直齿轮系齿根裂纹损伤程度检测方法
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摘要
为了实现直齿轮系裂纹损伤程度的检测,提出一种基于主成分分析(principal component analysis,简称PCA)及灰色理论相结合的方法。首先,建立直齿轮系动力学模型,通过仿真获得不同裂纹损伤程度下直齿轮系振动信号,基于现代信号分析方法(包括时域方法和频域方法),提取振动信号中齿轮损伤变化敏感的多个故障行为特征参数;其次,通过PCA方法与灰色关联分析算法对多维特征参数进行优化、降维;最后,用关联度表征裂纹损伤程度从而实现对直齿轮系裂纹故障的程度检测。由动力学模型的仿真数据的分析表明,运用笔者提出的PCA及灰色理论相结合的方法检测直齿轮系裂纹故障比直接对特征参数定阈值的检测方法关联度数值提高了16%,从而证明了该方法的有效性。
In order to achieve the degree detection of the crack damage degree of a spur gear system,a combination analysis method of principal component analysis(PCA),and the gray theory analysis method are adopted in the paper.First,a dynamic model of a spur gear system is established,so that it is possible to obtain the simulation signals under different degrees of crack.The next step is to capture the crack sensitive characteristic parameters of these signals by modern signal analysis methods including time domain,frequency domain,etc.Then the characteristic parameters is optimized by the combined analysis method of the PCA and the gray theory proposed in this paper to reduce its dimensionality.Finally,the degree detection is achieved depending on the parameter of correlation by the method.Through the analysis of the simulation signals from the model,it is proved that the accuracy increased by 16%than the general method of fixed threshold.The method is effective.
In order to achieve the degree detection of the crack damage degree of a spur gear system,a combination analysis method of principal component analysis(PCA),and the gray theory analysis method are adopted in the paper.First,a dynamic model of a spur gear system is established,so that it is possible to obtain the simulation signals under different degrees of crack.The next step is to capture the crack sensitive characteristic parameters of these signals by modern signal analysis methods including time domain,frequency domain,etc.Then the characteristic parameters is optimized by the combined analysis method of the PCA and the gray theory proposed in this paper to reduce its dimensionality.Finally,the degree detection is achieved depending on the parameter of correlation by the method.Through the analysis of the simulation signals from the model,it is proved that the accuracy increased by 16%than the general method of fixed threshold.The method is effective.
引文
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[10]Tian Xinhao.Dynamic simulation for system response of gearbox including localized gear faults[D].Edmonton,Canada:University of Alberta,2004.
[11]Fakher C,Tahar F,Mohamed H.Analytical modelling of spur gear tooth crack and influence on gear mesh stiffness[J].Eurpean Journal of Mechanics A/Solids,2009(28):461-468.
[12]Meltzer G,Dien N P.Fault diagnosis in gears operating under non-stationary rotational speed using polar wavelet amplitude maps[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 2004,18(5):985-992.
[13]Lewicki D G.Gear crack propagation path studiesguidelines for ultra-safe design[J].Journal of the A-merican Helicopter Society,2002,47(1):64-72.
[14]Tian Xinhao,Zuo M J,Fyfe K R.Analysis of the vibration response of a gearbox with gear tooth faults[C]∥ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition.California,US:Anaheim,CA,2004:785-793.
[15]高宏力,许明恒,李登旺,等.基于PCA和动态监测模型的刀具寿命在线检测技术[J].仪器仪表学报,2010,30(11):2416-2421.Gao Hongli,Xu Mingheng,Li Dengwan,et al.Online tool life measurement technique based on PCA and dynamic monitoring model[J].Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument,2010,30(11):2416-2421.(in Chinese)
[16]曹先庆.基于PCA-改进算法BP神经网络的软测量技术[J].仪器仪表学报,2006,27(S):2342-2343.Cao Xianqing.Soft-sensing technology based on PCA-improved BP neural network[J].Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument,2006,27(S):2342-2343.(in Chinese)
[17]Tao Bo,Zhu Limin,Ding Han,et al.An alternative diagnostic index of rolling element bearings-a comparison study[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2007,92(5):660-670.
[18]刘思峰,蔡华,杨英杰,等.灰色关联分析模型研究进展[J].系统工程理论与实践,2013,33(8):2041-2046.Liu Sifeng,Cai Hua,Yang Yinjie,et al.Advance in grey incidence analysis modeling[J].Systems Engineering-Theory&Practice,2013,33(8):2041-2046.(in Chinese)
[2]Barszcza T,Randall R.Application of spectral kurtosis for detection of a tooth crack in the planetary gear of a wind turbine[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,2009,23(4):1352-1365.
[3]Pryor A,Mosher M.The application of time-frequency methods to HUMS[C]∥The American Helicopter Society’s 57th Annual Forum.Washington:American Helicoptor Society Inc.,2001:1246-1259.
[4]苏中元,贾民平.基于希尔伯特-黄变换周期平稳类微弱故障信号检测[J].东南大学学报:自然科学版,2006,36(3):389-392.Su Zhongyuan,Jia Minping.Detection of weak fault signal about cyclostationary by Hilbert-Huang transform[J].Journal of Southeast University:Natural Science Edition,2006,36(3):389-392.(in Chinese)
[5]曹精明,邵忍平,胡文涛.HOC与EMD结合的齿轮损伤检测研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2011,32(4):729-735.Cao Jingming,Shao Renping,Hu Wentao.Gear damage detection based on higher order cumulant combined with empirical mode decomposition[J].Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument,2011,32(4):729-735.(in Chinese)
[6]Parey A,Tandon N.Spur gear dynamic models including defect:a review[J].The Shock and Vibration Digest,2003,35(6):465-478.
[7]王旭,伍星,曹永立,等.含裂纹故障的齿轮系统动力学特性研究及其故障特征分析[J].振动与冲击,2017,36(9):74-79.Wang Xu,Wu Xing,Cao Yongli,et al.Dynamic characteristics of a gear system with crack fault and its fault feature analysis[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2017,36(9):74-79.(in Chinese)
[8]万志国,訾艳阳,曹宏瑞,等.时变啮合刚度算法修正与齿根裂纹动力学建模[J].机械工程学报,2013,49(11):153-160.Wan Zhiguo,Zi Yanyang,Cao Hongrui,et al.Timevarying mesh stiffness algorithm correction and tooth crack dynamic modeling[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2013,49(11):153-160.(in Chinese)
[9]Yang D C H,Lin J Y.Hertzian damping,tooth friction and bending elasticity in gear impact dynamics[J].Journal of Mechanisms,Transmissions and Automation in Design,1987,109(2):189-196.
[10]Tian Xinhao.Dynamic simulation for system response of gearbox including localized gear faults[D].Edmonton,Canada:University of Alberta,2004.
[11]Fakher C,Tahar F,Mohamed H.Analytical modelling of spur gear tooth crack and influence on gear mesh stiffness[J].Eurpean Journal of Mechanics A/Solids,2009(28):461-468.
[12]Meltzer G,Dien N P.Fault diagnosis in gears operating under non-stationary rotational speed using polar wavelet amplitude maps[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 2004,18(5):985-992.
[13]Lewicki D G.Gear crack propagation path studiesguidelines for ultra-safe design[J].Journal of the A-merican Helicopter Society,2002,47(1):64-72.
[14]Tian Xinhao,Zuo M J,Fyfe K R.Analysis of the vibration response of a gearbox with gear tooth faults[C]∥ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition.California,US:Anaheim,CA,2004:785-793.
[15]高宏力,许明恒,李登旺,等.基于PCA和动态监测模型的刀具寿命在线检测技术[J].仪器仪表学报,2010,30(11):2416-2421.Gao Hongli,Xu Mingheng,Li Dengwan,et al.Online tool life measurement technique based on PCA and dynamic monitoring model[J].Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument,2010,30(11):2416-2421.(in Chinese)
[16]曹先庆.基于PCA-改进算法BP神经网络的软测量技术[J].仪器仪表学报,2006,27(S):2342-2343.Cao Xianqing.Soft-sensing technology based on PCA-improved BP neural network[J].Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument,2006,27(S):2342-2343.(in Chinese)
[17]Tao Bo,Zhu Limin,Ding Han,et al.An alternative diagnostic index of rolling element bearings-a comparison study[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2007,92(5):660-670.
[18]刘思峰,蔡华,杨英杰,等.灰色关联分析模型研究进展[J].系统工程理论与实践,2013,33(8):2041-2046.Liu Sifeng,Cai Hua,Yang Yinjie,et al.Advance in grey incidence analysis modeling[J].Systems Engineering-Theory&Practice,2013,33(8):2041-2046.(in Chinese)
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