49(6):e89- e97.
43 Kernan WN,Inzucchi SE,Sawan C,et al.Obesity:a stubbornly obvious target for stroke prevention[J].Stroke,2013,44(1):278- 286.
44 Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration (BMI Mediated Effects),Lu Y,Hajifathalian K,et al.Metabolic mediators of the effects of body- mass index,overweight,and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke:a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1·8 million participants[J].Lancet,2014,383(9921):970- 983.
45 Hermann DM,Bassetti CL.Sleep- related breathing and sleep- wake disturbances in ischemic stroke[J].Neurology,2009,73(16):1313- 1322.
46 Kim JS,Kim S,Lee SH,et al.Increased risk of ischemic stroke during sleep in apneic patients[J].J Clin Neurol,2018,14(2):174- 178.
47 O’Donnell MJ,Chin SL,Rangarajan S,et al.Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE):a case- control study[J].Lancet,2016,388(10046):761- 775.
48 Reinholdsson M,Palstam A,Sunnerhagen KS.Prestroke physical activity could influence acute stroke severity (part of PAPSIGOT)[J].Neurology,2018,91(16):e1461- e1467.
49 Tsivgoulis G,Psaltopoulou T,Wadley VG,et al.Adherence to a mediterranean diet and prediction of incident stroke[J].Stroke,2015,46(3):780- 785.
50 Bang OY,Ovbiagele B,Kim JS.Nontraditional risk factors for ischemic stroke: an update[J].Stroke,2015,46(12):3571- 3578.
51 You LR,Tang M.The association of high D- dimer level with high risk of ischemic stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients:a retrospective study[J].Medicine,2018,97(43):e12622.
52 Jing J,Pan Y,Zhao X,et al.Insulin resistance and prognosis of nondiabetic patients with ischemic stroke: the ACROSS- China study (abnormal glucose regulation in patients with acute stroke across China)[J].Stroke,2017,48(4):887- 893.
53 Kernan WN,Ovbiagele B,Black HR,et al.Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack:a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2014,45(7):2160- 2236.
2 Benjamin EJ,Blaha MJ,Chiuve SE,et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics- 2017 update:a report from the american heart association[J].Circulation,2017,135(10):e146- e603.
3 Kaplovitch E,Anand SS.Stroke in women:recognizing opportunities for prevention and treatment[J].Stroke,2018,49(3):515- 517.
4 Bushnell C,McCullough LD,Awad IA,et al.Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in women:a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2014,45(5):1545- 1588.
5 Howard G,Moy CS,Howard VJ,et al.Where to focus efforts to reduce the black–white disparity in stroke mortality:incidence versus case fatality?[J].Stroke, 2016,47(7):1893- 1898.
6 Seshadri S,Beiser A,Pikula A,et al.Parental occurrence of stroke and risk of stroke in their children:the framingham study[J].Circulation,2010,121(11):1304- 1312.
7 O’Donnell M J,Xavier D,Liu L,et al.Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries(the INTERSTROKE study):a case- control study[J].Lancet,2010,376(9735):112- 123.
8 Oza R,Rundell K,Garcellano M.Recurrent ischemic stroke:strategies for prevention[J].Am Fam Physician,2017,96(7):436- 440.
9 Lackland DT,Roccella EJ,Deutsch AF,et al.Factors influencing the decline in stroke mortality:a statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2014,45(1):315- 353.
10 Rothwell P M,Howard S C,Dolan E,et al.Prognostic significance of visit- to- visit variability,maximum systolic blood pressure,and episodic hypertension[J].Lancet,2010,375(9718):895- 905.
11 Tao Y,Xu J,Song B,et al.Short- term blood pressure variability and long- term blood pressure variability:which one is a reliable predictor for recurrent stroke[J].J Hum Hypertens,2017,31(9):568.
12 Men X,Sun W,Fan F,et al.China stroke primary prevention trial: visit- to- visit systolic blood pressure variability is an independent predictor of primary stroke in hypertensive patients[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2017,6(3):e004350.
13 Suchy- Dicey AM,Wallace ER,Mitchell SV,et al.Blood pressure variability and the risk of all- cause mortality,incident myocardial infarction,and incident stroke in the cardiovascular health study[J].Am J Hypertens,2013,26(10):1210- 1217.
14 Banerjee C,Moon YP,Paik MC,et al.Duration of diabetes and risk of ischemic stroke:the northern manhattan study[J].Stroke,2012,43(5):1212- 1217.
15 Peters SAE,Huxley RR,Woodward M.Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men:a systematic review and meta- analysis of 64 cohorts,including 775385 individuals and 12539 strokes[J].Lancet,2014,383(9933): 1973- 1980.
16 An Y,Zhang P,Wang J,et al.Cardiovascular and all- cause mortality over a 23- year period among Chinese with newly diagnosed diabetes in the da qing IGT and diabetes study[J].Diabetes Care,2015,38(7):1365- 1371.
17 Pan Y,Jing J,Li H,et al.Abnormal glucose regulation increases stroke risk in minor ischemic stroke or TIA[J].Neurology,2016:87(15):1551- 1556.
18 Shen X,Zhang P,Wang J,et al. Influence of improvement or worsening of glucose tolerance on risk of stroke in persons with impaired glucose tolerance[J].Int J Stroke,2018,13(9):941- 948.
19 Sanna T,Diener HC,Passman RS,et al.Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(26):2478- 2486.
20 Kamel H,Okin PM,Elkind MS,et al.Atrial fibrillation and mechanisms of stroke:time for a new model[J].Stroke,2016,47(3):895- 900.
21 Witsch J,Merkler AE,Chen ML,et al.Incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with recent ischemic stroke versus matched controls[J].Stroke,2018,49(10):2529- 2531.
22 Kamel H,Elkind MS,Bhave PD,et al.Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and the risk of ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2013,44(6):1550- 1554.
23 Kamel H,Hunter M,Moon YP,et al.Electrocardiographic left atrial abnormality and risk of stroke:northern manhattan study[J].Stroke,2015,46(11):3208- 3212.
24 He J,Tse G,Korantzopoulos P,et al.P- wave indices and risk of ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta- analysis[J].Stroke,2017,48(8):2066- 2072.
25 Kumral E,Evyapan D,G?k?ay F,et al.Association of baseline dyslipidemia with stroke recurrence within five- years after ischemic stroke[J].Int J Stroke,2014,9:119- 126.
26 Zhao L,Wang R,Song B,et al.Association between atherogenic dyslipidemia and recurrent stroke risk in patients with different subtypes of ischemic stroke[J]. Int J Stroke,2015,10(5):752- 758.
27 Lee JS,Chang PY,Zhang Y,et al.Triglyceride and HDL- C dyslipidemia and risks of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke by glycemic dysregulation status:the strong heart study[J].Diabetes Care,2017,40(4):529- 537.
28 Wang Y,Zhao X,Liu L,et al.Prevalence and outcomes of symptomatic intracranial large artery stenoses and occlusions in China:the Chinese intracranial atherosclerosis(CICAS)study[J].Stroke,2014,45(3):663- 669.
29 Banerjee C,Chimowitz MI.Stroke caused by atherosclerosis of the major intracranial arteries[J].Circ Res,2017,120(3):502- 513.
30 Zhu B,Liu H,Pan Y,et al.Elevated neutrophil and presence of intracranial artery stenosis increase the risk of recurrent stroke[J].Stroke,2018,49(10):2294- 2300.
31 Wang L,He M,Zhang Y.Risk factors associated with extracranial atherosclerosis in old patients with acute ischemic stroke[J]Sci Rep,2018,8(1):12541.
32 Ji R,Pan Y,Yan H,et al.Current smoking is associated with extracranial carotid atherosclerotic stenosis but not with intracranial large artery disease[J].BMC Neurol,2017,17(1):120.
33 Liu L,Zhan L,Wang Y,et al.Metabolic syndrome and the short- term prognosis of acute ischemic stroke:a hospital- based retrospective study[J].Lipids Health Dis,2015,14(1):76.
34 Chen YC,Sun CA,Yang T,et al.Impact of metabolic syndrome components on incident stroke subtypes:a Chinese cohort study[J].J Hum Hypertens,2014,28(11):689.
35 Li X,Li X,Fang F,et al.Is Metabolic syndrome associated with the risk of recurrent stroke:a meta- analysis of cohort studies[J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2017,26(12):2700- 2705.
36 Chen W,Pan Y,Jing J,et al.Recurrent stroke in minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with metabolic syndrome and/or diabetes mellitus[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2017,6(6):e005446.
37 Lehotsky J,Petras M,Kovalska M,et al.Mechanisms involved in the ischemic tolerance in brain:effect of the homocysteine[J].Cell Mol Neurobiol,2015,35(1):7- 15.
38 Kumral E,Saruhan G,Aktert D,et al.Association of hyperhomocysteinemia with stroke recurrence after initial stroke[J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2016,25(8):2047- 2054.
39 Sundell L,Salomaa V,Vartiainen E,et al.Increased stroke risk is related to a binge- drinking habit[J].Stroke,2008,39(12):3179- 3184.
40 Ronksley PE,Brien SE,Turner BJ,et al.Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes:a systematic review and meta- analysis[J].BMJ,2011,342:d671.
41 Suzuki S,Otsuka T,Sagara K,et al.Effects of smoking on ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage,and coronary artery events in Japanese patients with non- valvular atrial fibrillation[J].Int Heart J,2017,58(4):506- 515.
42 Malek AM,Cushman M,Lackland DT,et al.Secondhand smoke exposure and stroke:the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke(REGARDS) study[J].Am J Prev Med,2015,49(6):e89- e97.
43 Kernan WN,Inzucchi SE,Sawan C,et al.Obesity:a stubbornly obvious target for stroke prevention[J].Stroke,2013,44(1):278- 286.
44 Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration (BMI Mediated Effects),Lu Y,Hajifathalian K,et al.Metabolic mediators of the effects of body- mass index,overweight,and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke:a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1·8 million participants[J].Lancet,2014,383(9921):970- 983.
45 Hermann DM,Bassetti CL.Sleep- related breathing and sleep- wake disturbances in ischemic stroke[J].Neurology,2009,73(16):1313- 1322.
46 Kim JS,Kim S,Lee SH,et al.Increased risk of ischemic stroke during sleep in apneic patients[J].J Clin Neurol,2018,14(2):174- 178.
47 O’Donnell MJ,Chin SL,Rangarajan S,et al.Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE):a case- control study[J].Lancet,2016,388(10046):761- 775.
48 Reinholdsson M,Palstam A,Sunnerhagen KS.Prestroke physical activity could influence acute stroke severity (part of PAPSIGOT)[J].Neurology,2018,91(16):e1461- e1467.
49 Tsivgoulis G,Psaltopoulou T,Wadley VG,et al.Adherence to a mediterranean diet and prediction of incident stroke[J].Stroke,2015,46(3):780- 785.
50 Bang OY,Ovbiagele B,Kim JS.Nontraditional risk factors for ischemic stroke: an update[J].Stroke,2015,46(12):3571- 3578.
51 You LR,Tang M.The association of high D- dimer level with high risk of ischemic stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients:a retrospective study[J].Medicine,2018,97(43):e12622.
52 Jing J,Pan Y,Zhao X,et al.Insulin resistance and prognosis of nondiabetic patients with ischemic stroke: the ACROSS- China study (abnormal glucose regulation in patients with acute stroke across China)[J].Stroke,2017,48(4):887- 893.
53 Kernan WN,Ovbiagele B,Black HR,et al.Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack:a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2014,45(7):2160- 2236.