计及源荷双边性能指标的市场交易模型
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摘要
高比例可再生能源电网内,为促进优质可控电源与可控负荷的发展,提高系统供需平衡的调节能力,考虑电源和负荷响应性能进行电力市场交易模式设计。在电源侧引入机组的调节性能指标;在负荷侧设置负荷聚合商参与市场的场景,并考虑负荷响应偏差的随机性进而提出负荷响应性能指标,以区分不同响应特性带来的运行成本差异。为合理协调计及性能指标的源荷双边资源,设计了两阶段的差异化出清机制。以系统总运行成本最小化为目标,构建有负荷聚合商参与的日前市场出清模型。通过算例结果表明,计及源荷双边性能指标的交易模型,可以引导资源的优化配置,降低市场的风险和损失。
To promote the development of high-quality controllable load and generators,and improve system's ability to maintain power balance under a high share of renewable energy sources,an electricity market trading model considering response performance of generation and load is proposed. At the power supply side,indices that evaluate the response ability of generators are introduced. At the electricity demand side,the case that load aggregators participating in the electricity market is considered. Also,an index that measures the response performance of load aggregators is established considering demand response uncertainties,in which the variation in operating costs with respect to the demand response performance can be identified. To ensure an optimal allocation of generator and demand resources,a two-stage market clearing framework is proposed. A day-ahead market clearing model that minimizes the operation cost is formulated,which includes the participation of load aggregators. Test results demonstrate that the proposed model contributes to an optimal allocation of both generator and demand resources,and hence reduces the market risk and possible losses.
To promote the development of high-quality controllable load and generators,and improve system's ability to maintain power balance under a high share of renewable energy sources,an electricity market trading model considering response performance of generation and load is proposed. At the power supply side,indices that evaluate the response ability of generators are introduced. At the electricity demand side,the case that load aggregators participating in the electricity market is considered. Also,an index that measures the response performance of load aggregators is established considering demand response uncertainties,in which the variation in operating costs with respect to the demand response performance can be identified. To ensure an optimal allocation of generator and demand resources,a two-stage market clearing framework is proposed. A day-ahead market clearing model that minimizes the operation cost is formulated,which includes the participation of load aggregators. Test results demonstrate that the proposed model contributes to an optimal allocation of both generator and demand resources,and hence reduces the market risk and possible losses.
引文
[1]California Independent System Operator. What the duck curve tells us about managing a green grid[EB/OL].(2016-04-29)[2017-12-08]. http:∥www. caiso. com/Documents/FlexibleResourcesHelpRenewables_FastFacts.pdf.
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[8]郭鸿业,陈启鑫,夏清,等.电力市场中的灵活调节服务:基本概念、均衡模型与研究方向[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(11):3057-3066,3361.GUO Hongye,CHEN Qixin,XIA Qing,et al. Flexible ramping product in electricity markets:basic concept,equilibrium model and research prospect[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(11):3057-3066,3361.
[9]NIVAD N,GARY R. Market solutions for managing ramp flexibility with high penetration of renewable resource[J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2012,3(4):784-790.
[10]The Brattle Group Freeman,Sullivan&Co Global Energy Partners,LLC. A national assessment of demand response potential[R].[S.l.]:Fe-deral Energy Regulatory Commission,2009.
[11]孙盛鹏,刘凤良,薛松.需求侧资源促进可再生能源消纳贡献度综合评价体系[J].电力自动化设备,2015,35(4):77-83.SUN Shengpeng,LIU Fengliang,XUE Song. Comprehensive evaluation system for contribution degree of demand-side resources to renewable energy source integration[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment,2015,35(4):77-83.
[12]GOLDMAN C,HOPPER N,BHARVIRKAR R,et al. Estimating demand response market potential among large commercial and industrial[R]. Berkeley,CA,USA:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,2007.
[13]陈杏,宋依群.高比例可再生能源环境下考虑绩效的发电出清模式研究[J].水电能源科学,2017,35(10):211-216.CHEN Xing,SONG Yiqun. Research on performance based clearing model for units under high proportion of renewable energy resources[J]. Water Resources and Power,2017,35(10):211-216.
[14]张开宇,宋依群,严正.考虑用户违约可能的负荷聚合商储能配置策略[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(17):127-133.ZHANG Kaiyu,SONG Yiqun,YAN Zheng. Energy storage capacity optimization for load aggregators considering probability of demand response resources'breach[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(17):127-133.
[15]章栋恩.截断正态分布参数估计的EM算法[J].北京轻工业学院学报,1998(2):74-78.ZHANG Dongen. Estimation of parameter for truncated normal distribution via the EM algorithm[J]. Journal of Beijing Institute of Light Industry,1998(2):74-78.
[16]施展武,杨莉,甘德强. PAB和MCP电价机制下考虑不同容量水平的市场均衡分析[J].电力系统自动化,2005,29(19):10-13.SHI Zhanwu,YANG Li,GAN Deqiang. A price completion model in MCP and PAB pricing considering different capacity constraints[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2005,29(19):10-13.
[17]2015 state of the market report for PJM[EB/OL].(2016-03-31)[2017-12-08]. http:∥www.pjm.com/~/media/commtees-groups/committees/mc/20160331-state-of-market-report-review/20160331-som-presentation.ashx.
[2]肖定垚,王承民,曾平良,等.考虑可再生能源电源功率不确定性的电源灵活性评价[J].电力自动化设备,2015,35(7):120-125,139.XIAO Dingyao,WANG Chengmin,ZENG Pingliang,et al. Power source flexibility evaluation considering renewable energy generation uncertainty[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment,2015,35(7):120-125,139.
[3]梅天华,甘德强,谢俊.燃煤发电机组调停调峰成本的公平分摊[J].电力自动化设备,2016,36(12):69-74.MEI Tianhua,GAN Deqiang,XIE Jun. Fair allocation of coal-fired unit shutdown cost for peaking in valley time[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment,2016,36(12):69-74.
[4]徐国栋,程浩忠,马紫峰,等.用于缓解电网调峰压力的储能系统规划方法综述[J].电力自动化设备,2017,37(8):3-11.XU Guodong,CHENG Haozhong,MA Zifeng,et al. Overview of ESS planning methods for alleviating peak-shaving pressure of grid[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment,2017,37(8):3-11.
[5]PJM. PJM manual 11:energy&ancillary services market operations[EB/OL].(2017-01-01)[2017-12-08]. http:∥www.pjm.com/~/media/committees-groups/committees/mrc/20170323/20170323-item-11-regulation-market-issue-senior-task-force-draft-manual-11-revisions.ashx.
[6]陈达鹏,荆朝霞.美国调频辅助服务市场的调频补偿机制分析[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(18):1-9.CHEN Dapeng,JING Zhaoxia. Analysis of frequency modulation compensation mechanism in frequency modulation ancillary service market of United States[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(18):1-9.
[7]KHALED H. ABDUL-RAHMAN,HANI A,et al. Enhanced system reliability using flexible ramp constraint in CAISO market[C]∥2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. San Diego,CA,USA:IEEE,2012:1-6.
[8]郭鸿业,陈启鑫,夏清,等.电力市场中的灵活调节服务:基本概念、均衡模型与研究方向[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(11):3057-3066,3361.GUO Hongye,CHEN Qixin,XIA Qing,et al. Flexible ramping product in electricity markets:basic concept,equilibrium model and research prospect[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(11):3057-3066,3361.
[9]NIVAD N,GARY R. Market solutions for managing ramp flexibility with high penetration of renewable resource[J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2012,3(4):784-790.
[10]The Brattle Group Freeman,Sullivan&Co Global Energy Partners,LLC. A national assessment of demand response potential[R].[S.l.]:Fe-deral Energy Regulatory Commission,2009.
[11]孙盛鹏,刘凤良,薛松.需求侧资源促进可再生能源消纳贡献度综合评价体系[J].电力自动化设备,2015,35(4):77-83.SUN Shengpeng,LIU Fengliang,XUE Song. Comprehensive evaluation system for contribution degree of demand-side resources to renewable energy source integration[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment,2015,35(4):77-83.
[12]GOLDMAN C,HOPPER N,BHARVIRKAR R,et al. Estimating demand response market potential among large commercial and industrial[R]. Berkeley,CA,USA:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,2007.
[13]陈杏,宋依群.高比例可再生能源环境下考虑绩效的发电出清模式研究[J].水电能源科学,2017,35(10):211-216.CHEN Xing,SONG Yiqun. Research on performance based clearing model for units under high proportion of renewable energy resources[J]. Water Resources and Power,2017,35(10):211-216.
[14]张开宇,宋依群,严正.考虑用户违约可能的负荷聚合商储能配置策略[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(17):127-133.ZHANG Kaiyu,SONG Yiqun,YAN Zheng. Energy storage capacity optimization for load aggregators considering probability of demand response resources'breach[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(17):127-133.
[15]章栋恩.截断正态分布参数估计的EM算法[J].北京轻工业学院学报,1998(2):74-78.ZHANG Dongen. Estimation of parameter for truncated normal distribution via the EM algorithm[J]. Journal of Beijing Institute of Light Industry,1998(2):74-78.
[16]施展武,杨莉,甘德强. PAB和MCP电价机制下考虑不同容量水平的市场均衡分析[J].电力系统自动化,2005,29(19):10-13.SHI Zhanwu,YANG Li,GAN Deqiang. A price completion model in MCP and PAB pricing considering different capacity constraints[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems,2005,29(19):10-13.
[17]2015 state of the market report for PJM[EB/OL].(2016-03-31)[2017-12-08]. http:∥www.pjm.com/~/media/commtees-groups/committees/mc/20160331-state-of-market-report-review/20160331-som-presentation.ashx.