城镇化流域氮、磷污染特征及影响因素——以宁波北仑区小浃江为例
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摘要
我国快速的城镇化过程造成了河流氮、磷等营养盐的污染和潜在的水体富营养化问题.对城镇流域水体氮、磷污染特征及其演变趋势的识别具有重要意义.本研究选取长三角典型城镇地区宁波市北仑区小浃江流域为研究对象,在流域内根据空间分布、土地利用类型、人类活动强度等情况布设样点,于2017年夏季和冬季采集水样,研究流域水体氮、磷污染的时空分布特征并分析其污染来源和评估其富营养化水平.结果表明:流域内铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和叶绿素a (Chl.a)浓度范围分别为0.63～3.25 mg/L、0.52～3.75 mg/L、0.02～0.22mg/L、1.61～12.86 mg/L、0.02～0.74 mg/L和0.6～60.57μg/L.各个采样点氮、磷分布具有较大的空间异质性和季节变化规律.富营养化综合指数EI评估结果显示,整个流域富营养化程度属于贫至中营养级.氮、磷浓度与土地类型面积占比的Spearman相关性统计表明,100 m缓冲区建设用地面积占比与NH4+-N、NO2--N、TN、溶解氧(DO)浓度具有显著相关性,湿地面积占比与DO浓度呈显著正相关.汇水区域内林地面积占比与NH4+-N、NO2--N、TP、PO34--P、COD、Chl.a浓度呈显著负相关,与DO浓度呈显著正相关.相关性分析和冗余分析表明城镇化的面源污染及可能存在的点源污染是小浃江流域氮、磷污染的主要来源.因此,在小浃江流域100 m范围内,控制建设用地的规模和污染排放是减轻流域氮、磷污染的主要途径.在汇水区域内,增加林地植被的面积对减少氮、磷污染具有重要影响.
Rapid urbanization in China leads to serious eutrophication problem as extra nitrogen and phosphorus input urban watersheds. Therefore,it is important to trace nitrogen and phosphorus pollution to control and manage water quality in those areas. In this study,the spatial and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed in Xiaojia River watershed which located at an urban area of Ningbo in the Yangtze River Delta. The influence factors of eutrophication problem were also analyzed. Water samples for nitrogen and phosphorus were collected in summer and winter of 2017 based on land-use type and topographic features.The results showed that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus varied at large scales: ammonium nitrogen( NH4+-N),nitrate nitrogen( NO3--N),nitrite nitrogen( NO2--N),total nitrogen( TN),total phosphorus( TP) and chlorophyll-a( Chl.a) concentrations were 0.63-3.25 mg/L,0.52-3.75 mg/L,0.02-0.22 mg/L,1.61-12.86 mg/L,0.02-0.74 mg/L and 0.60-60.57 μg/L,respectively. Large spatial and seasonal variations were found across the sampling sites in the studied watershed. We use the synthetic eutrophication index EI to assess eutrophication level in watershed,and the results showed that the watershed has eutrophication level of poor to medium. The Spearman correlation statistics for the 100 m buffer area showed that the concentration of NH4+-N( R2= 0.639,P<0.05),NO2--N( R2= 0.591,P<0.05),TN( R2= 0.674,P<0.01) and DO( R2=-0.660,P<0.01) were positively correlated with construction land ratio. The wetland was significantly positive correlated to DO( R2= 0.528,P<0.05). In the catchment area,the forest ratio was negatively correlated with NH4+-N( R2=-0.594,P<0.05),NO2--N( R2=-0.736,P<0.01),TP( R2=-0.663,P<0.01),PO34--P( R2=-0.533,P<0.05),COD( R2=-0.659,P<0.01),Chl.a( R2=-0.531,P<0.05).But it was positively correlated with DO( R2= 0.756,P<0.01) and Correlation statistics and RDA sequencing analysis showed that the principle sources of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Xiaojia River watershed were strongly associated with urban non-point source and some point source that exist along the river. Therefore,restricting the construction land scale and pollutant discharge are the main routes to decrease nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in 100 m buffer area. However,enlarge the forest ratio is important for controlling nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the catchment area.
Rapid urbanization in China leads to serious eutrophication problem as extra nitrogen and phosphorus input urban watersheds. Therefore,it is important to trace nitrogen and phosphorus pollution to control and manage water quality in those areas. In this study,the spatial and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed in Xiaojia River watershed which located at an urban area of Ningbo in the Yangtze River Delta. The influence factors of eutrophication problem were also analyzed. Water samples for nitrogen and phosphorus were collected in summer and winter of 2017 based on land-use type and topographic features.The results showed that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus varied at large scales: ammonium nitrogen( NH4+-N),nitrate nitrogen( NO3--N),nitrite nitrogen( NO2--N),total nitrogen( TN),total phosphorus( TP) and chlorophyll-a( Chl.a) concentrations were 0.63-3.25 mg/L,0.52-3.75 mg/L,0.02-0.22 mg/L,1.61-12.86 mg/L,0.02-0.74 mg/L and 0.60-60.57 μg/L,respectively. Large spatial and seasonal variations were found across the sampling sites in the studied watershed. We use the synthetic eutrophication index EI to assess eutrophication level in watershed,and the results showed that the watershed has eutrophication level of poor to medium. The Spearman correlation statistics for the 100 m buffer area showed that the concentration of NH4+-N( R2= 0.639,P<0.05),NO2--N( R2= 0.591,P<0.05),TN( R2= 0.674,P<0.01) and DO( R2=-0.660,P<0.01) were positively correlated with construction land ratio. The wetland was significantly positive correlated to DO( R2= 0.528,P<0.05). In the catchment area,the forest ratio was negatively correlated with NH4+-N( R2=-0.594,P<0.05),NO2--N( R2=-0.736,P<0.01),TP( R2=-0.663,P<0.01),PO34--P( R2=-0.533,P<0.05),COD( R2=-0.659,P<0.01),Chl.a( R2=-0.531,P<0.05).But it was positively correlated with DO( R2= 0.756,P<0.01) and Correlation statistics and RDA sequencing analysis showed that the principle sources of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Xiaojia River watershed were strongly associated with urban non-point source and some point source that exist along the river. Therefore,restricting the construction land scale and pollutant discharge are the main routes to decrease nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in 100 m buffer area. However,enlarge the forest ratio is important for controlling nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the catchment area.
引文
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(1)数据来自浙江政务服务网.http://nbblxg.zjzwfw.gov.cn/col/col955032/index.html,2017-10-18.
[2] Yang LP. Water pollution characteristics and source apportionment in two representative watersheds in Zhejiang Province[Dissertation]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2015.[杨丽萍.浙江省两个典型流域水体污染特征及污染源解析研究[学位论文].杭州:浙江大学,2015.]
[3] Anderson DM,Glibert PM,Burkholder JM. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication:nutrient sources,composition,and consequences. Estuaries,2002,25(4):704-726.
[4] Kahl JS,Nelson SJ,Fernandez I et al. Watershed nitrogen and mercury geochemical fluxes integrate landscape factors in long-term research watersheds at Acadia National Park,Maine,USA. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2007,126(1/2/3):9-25.
[5] Allan JD. Landscapes and riverscapes:The influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution&Systematics,2004,35(1):257-284.
[6] Chen HM,Sun CX,Wu YQ. Analysis of trend of nutrient structure and influencing factors in Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea during 23 years. Marine Environmental Science,2011,30(4):551-545.
[7] Wang P,Qi SH,Chen B. Influence of land use on river water quality in the Ganjiang basin. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(13):4326-4337.[王鹏,齐述华,陈波.赣江流域土地利用方式对河流水质的影响.生态学报,2015,35(13):4326-4337.]
[8] Sun LM,Qiu QLL,Yang L et al. Distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and its influence in Zhangxi Watershed of a periurban area in the Yangtze River Delta. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2018,13(4):1673-5897.[孙丽梅,裘钱玲琳,杨磊等.长三角城郊樟溪流域水体氮磷分布特征及其影响因素.生态毒理学报,2018,13(4):1673-5897.]
[9] Cao CL,Liang MQ,He GY et al. Fluorescent dissolved organic matter and its correlation with water quality in a urban river:A case study of Lujiang River in Beilun,Ningbo. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2018,39(4):1560-1567.[曹昌丽,梁梦琦,何桂英等.城镇化河流溶解性有机质的荧光特性与水质相关性:以宁波市北仑区芦江为例.环境科学,2018,39(4):1560-1567.]
[10] Zhang FP,Zhao S,Zhou ZC et al. Relationship between changes of land use pattern and water quality in Fenghe river basin. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(4):308-312.[张福平,赵沙,周正朝等.沣河流域土地利用格局与水质变化的关系.水土保持通报,2014,34(4):308-312.]
[11] Editorial board of"Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis method",Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China ed. Monitoring and analysis methods of water and wastewater:3rd edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1997.[国家环境保护总局《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法:第3版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997.]
[12] Li ZY,Wang JY,Guo C. A universal index formula for eutrophic evaluation using a logarithmic power function. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(3):664-672.[李祚泳,汪嘉杨,郭淳.富营养化评价的对数型幂函数普适指数公式.环境科学学报,2010,30(3):664-672.]
[13] Wang Q,Lu C,Fan ZP et al. Eutrophication and spatial distribution of N,P and chlorophyll-a in the Taizihe River Basin,Liaohe River Catchment. J Lake Sci,2017,29(2):297-307. DOI:10.18307/2017.0205.[王琼,卢聪,范志平等.辽河流域太子河流域N、P和叶绿素a浓度空间分布及富营养化.湖泊科学,2017,29(2):297-307.]
[14] Gao CJ. Influences of watershed land use on C,N,P export in Tiaoxi streams,Zhejiang province,China[Dissertation].Beijing:China Academy of Forestry Sciences,2013.[高常军.流域土地利用对苕溪水体C、N、P输出的影响[学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2013.]
[15] Tu J. Spatially varying relationships between land use and water quality across an urbanization gradient explored by geographically weighted regression. Applied Geography,2011,31(1):376-392.
[16] Carey RO,Migliaccio KW,Li Y et al. Land use disturbance indicators and water quality variability in the Biscayne Bay Watershed,Florida. Ecological Indicators,2011,11(5):1093-1104.
[17] Singh KP,Malik A,Sinha S. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti River(India)using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,538(1):355-374.
[18] Zhang DW,Li YF,Sun X et al. Relationship between landscape pattern and river water quality in Wujingang Region,Taihu Lake Watershed. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2010,31(8):1775-1783.[张大伟,李杨帆,孙翔等.入太湖河流武进港的区域景观格局与河流水质相关性分析.环境科学,2010,31(8):1775-1783.]
[19] Ji DQ,Wen Y,Wei JB et al. Relationships between landscape spatial characteristics and surface water quality in the Liu Xi River watershed. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(2):246-253.[吉冬青,文雅,魏建兵等.流溪河流域景观空间特征与河流水质的关联分析.生态学报2015,35(2):246-253.]
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(1)数据来自浙江政务服务网.http://nbblxg.zjzwfw.gov.cn/col/col955032/index.html,2017-10-18.