不同配比园林绿化废弃物和蘑菇渣混合蚯蚓堆肥的效果
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摘要
为探究园林绿化废弃物和蘑菇渣混合堆肥最佳配比,采用‘大平2号’蚯蚓Eisenia fetida ‘Daping 2’对园林绿化废弃物和蘑菇渣进行混合堆肥处理,以期为园林绿化废弃物和蘑菇渣的资源化利用提供理论基础。试验共设5个处理[园林废弃物+蘑菇渣(干质量比)]:A1(100%+0%), A2(75%+25%), A3(50%+50%), A4(25%+75%)和A5(0%+100%),进行11周堆肥。对堆肥过程不同处理中,成熟蚯蚓数量、成熟蚯蚓质量、蚯蚓幼苗数量以及蚯蚓卵数量和堆肥前后材料化学性质进行测定;利用种子发芽实验研究堆肥效果。结果表明:A2和A3处理的蚯蚓生长和繁殖优于其他处理; A3和A4处理的堆肥养分(钾、铜和锌)增加率显著高于(P<0.05)其他处理, A3和A4钾质量分数为(28.05±6.13)和(28.32±5.66) g·kg~(-1), A3和A4铜质量分数为(21.91±2.78)和(34.08±3.34) mg·kg~(-1),锌质量分数为(27.22±1.51)和(32.76±2.97) mg·kg~(-1)并且堆肥达到腐熟。蘑菇渣添加比例大于50%会导致电导率值偏高,大于75%会限制蚯蚓卵的成长。综合各项指标表明:A3堆肥品质优于其他处理。同时,建议在实际应用中将A3堆肥用于低灵敏度植物的栽培基质或结合淋洗措施降低A3堆肥产品的电导率值后使用。
To explore the best ratio of garden waste(GW) and spent mushroom compost(SMC),so as to provide a fundamental basis for resource utilization,Eisenia fetida ‘Daping 2'(earthworms) were used for mixed composting.Five treatments(GW + SMC,dry weight ratio) were set,namely:A1(100% + 0%),A2(75% +25%),A3(50% + 50%),A4(25% + 75%),and A5(0% + 100%) and 3 replications.The quantity and quality of mature earthworms as well as the quantity of juvenile earthworms and earthworm cocoons of Eisenia fetida‘Daping 2' for the different treatments were measured during the entire vermicomposting period of 11 weeks.Chemical properties of initial materials and final vermicomposts were also analyzed.Moreover,a germination experiment was conducted to estimate the maturity of the vermicompost.Results showed that growth and reproductive performance of earthworms treated by A2 and A3 were much higher than those of the other treatments(P<0.05).The nutrient increasing rates(for K,Cu,and Zn) in the compost for A3 and A4 treatments were much higher than those of other treatments(P<0.05),and vermicomposts reached maturity.The K content for A3 was(28.05 ± 6.13) g·kg~(-1) and for A4 was(28.32 ± 5.66) g·kg~(-1),Cu content for A3 was(21.91 ± 2.78)mg·kg~(-1) and for A4 was(34.08 ± 3.34) mg·kg~(-1),and Zn content for A3 was(27.22 ± 1.51) mg·kg~(-1) and for A4 was(32.76 ± 2.97) mg·kg~(-1).Also,when 50% or more SMC was added,a high electrical conductivity(EC) value occurred,but with 75% or more SMC,growth of earthworm cocoons was limited.Thus,comprehensive factors indicated that,the quality of compost was best with A3 meaning it application of cultivated substrates for low sensitivity plants was recommended or water leaching should be adopted to reduce the EC value of A3 compost in actual production.
To explore the best ratio of garden waste(GW) and spent mushroom compost(SMC),so as to provide a fundamental basis for resource utilization,Eisenia fetida ‘Daping 2'(earthworms) were used for mixed composting.Five treatments(GW + SMC,dry weight ratio) were set,namely:A1(100% + 0%),A2(75% +25%),A3(50% + 50%),A4(25% + 75%),and A5(0% + 100%) and 3 replications.The quantity and quality of mature earthworms as well as the quantity of juvenile earthworms and earthworm cocoons of Eisenia fetida‘Daping 2' for the different treatments were measured during the entire vermicomposting period of 11 weeks.Chemical properties of initial materials and final vermicomposts were also analyzed.Moreover,a germination experiment was conducted to estimate the maturity of the vermicompost.Results showed that growth and reproductive performance of earthworms treated by A2 and A3 were much higher than those of the other treatments(P<0.05).The nutrient increasing rates(for K,Cu,and Zn) in the compost for A3 and A4 treatments were much higher than those of other treatments(P<0.05),and vermicomposts reached maturity.The K content for A3 was(28.05 ± 6.13) g·kg~(-1) and for A4 was(28.32 ± 5.66) g·kg~(-1),Cu content for A3 was(21.91 ± 2.78)mg·kg~(-1) and for A4 was(34.08 ± 3.34) mg·kg~(-1),and Zn content for A3 was(27.22 ± 1.51) mg·kg~(-1) and for A4 was(32.76 ± 2.97) mg·kg~(-1).Also,when 50% or more SMC was added,a high electrical conductivity(EC) value occurred,but with 75% or more SMC,growth of earthworm cocoons was limited.Thus,comprehensive factors indicated that,the quality of compost was best with A3 meaning it application of cultivated substrates for low sensitivity plants was recommended or water leaching should be adopted to reduce the EC value of A3 compost in actual production.
引文
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[4]曾清华,孙锦,郭世荣,等.小麦秸秆混配基质对甜椒幼苗生长和光合参数的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(1):89-94.ZENG Qinghua,SUN Jin,GUO Shirong,et al.Wheat straw residue substrate as component of mixed substrate for sweet pepper growth and photosynthesis[J].Soil Fert Sci,2012(1):89-94.
[5]胡雨彤,时连辉,刘登民,等.牛粪代替泥炭作栽培基质对万寿菊生长的影响[J].北方园艺,2013(20):60-63.HU Yutong,SHI Lianhui,LIU Dengmin,et al.Effects of different ratios of decomposed cattle dung as peat substitute on substrate properties and growth of Tagetes erecta[J].Northern Hortic,2013(20):60-63.
[6]梁晶,马光军,郝冠军,等.绿化植物废弃物对土壤中Cu/Zn/Pb和Cd形态的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,201029(3):492-499.LIANG Jing,MA Guangjun,HAO Guanjun,et al.Effect of greenery waste incorporation on the speciation of Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd in the soils[J].J Agro-Environ Sci,2010,29(3):492-499.
[7]赵庆祥.污泥资源化技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[8]仓龙,李辉信,胡锋,等.蚯蚓堆制处理牛粪的腐熟度指标初步研究[J].农村生态环境,2003,19(4):35-49.CANG Long,LI Huixin,HU Feng,et al.Maturity indices of vermicomposted cattle manure[J].Rural Eco-Environ2003,19(4):35-49.
[9]龚小强,李素艳,李燕,等.绿化废弃物好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥作为蔬菜育苗基质研究[J].浙江农林大学学报2016,33(2):280-287.GONG Xiaoqiao,LI Suyan,LI Yan,et al.Compost and vermicompost from green wastes as substrates for vegetable seedlings cultivation[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2016,33(2):280-287.
[10]陈广银,王德汉,吴艳,等.添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程中有机物的影响[J].环境化学,2008,27(5):629-633.CHEN Guangyin,WANG Dehan,WU Yan,et al.Effect on organic matters during litter composting processby spent mushroom compost[J].Environ Chem,2008,27(5):629-633.
[11]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[12]BHAT S A,SINGH J,VIG A P.Vermiremediation of dyeing sludge from textile mill with the help of exotic earthworm Eisenia fetida Savigny[J].Environ Sci Poll Res,2013,20(9):5975-5982.
[13]唐健,宋贤冲,雷定战,等.不同接种基质对蚯蚓繁殖的影响[J].农业研究与应用,2012(1):8-11.TANG Jian,SONG Xianchong,LEI Dingzhan,et al.Effect of different inoculation matrix on the propagation of earthworm[J].Agric Res Appl,2012(1):8-11.
[14]甘洋洋.不同有机物料养分特征对蚯蚓生长繁殖的影响[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.GAN Yangyang.Nutrient Characteristics of Different Organic Material Influence on Earthworms Growth and Reproduction[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[15]袁嘉铭.有机物料碳氮比调控对赤子爱胜蚓生长繁殖影响[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.YUAN Jiaming.Effect on Growth and Fecundity of Earthworms by Controlling C/N with Different Means in Organic Material[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[16]魏佳伦.利用蚯蚓堆肥处理羊粪和菇渣及蚓粪肥效的研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2017.WEI Jialun.Study on the Conversion of Sheep Manure and Mushroom Residue by Earthworms and the Application of Vemiicompost as an Organic Fertilizer[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2017.
[17]AIRA M,MONROY F,DOM魱NGUEZ J.C to N ratio strongly affects population structure of Eisenia fetida in vermicomposting systems[J].Eur J Soil Biol,2006,42(11):S127-S131.
[18]LOEHR R C,NEUHAUSER E F,MAIECKI M R.Factor affecting the vermistabilization perocess:temperature,moisture content and polyculture[J].Water Res,1985,19(10):1311-1317.
[19]NDEGWA P M,THOMPSON S A,DAS K.Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids[J].Bioresour Technol,2005,71(1):5-12.
[20]VIG A P,SINGH J,WANI S H,et al.Vermicomposting of tannery sludge mixed with cattle dung into valuable manure using earthworm Eisenia fetida(Savigny)[J].Bioresour Technol,2011,102(17):7941-7945.
[21]孙振军,刘玉庆,李文立.温度、湿度和酸碱度对蚯蚓生长与繁殖的影响[J].莱阳农学院学报,1993(4):297-300.SUN Zhenjun,LIU Yuqing,LI Wenli.Effects of temperature moisture and acidity on the growth and reproduction in Eisemia foelida[J].J Laiyang Agric Coll,1993(4):297-300.
[22]AULINAS M M,BONMAT魱B A.Evaluation of composting as a strategy for managing organic wastes from a municipal market in Nicaragua[J].Bioresour Technol,2008,99(11):5120-5124.
[23]SHARMA S.Municipal solid waste management through vermicomposting employing exotic and local species of earthworms[J].Bioresour Technol,2003,90(2):169-173.
[24]LASARIDI K,PROTOPAPA I,KOTSOU M,et al.Quality assessment of composts in the Greek market:the need for standards and quality assurance[J].J Environ Manage,2006,80(1):58-65.
[25]DOMINGUEZ J,AIRA M,GOMEZ-BRANDON M.Vermicomposting:earthworms enhance the work of microbes[C]//INSAM H,FRANKE-WHITTLE I,GOBENA M.Microbes at Work,[s.l.]:Springer,2010:93-114.
[26]李燕,孙向阳,龚小强,等.蚯蚓堆肥替代草炭作为甘蓝和西葫芦育苗基质研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,201537(5):549-554.LI Yan,SUN Xiangyang,GONG Xiaoqiang,et al.Substitution of vermicompost for peat as Brassica oleracea L.and Cucurbita pepo L.seedling substrates[J].J Jilin Agric Univ,2015,37(5):549-554.
[27]陈广银,王德汉,吴艳,等.不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响[J].环境化学,2008,27(1):81-86.CHEN Guangyin,WANG Dehan,WU Yan,et al.Effects of addition spent mushroom compost in different stage on litter composting[J].Environ Chem,2008,27(1):81-86.
[28]SUBRAMAMAN S,SIVARAJAN M,SARAVANAPRIYA S.Chemical changes during vermicomposting of sago industry solid wastes[J].J Hazardous Mat,2010,179(1/2/3):318-322.
[29]PADMAVATHIAMMA P K,LI L Y,KUMARI U R.An experimental study of vermi-biowaste composting for agricultural soil improvement[J].Bioresour Technol,2008,99(6):1672-1681.
[30]FERN魣NDEZ-G魷MEZ M J,ROMERO E,NOGALES R.Feasibility of vermicomposting for vegetable greenhouse waste recycling[J].Bioresour Technol,2010,101(24):9654-9660.
[31]ZUCCONI F,FORTE M,MONAC A,et al.Biological evolution of compost maturity[J].Biocycle,1981,22(4):27-29.
[2]田赟,王海燕,孙向阳,等.农林废弃物环保型基质再利用研究进展与展望[J].土壤通报,2011,42(2):497-502.TIAN Yun,WANG Haiyan,SUN Xiangyang,et al.The progress and prospects of agricultural and forest residue substrate[J].Chin J Soil Sci,2011,42(2):497-502.
[3]李燕,孙向阳,龚小强.园林废弃物堆肥替代泥炭用于红掌和鸟巢蕨栽培[J].浙江农林大学学报,2015,32(5)736-742.LI Yan,SUN Xiangyang,GONG Xiaoqiang.Use of green waste compost as a peat surrogate in substrates for Anthurium andraeanum and Asplenium nidus cultivation[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2015,32(5):736-742.
[4]曾清华,孙锦,郭世荣,等.小麦秸秆混配基质对甜椒幼苗生长和光合参数的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(1):89-94.ZENG Qinghua,SUN Jin,GUO Shirong,et al.Wheat straw residue substrate as component of mixed substrate for sweet pepper growth and photosynthesis[J].Soil Fert Sci,2012(1):89-94.
[5]胡雨彤,时连辉,刘登民,等.牛粪代替泥炭作栽培基质对万寿菊生长的影响[J].北方园艺,2013(20):60-63.HU Yutong,SHI Lianhui,LIU Dengmin,et al.Effects of different ratios of decomposed cattle dung as peat substitute on substrate properties and growth of Tagetes erecta[J].Northern Hortic,2013(20):60-63.
[6]梁晶,马光军,郝冠军,等.绿化植物废弃物对土壤中Cu/Zn/Pb和Cd形态的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,201029(3):492-499.LIANG Jing,MA Guangjun,HAO Guanjun,et al.Effect of greenery waste incorporation on the speciation of Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd in the soils[J].J Agro-Environ Sci,2010,29(3):492-499.
[7]赵庆祥.污泥资源化技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[8]仓龙,李辉信,胡锋,等.蚯蚓堆制处理牛粪的腐熟度指标初步研究[J].农村生态环境,2003,19(4):35-49.CANG Long,LI Huixin,HU Feng,et al.Maturity indices of vermicomposted cattle manure[J].Rural Eco-Environ2003,19(4):35-49.
[9]龚小强,李素艳,李燕,等.绿化废弃物好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥作为蔬菜育苗基质研究[J].浙江农林大学学报2016,33(2):280-287.GONG Xiaoqiao,LI Suyan,LI Yan,et al.Compost and vermicompost from green wastes as substrates for vegetable seedlings cultivation[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2016,33(2):280-287.
[10]陈广银,王德汉,吴艳,等.添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程中有机物的影响[J].环境化学,2008,27(5):629-633.CHEN Guangyin,WANG Dehan,WU Yan,et al.Effect on organic matters during litter composting processby spent mushroom compost[J].Environ Chem,2008,27(5):629-633.
[11]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[12]BHAT S A,SINGH J,VIG A P.Vermiremediation of dyeing sludge from textile mill with the help of exotic earthworm Eisenia fetida Savigny[J].Environ Sci Poll Res,2013,20(9):5975-5982.
[13]唐健,宋贤冲,雷定战,等.不同接种基质对蚯蚓繁殖的影响[J].农业研究与应用,2012(1):8-11.TANG Jian,SONG Xianchong,LEI Dingzhan,et al.Effect of different inoculation matrix on the propagation of earthworm[J].Agric Res Appl,2012(1):8-11.
[14]甘洋洋.不同有机物料养分特征对蚯蚓生长繁殖的影响[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.GAN Yangyang.Nutrient Characteristics of Different Organic Material Influence on Earthworms Growth and Reproduction[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[15]袁嘉铭.有机物料碳氮比调控对赤子爱胜蚓生长繁殖影响[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.YUAN Jiaming.Effect on Growth and Fecundity of Earthworms by Controlling C/N with Different Means in Organic Material[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.
[16]魏佳伦.利用蚯蚓堆肥处理羊粪和菇渣及蚓粪肥效的研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2017.WEI Jialun.Study on the Conversion of Sheep Manure and Mushroom Residue by Earthworms and the Application of Vemiicompost as an Organic Fertilizer[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2017.
[17]AIRA M,MONROY F,DOM魱NGUEZ J.C to N ratio strongly affects population structure of Eisenia fetida in vermicomposting systems[J].Eur J Soil Biol,2006,42(11):S127-S131.
[18]LOEHR R C,NEUHAUSER E F,MAIECKI M R.Factor affecting the vermistabilization perocess:temperature,moisture content and polyculture[J].Water Res,1985,19(10):1311-1317.
[19]NDEGWA P M,THOMPSON S A,DAS K.Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids[J].Bioresour Technol,2005,71(1):5-12.
[20]VIG A P,SINGH J,WANI S H,et al.Vermicomposting of tannery sludge mixed with cattle dung into valuable manure using earthworm Eisenia fetida(Savigny)[J].Bioresour Technol,2011,102(17):7941-7945.
[21]孙振军,刘玉庆,李文立.温度、湿度和酸碱度对蚯蚓生长与繁殖的影响[J].莱阳农学院学报,1993(4):297-300.SUN Zhenjun,LIU Yuqing,LI Wenli.Effects of temperature moisture and acidity on the growth and reproduction in Eisemia foelida[J].J Laiyang Agric Coll,1993(4):297-300.
[22]AULINAS M M,BONMAT魱B A.Evaluation of composting as a strategy for managing organic wastes from a municipal market in Nicaragua[J].Bioresour Technol,2008,99(11):5120-5124.
[23]SHARMA S.Municipal solid waste management through vermicomposting employing exotic and local species of earthworms[J].Bioresour Technol,2003,90(2):169-173.
[24]LASARIDI K,PROTOPAPA I,KOTSOU M,et al.Quality assessment of composts in the Greek market:the need for standards and quality assurance[J].J Environ Manage,2006,80(1):58-65.
[25]DOMINGUEZ J,AIRA M,GOMEZ-BRANDON M.Vermicomposting:earthworms enhance the work of microbes[C]//INSAM H,FRANKE-WHITTLE I,GOBENA M.Microbes at Work,[s.l.]:Springer,2010:93-114.
[26]李燕,孙向阳,龚小强,等.蚯蚓堆肥替代草炭作为甘蓝和西葫芦育苗基质研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,201537(5):549-554.LI Yan,SUN Xiangyang,GONG Xiaoqiang,et al.Substitution of vermicompost for peat as Brassica oleracea L.and Cucurbita pepo L.seedling substrates[J].J Jilin Agric Univ,2015,37(5):549-554.
[27]陈广银,王德汉,吴艳,等.不同时期添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程的影响[J].环境化学,2008,27(1):81-86.CHEN Guangyin,WANG Dehan,WU Yan,et al.Effects of addition spent mushroom compost in different stage on litter composting[J].Environ Chem,2008,27(1):81-86.
[28]SUBRAMAMAN S,SIVARAJAN M,SARAVANAPRIYA S.Chemical changes during vermicomposting of sago industry solid wastes[J].J Hazardous Mat,2010,179(1/2/3):318-322.
[29]PADMAVATHIAMMA P K,LI L Y,KUMARI U R.An experimental study of vermi-biowaste composting for agricultural soil improvement[J].Bioresour Technol,2008,99(6):1672-1681.
[30]FERN魣NDEZ-G魷MEZ M J,ROMERO E,NOGALES R.Feasibility of vermicomposting for vegetable greenhouse waste recycling[J].Bioresour Technol,2010,101(24):9654-9660.
[31]ZUCCONI F,FORTE M,MONAC A,et al.Biological evolution of compost maturity[J].Biocycle,1981,22(4):27-29.