G20Mn5N铸钢件微细观孔洞三维特征及形态演化
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摘要
基于高分辨率X射线三维成像技术,研究G20Mn5N低合金铸钢件中的初始微细观孔洞,对气孔、气缩孔和缩孔3类孔洞的数量、大小及圆整度等参数进行统计分析。此外,研究分析了G20Mn5N低合金铸钢件内部微细观孔洞在单调拉伸载荷作用下的演化行为。结果表明,G20Mn5N低合金铸钢中气孔的数量最多、形状最规则、体积最小;缩孔的数量最少,但体积最大、形状最复杂;气缩孔的数量、形状复杂程度和大小均介于气孔和缩孔之间。拉伸载荷作用下,微细观孔洞演化机制包括原有孔洞体积的增长、新孔洞的产生以及孔洞之间的聚合。使用统计方法进一步分析了微细观孔洞的形核和增长规律,结果表明,考虑材料初始孔洞密度和形核应变的指数函数能精确地拟合孔洞形核行为,孔洞平均半径的大小和增长速率不仅受孔洞体积增长的影响,还与孔洞形核有关。
Cast steel is an important metal material that is widely used in civil engineering due to its strength and ductility. However, a variety of casting defects such as micro/meso pores are usually present in the as-cast components and can lead to the degradation of mechanical properties. In this work, the initial micro/meso pores in the G20Mn5N low-alloy cast steel were investigated based on high resolution 3D X-ray tomography technology. Based on their formation mechanism and characteristics, pores were classified into gas, gas-shrinkage and shrinkage pores, and the parameters such as the number, size and sphericity of three types of pores have been counted and analyzed. Then the evolutionary behavior of micro/meso pores in G20Mn5N low-alloy cast steel specimens under monotonic tensile loading has also been studied. The results showed that the volume of gas pore was small and its sphericity coefficients were high. Compared with the gas pore, the shrinkage pore had large volume and more complex shape in space. The volume and sphericity coefficients of gas-shrinkage pore were between the gas pore and the shrinkage. Damage evolution to metallic materials can be divided into void nucleation, growth and coalescence. The void nucleation and growth law were investigated by statistical analysis, which showed that the evolution of the void density could be modeled by an empirical function, and the evolution of void average radius was not only related to void growth but also affected by void nucleation.
Cast steel is an important metal material that is widely used in civil engineering due to its strength and ductility. However, a variety of casting defects such as micro/meso pores are usually present in the as-cast components and can lead to the degradation of mechanical properties. In this work, the initial micro/meso pores in the G20Mn5N low-alloy cast steel were investigated based on high resolution 3D X-ray tomography technology. Based on their formation mechanism and characteristics, pores were classified into gas, gas-shrinkage and shrinkage pores, and the parameters such as the number, size and sphericity of three types of pores have been counted and analyzed. Then the evolutionary behavior of micro/meso pores in G20Mn5N low-alloy cast steel specimens under monotonic tensile loading has also been studied. The results showed that the volume of gas pore was small and its sphericity coefficients were high. Compared with the gas pore, the shrinkage pore had large volume and more complex shape in space. The volume and sphericity coefficients of gas-shrinkage pore were between the gas pore and the shrinkage. Damage evolution to metallic materials can be divided into void nucleation, growth and coalescence. The void nucleation and growth law were investigated by statistical analysis, which showed that the evolution of the void density could be modeled by an empirical function, and the evolution of void average radius was not only related to void growth but also affected by void nucleation.
引文
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[24]Zhao C F.Analysis method and application of multi-scale damage evolution of weld specimen with meso-defects[D].Nanjing:Southeast University,2016(赵超凡.含细观缺陷的焊接构件损伤跨尺度演化分析方法及其应用[D].南京:东南大学,2016))
[25]Zhong Q P,Zhao Z H,Zhang Z.Development of"fractography"and research of fracture micromechanism[J].J.Mech.Strength,2005,27:358(钟群鹏,赵子华,张峥.断口学的发展及微观断裂机理研究[J].机械强度,2005,27:358)
[26]Wang H.Evolution of microvoid and inclusion in metal materials[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2005(王华.金属中微孔洞和夹杂的演变[D].上海:上海交通大学,2005)
[27]Xin R S,Ma Q X,Li W Q.Microstructure and mechanical proper‐ties of internal crack healing in a low carbon steel[J].Mater.Sci.Eng.,2016,A662:65
[28]Hu Z,Zhang Y,Teng H,et al.Research progress and prospect of crack healing in metal material[J].Mater.Rev.,2014,28(17):47(胡喆,张勇,滕辉等.金属材料裂纹愈合的研究进展与展望[J].材料导报,2014,28(17):47)
[2]Chen Y Y,Zhao X Z,Tong L W.Research and application of con‐nections of structural steel casting[J].Adv.Struct.Eng.,2010,13:441
[3]Lee P D,Hunt J D.Hydrogen porosity in directionally solidified aluminium-copper alloys:A mathematical model[J].Acta Mater.,2001,49:1383
[4]Blair M,Monroe R,Beckermann C,et al.Predicting the occur‐rence and effects of defects in castings[J].JOM,2005,57(5):29
[5]Liu C Y,Wu X,Wu N,et al.Structural damage identification based on rough sets and artificial neural network[J].Sci.World J.,2014,2014:193284
[6]Sigl K M,Hardin R A,Stephens R I,et al.Fatigue of 8630 cast steel in the presence of porosity[J].Int.J.Cast Met.Res.,2004,17:130
[7]Hardin R A,Beckermann C.Prediction of the fatigue life of cast steel containing shrinkage porosity[J].Metall.Mater.Trans.,2009,40A:581.
[8]Hardin R A,Beckermann C.Effect of porosity on deformation,damage,and fracture of cast steel[J].Metall.Mater.Trans.,2013,44A:5316
[9]Wang S G,Wang S C,Zhang L.Application of high resolution transmission X-ray tomography in material science[J].Acta Metall.Sin.,2013,49:897(王绍钢,王苏程,张磊.高分辨透射X射线三维成像在材料科学中的应用[J].金属学报,2013,49:897)
[10]Wan Q,Zhao H D,Zou C.Three-dimensional characterization and distribution of micropores in aluminum alloy high pressure die castings[J].Acta Metall.Sin.,2013,49:284(万谦,赵海东,邹纯.铝合金压铸件微观孔洞三维特征及分布的研究[J].金属学报,2013,49:284)
[11]Yu C,Wu S C,Hu Y N,et al.Three-dimensional imaging of gas pores in fusion welded Al alloys by synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography[J].Acta Metall.Sin.,2015,51:159(喻程,吴圣川,胡雅楠等.铝合金熔焊微气孔的三维同步辐射X射线成像[J].金属学报,2015,51:159)
[12]Maire E.X-ray tomography applied to the characterization of high‐ly porous materials[J].Annu.Rev.Mater.Res.,2012,42:163
[13]Cao T S,Maire E,Verdu C,et al.Characterization of ductile dam‐age for a high carbon steel using 3D X-ray micro-tomography and mechanical tests-application to the identification of a shear modi‐fied GTN model[J].Comput.Mater.Sci.,2014,84:175
[14]Lee S G,Gokhale A M,Patel G R,et al.Effect of process parame‐ters on porosity distributions in high-pressure die-cast AM50 Mgalloy[J].Mater.Sci.Eng.,2006,A427:99
[15]Zió?kowski G,Chlebus E,Szymczyk P,et al.Application of X-ray CT method for discontinuity and porosity detection in 316L stain‐less steel parts produced with SLM technology[J].Arch.Civ.Mech.Eng.,2014,14:608
[16]Balasundaram A,Gokhale A M.Quantitative characterization of spatial arrangement of shrinkage and gas(air)pores in cast magne‐sium alloys[J].Mater.Charact.,2001,46:419
[17]Fansi J,Balan T,Lemoine X,et al.Numerical investigation and ex‐perimental validation of physically based advanced GTN model for DP steels[J].Mater.Sci.Eng.,2013,A569:1
[18]Russell K C.The theory of void nucleation in metals[J].Acta Metall.,1978,26:1615
[19]Bieler T R,Crimp M A,Yang Y,et al.Strain heterogeneity and damage nucleation at grain boundaries during monotonic deforma‐tion in commercial purity titanium[J].JOM,2009,61(12):45
[20]Landron C,Bouaziz O,Maire E,et al.Characterization and model‐ing of void nucleation by interface decohesion in dual phase steels[J].Scr.Mater.,2010,63:973
[21]Bouaziz O,Maire E,Giton M,et al.A model for initiation and growth of damage in dualphase steels identified by X-ray microtomography[J].Metall.Res.Technol.,2008,105:102
[22]Maire E,Bouaziz O,Di Michiel M,et al.Initiation and growth of damage in a dual-phase steel observed by X-ray microtomography[J].Acta Mater.,2008,56:4954
[23]Chu C C,Needleman A.Void nucleation effects in biaxially stretched sheets[J].J.Eng.Mater.Technol.,1980,102:249
[24]Zhao C F.Analysis method and application of multi-scale damage evolution of weld specimen with meso-defects[D].Nanjing:Southeast University,2016(赵超凡.含细观缺陷的焊接构件损伤跨尺度演化分析方法及其应用[D].南京:东南大学,2016))
[25]Zhong Q P,Zhao Z H,Zhang Z.Development of"fractography"and research of fracture micromechanism[J].J.Mech.Strength,2005,27:358(钟群鹏,赵子华,张峥.断口学的发展及微观断裂机理研究[J].机械强度,2005,27:358)
[26]Wang H.Evolution of microvoid and inclusion in metal materials[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2005(王华.金属中微孔洞和夹杂的演变[D].上海:上海交通大学,2005)
[27]Xin R S,Ma Q X,Li W Q.Microstructure and mechanical proper‐ties of internal crack healing in a low carbon steel[J].Mater.Sci.Eng.,2016,A662:65
[28]Hu Z,Zhang Y,Teng H,et al.Research progress and prospect of crack healing in metal material[J].Mater.Rev.,2014,28(17):47(胡喆,张勇,滕辉等.金属材料裂纹愈合的研究进展与展望[J].材料导报,2014,28(17):47)