欧洲海上风电发展现状及前景
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摘要
海上风能资源丰富且开发潜力巨大,海上风电开发对于应对全球气候变化问题具有重大意义。重点介绍了欧洲国家海上风电的发展现状和海上风电及输送关键技术。给出了欧洲主要的海上风电场装机容量和相关政策,并指出随着开发区域不断向深海拓展,有效降低成本至关重要。在海上风电及送出关键技术方面,介绍了大功率风力发电机、海底电缆、机组基础结构技术,以及海上风电直流汇集系统和不控整流送出方案。最后给出建议,对于海上风电场规划及并网方式选择,需要在考虑并网导则和具体技术基础上确定最终方案。
Offshore wind energy resources are rich and have great development potential. Offshore wind power development is of great significance in dealing with global climate change issues. The development status of offshore wind power in European countries and key technologies for offshore wind power and transmission are highlighted. After presenting European offshore wind farm capacities and relevant policies,this paper indicates that efficient cost reduction is crucial for the background that exploitation area has been expanded to deep sea. Several offshore windfarm and transmission key technologies are introduced, including large capacity high-power wind turbine, submarine cable, generator base structure, offshore wind farm DC collection system and uncontrolled rectifier transmission scheme. At last, an advice for offshore wind farm planning and integration is given, that the final scheme should consider grid code and specific technologies.
Offshore wind energy resources are rich and have great development potential. Offshore wind power development is of great significance in dealing with global climate change issues. The development status of offshore wind power in European countries and key technologies for offshore wind power and transmission are highlighted. After presenting European offshore wind farm capacities and relevant policies,this paper indicates that efficient cost reduction is crucial for the background that exploitation area has been expanded to deep sea. Several offshore windfarm and transmission key technologies are introduced, including large capacity high-power wind turbine, submarine cable, generator base structure, offshore wind farm DC collection system and uncontrolled rectifier transmission scheme. At last, an advice for offshore wind farm planning and integration is given, that the final scheme should consider grid code and specific technologies.
引文
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[32]S.Lundberg.Wind farm configuration and energy efficiency studies-series DC versus AC layouts[D].Chalmers Univ.Technol.,G?teborg,Sweden,2006.
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[35]S.Nishikata,F.Tatsuta,A new interconnecting method for wind turbine/generators in a wind farm and basic performances of the integrated system[J].IEEE Trans.Ind.Electron.,2010,57(2):468-475.
[36]H.-J.Lee,S.-K.Sul.Wind power collection and transmission with series connected current source converters[C].Proc.of14th EPE,2011,1-10.
[37]Zhang H,Flórez D,Saudemont C,et al.Control strategies of a DC based offshore wind farm with series connected collection grid[C].Energy Conference.IEEE,2016:1-6.
[38]Lakshmanan P,Guo J,Liang J.Energy curtailment of DCseries-parallel connected offshore wind farms[J].IETRenewable Power Generation,2018,12(5):576-584.
[39]Zhang H,Gruson F,Florez D,et al.Overvoltage limitation method of an offshore wind farm with DC series parallel collection grid[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2018,PP(99):1-1.
[40]F.Rong,G.Wu,X.Li,et al.All-DC offshore wind farm with series-connected wind turbines to overcome unequal wind speeds[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2019,34(2):1370-1381.
[41]Hungsasutra S,Mathur R M.Unit connected operator with diode valve rectifier scheme[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1987,4(2):538-543.
[42]Xie L,Yao L,Li Y,et al.Frequency regulation participation of offshore wind farm integrated by diode-rectifer HVDCsystem[C].The 14th International Conference on AC and DCPower Transmission.IET,2018.
[43]Andrade A.Iván,Pe?a G.Ruben,Blasco-Gimenez R,et al.Control strategy of a HVDC-Diode Rectifier connected type-4off-shore wind farm[C].Future Energy Electronics Conference.
[44]Danilo H,Eduardo,Galván,et al.Method for controlling voltage and frequency of the local offshore grid responsible for connecting large offshore commercial wind turbines with the rectifier diode-based HVDC-link applied to an external controller[J].IET Electric Power Applications,2017,11(9):1509-1516.
[2]G.Li,J.Liang,F.Ma,et al.Analysis of single-phase-to-ground faults at the valve-side of HB-MMCs in HVDC systems[J],IEEE Trans.Ind.Electron.,2019,66(3):2444-2453.
[3]X.Li,J.Liang,G.Li et al.Modeling and stability analysis of the sub-synchronous interactions in weak AC grids with wind power integration[C].53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference(UPEC),Glasgow,2018.
[4]International Energy Agency.World energy outlook 2017,Global shifts in the energy system[EB/OL].https://www.iea.org/weo2017.
[5]World Nuclear Association.World nuclear performance report 2018[EB/OL].http://world-nuclear.org/our-association/publications/online-reports/world-nuclear-performance-report.aspx.
[6]M.Baba.Fukushima accident:what happened?[J].Radiation Measurements,2013,55:17-21.
[7]Global installed wind power capacity in 2017-Regional Distribution[OL].http://gwec.net/global-figures/graphs/,accessed October 2018.
[8]M.Melikoglu.Current status and future of ocean energy sources:A global review.Ocean Engineering,2018,148:563-573.
[9]Ocean Energy[OL].https://ec.europa.eu/research/energy.
[10]K.Musasa,N.I.Nwulu,M.N.Gitau,et al.Review on DCcollection grids for offshore wind farms with high-voltage DCtransmission system[J].IET Power Electronics,2017,10(15):2104-2115.
[11]J.L.Rodriguez-Amenedo,S.Arnaltes,M.Aragues-Penalba,et al.Control of the parallel operation of VSC-HVDC links connected to an offshore wind farm[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2019,34(1):32-41.
[12]2030 Energy Strategy[OL].https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy-and-energy-union/2030-energystrategy.
[13]SET-plan Steering Committee.Strategic energy technology(SET)plan,offshore wind implementation plan[R].2018.https://setis.ec.europa.eu/system/files/setplan_wind_implementationplan_0.pdf.
[14]H.P.Stumpf,B.Hu.Offshore Wind Access 2018[R].ECNReport 2018.
[15]The most common sizes of wind turbines[OL].http://powerup.arcadiapower.com/common-sizes-wind-turbines/,accessed on July 2018.
[16]H.Dirk Van,G.-B.Oriol,L.Jun.Offshore wind power plants(OWPPS)in HVDC grids for offshore and supergrid of the future[M].Wiley-IEEE Press,2016.
[17]Walter Musial,Bonnie Ram.Large-scale offshore wind power in the United States executive summary[R].2010.https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1014761/
[18]Wind Europe.Offshore wind in Europe-key trends and statistics 2018[OL].https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/Wind Europe-AnnualOffshore-Statistics-2018.pdf,accessed February 2019.
[19]Community newsletter for Hornsea Project One and Two.Hornsea project one&two offshore wind farms[OL].http://hornseaprojectone.co.uk
[20]BVG Associates.Unleashing Europe’s offshore wind potential:a new resource assessment[R].2017.https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/UnleashingEuropes-offshore-wind-potential.pdf
[21]HM Government.Offshore wind industrial strategy:business and government action[R].2013.https://windeurope.org/aboutwind/reports/unleashing-europes-offshore-wind-potential/
[22]Danish Energy Agency.Danish Experiences from Offshore Wind Development[R].2017.https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Globalcooperation/offshore_wind_development_0.pdf
[23]Standstill in energy policy must come to an end‐German government’s 65 percent target can only be achieved with more offshore wind energy[OL].https://www.offshore-stiftung.de/en/standstill-energy-policy-must-come-end-germangovernment’s-65-percent-target-can-only-be-achieved
[24]P.Bresesti,W.Kling,R.Hendriks,et al.HVDC connection of offshore wind farms to the transmission system[J].IEEE Trans.Energy Convers.,2007,22(1):37-43.
[25]David Weston.EDF EN acquires services firm OWS[EB/OL].https://www.windpoweroffshore.com/article/1438716/edf-enacquires-services-firm-ows
[26]Mohammed.A.Badr,Ahmed.M.Atallah,Mona A.Bayoumi.Comparison between Aggregation Techniques for PMSG Wind Farm[J].Energy Procedia,2015,(74):1162-1173.
[27]Spooner E,Gordon P,Bumby JR,et al.Lightweight ironlessstator PM generators for direct-drive wind turbines[J].Proc.Inst.Elec.Eng.Elec.Power Appl.,2005,152(1):17-26.
[28]European Subsea Cables Association.Submarine power cablesensuring the lights stay on[OL].www.escaeu.org/articles/submarine-power-cables/
[29]Carbon Trust.Carbon Trust launches competition to improve subsea cabling systems in the offshore wind industry[OL].www.carbontrust.com/news/2017/01/carbon-trust-launchescompetition-subsea-cabling-systems-offshore-wind/
[30]The KIS-ORCA Project[OL].www.kis-orca.eu/
[31]S.Bhattacharya.Challenges in design of foundation for offshore wind turbines[J].Engineering&Technology Reference,2014,1-9.
[32]S.Lundberg.Wind farm configuration and energy efficiency studies-series DC versus AC layouts[D].Chalmers Univ.Technol.,G?teborg,Sweden,2006.
[33]N.Holtsmark,H.J.Bahirat,M.Molinas,et al,An allDC offshore wind farm with series-connected turbines:an alternative to the classical parallel AC model[J].IEEETransactions on Industrial Electronics,2013,60(6):2420-2428.
[34]E.Veilleux,P.Lehn.Interconnection of direct-drive wind turbines using a series-connected DC grid[J].IEEE Trans.Sustainable Energy,2014,5(1):139-147.
[35]S.Nishikata,F.Tatsuta,A new interconnecting method for wind turbine/generators in a wind farm and basic performances of the integrated system[J].IEEE Trans.Ind.Electron.,2010,57(2):468-475.
[36]H.-J.Lee,S.-K.Sul.Wind power collection and transmission with series connected current source converters[C].Proc.of14th EPE,2011,1-10.
[37]Zhang H,Flórez D,Saudemont C,et al.Control strategies of a DC based offshore wind farm with series connected collection grid[C].Energy Conference.IEEE,2016:1-6.
[38]Lakshmanan P,Guo J,Liang J.Energy curtailment of DCseries-parallel connected offshore wind farms[J].IETRenewable Power Generation,2018,12(5):576-584.
[39]Zhang H,Gruson F,Florez D,et al.Overvoltage limitation method of an offshore wind farm with DC series parallel collection grid[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2018,PP(99):1-1.
[40]F.Rong,G.Wu,X.Li,et al.All-DC offshore wind farm with series-connected wind turbines to overcome unequal wind speeds[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2019,34(2):1370-1381.
[41]Hungsasutra S,Mathur R M.Unit connected operator with diode valve rectifier scheme[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1987,4(2):538-543.
[42]Xie L,Yao L,Li Y,et al.Frequency regulation participation of offshore wind farm integrated by diode-rectifer HVDCsystem[C].The 14th International Conference on AC and DCPower Transmission.IET,2018.
[43]Andrade A.Iván,Pe?a G.Ruben,Blasco-Gimenez R,et al.Control strategy of a HVDC-Diode Rectifier connected type-4off-shore wind farm[C].Future Energy Electronics Conference.
[44]Danilo H,Eduardo,Galván,et al.Method for controlling voltage and frequency of the local offshore grid responsible for connecting large offshore commercial wind turbines with the rectifier diode-based HVDC-link applied to an external controller[J].IET Electric Power Applications,2017,11(9):1509-1516.