太原盆地西温庄地热田的成因机制
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摘要
地热田成因机制的研究是地热田资源量精细评价与有效开发的依据.在综合前人研究成果与最新地热钻井资料的基础上,通过对太原盆地岩溶热储地热系统的"源、储、通、盖"主要因素分析,建立了西温庄地热田形成的概念模型,并精细评价了地热资源量.西温庄地热田是一个在非对称性裂谷盆地的高大地热流值背景下,来自东、西山奥陶系岩溶储层裸露区的大气降水,沿着岩溶不整合面和断裂这个运移通道,从东山和西山双向补给,经盆地边界断裂进入盆地深部热储,吸热、增温后逐步在盆地中部西温庄隆起的碳酸盐岩岩溶储集层中富集、承压而形成的中低温传导型地热系统.西温庄地热田的岩溶地热系统具有封盖性能好、主力储集层段多、补给速度较快、盖层地温梯度较高等特征.表现为奥陶系岩溶热储上覆盖层包括石炭系、二叠系、三叠系与第四系,顶面埋深800～1 700m;从上至下依次发育了峰峰组下段-上马家沟组上段、上马家沟组下段、下马家沟组上段和亮甲山组4套主力含水层段,热储层平均有效厚度累计184.6m;地热水从补给区至盆地承压区的运移时间约2 000a;奥陶系热储上覆岩层的平均地温梯度为3.0～4.0℃/100m,地热水温度范围为55～75℃.西温庄地热田奥陶系岩溶热储的地热资源量精细评价结果表明,热储总量合计33.53×10~8 GJ,折合标煤1.14×10~8 t.年开采地热资源量可满足607×10~4 m~2的供暖面积,开发潜力巨大.
The study of the genetic mechanism of geothermal field is beneficial to the fine evaluation and effective development of geothermal field resources.On the basis of previous research results and the latest geothermal drilling data,the conceptual model of the formation of Xiwenzhuang geothermal field is established through analysis of main factors of "source,reservoir,migration channel and cover"of the karst geothermal system in Taiyuan Basin,and geothermal resources are carefully evaluated.It is considered that the Xiwenzhuang geothermal field formatted a middle-low temperature conducting geothermal system whose heat source results from the high terrestrial heat flow of asymmetric rift basin,whose recharge water source comes from the atmospheric precipitation in the exposed area of Ordovician karst reservoir in Dongshan and Xishan,and whose migration channels are the karst unconformity surface and fractures by which karst water migrated through the boundary faults of Dongshan and Xishan into the deep geothermal reservoir of the basin from Dongshan and Xishan bidirectional recharge,and after endothermic and temperature-increasing,gradually enriched and confined in the Ordovician karst reservoir of the Xiwenzhuang uplift in the central part of the basin.This geothermal system is characterized by better sealing performance,more aquifers of geothermal reservoir,faster recharge speed and higher geothermal gradient.In detail,the Ordovician karstic reservoir's cap rocks resulting in the buried depth of 800-1 700 mconstitute of Carboniferous,Permian,Triassic and Quaternary.From top to bottom,the four main aquifers of Fengfeng Formation,Upper Majiagou Formation,Lower Majiagou Formation and Liangjiashan Formation are developed in turn.The average effective thickness of the thermal reservoir is 184.6 min total,the migration age from the recharge source area to the confined area of basin is about 2 000 a,the average geothermal gradient of the overlying strata of the Ordovician geothermal reservoir is 3.0-4.0℃/100 m,and the geothermal water temperature range is 55-75℃.According to the fine evaluation results of geothermal resources of Ordovician karstic reservoir,the total geothermal reserve is 33.53×10~8 GJ,which is equivalent to 1.14×10~8 t of standard coal.The annual exploitation of geothermal resources can meet the demand of indoor heating area of 6.07 million square meters with huge potential for development.
The study of the genetic mechanism of geothermal field is beneficial to the fine evaluation and effective development of geothermal field resources.On the basis of previous research results and the latest geothermal drilling data,the conceptual model of the formation of Xiwenzhuang geothermal field is established through analysis of main factors of "source,reservoir,migration channel and cover"of the karst geothermal system in Taiyuan Basin,and geothermal resources are carefully evaluated.It is considered that the Xiwenzhuang geothermal field formatted a middle-low temperature conducting geothermal system whose heat source results from the high terrestrial heat flow of asymmetric rift basin,whose recharge water source comes from the atmospheric precipitation in the exposed area of Ordovician karst reservoir in Dongshan and Xishan,and whose migration channels are the karst unconformity surface and fractures by which karst water migrated through the boundary faults of Dongshan and Xishan into the deep geothermal reservoir of the basin from Dongshan and Xishan bidirectional recharge,and after endothermic and temperature-increasing,gradually enriched and confined in the Ordovician karst reservoir of the Xiwenzhuang uplift in the central part of the basin.This geothermal system is characterized by better sealing performance,more aquifers of geothermal reservoir,faster recharge speed and higher geothermal gradient.In detail,the Ordovician karstic reservoir's cap rocks resulting in the buried depth of 800-1 700 mconstitute of Carboniferous,Permian,Triassic and Quaternary.From top to bottom,the four main aquifers of Fengfeng Formation,Upper Majiagou Formation,Lower Majiagou Formation and Liangjiashan Formation are developed in turn.The average effective thickness of the thermal reservoir is 184.6 min total,the migration age from the recharge source area to the confined area of basin is about 2 000 a,the average geothermal gradient of the overlying strata of the Ordovician geothermal reservoir is 3.0-4.0℃/100 m,and the geothermal water temperature range is 55-75℃.According to the fine evaluation results of geothermal resources of Ordovician karstic reservoir,the total geothermal reserve is 33.53×10~8 GJ,which is equivalent to 1.14×10~8 t of standard coal.The annual exploitation of geothermal resources can meet the demand of indoor heating area of 6.07 million square meters with huge potential for development.
引文
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Deng,Q.D.,Chen,S.P.,Min,W.,et al.,1999.Discussion on Cenozoic Tectonics and Dynamics of Ordos Block.Journal of Geomechanics,5(3):13-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guan,Y.B.,Li,H.M.,2001.The Structural Framework and Evolution of Taiyuan Area.Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science),20(1):32-35(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo,S.Y.,Li,X.J.,2013.Reservoir Stratum Characterstics and Geothermal Resources Potential of Rongcheng Uplift Geothermal Field in Baoding,Hebei.Chinese Journal of Geology(Scientia Geologica Sinica),48(3):922-931(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ha,C.Y.,Tang,B.Y.,Lu,R.A.,et al.,1989.Characteristics of Fissure Karst in the Middle Ordovician Limestone and Groundwater Natural Resources in the West Mountain of Taiyuan,Shanxi Province.Carsologica Sinica,8(1):41-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Haakon,F.,2010.Structural Geology.Cambridge University Press,New York,333-353.
Han,D.M.,Xu,H.L.,Liang,X.,2006.Demarcation of Groundwater System of Big Karst Spring:A Case Study of Eastern and Western Mountain Areas,Taiyuan Basin.Earth Science,31(6):885-890(in Chinese with English abstract).
He,Y.,2010.Geological Features of Xiwenzhuang Uplift Geothermal Field in Taiyuan Basin.Shanxi Coking Coal Science&Technology,34(6):47-49,56(in Chinese with English abstract).
He,Z.L.,Feng,J.Y.,Zhang,Y.,et al.,2017.A Tentative Discussion on an Evaluation System of Geothermal Unit Ranking and Classification in China.Earth Science Frontiers,24(3):168-179(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hou,Y.X.,2002.Research on the Geothermal Resources of Border Mount Fracture Zone in Taiyuan Region.Coal Geology of China,14(4):38-41(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,C.S.,Wu,X.C.,Sun,B.,et al.,2018.Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Geothermal Water in Northern Ji’nan.Earth Science,43(S1):313-325(in Chinese with English abstract).https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2018.206
Li,J.X.,Guo,Q.H.,Yu,Z.Y.,2017.Impact of Clay Mineral Formation in High-Temperature Geothermal System on Accuracy of Na-K and K-Mg Geothermometers.Earth Science,42(1):142-154(in Chinese with English abstract).https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2017.011
Li,S.Z.,Lu,R.A.,Xu,S.Z.,et al.,1994.Analysis of Formation Mechanism of Thermal Mineral Water in Shanxi Province.Geological Review,40(3):221-228(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,X.Q.,Hou,X.W.,Zhang,H.D.,et al.,2006.Study on the Geochemistry-Isotope Characteristics of the Groundwater Systems in Taiyuan Basin.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,20(5):109-114(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ma,R.,2007.Water-Rock Interaction and Genesis of LowMedium Temperature Thermal Groundwater in Carbonate Reservoir:A Case Study of Taiyuan,Shanxi(Dissertation).China University of Geosciences,Wuhan(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ma,R.,Wang,Y.X.,Sun,Z.Y.,et al.,2011.Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater in Carbonate Aquifers in Taiyuan,Northern China.Applied Geochemistry,26(5):884-897.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.02.008
Ma,T.,Wang,Y.X.,Guo,Q.H.,et al.,2005.Karst Water System Evolution and Global Environmental ChangesA Case Study in Shanxi Province.China University of Geosciences Press,Wuhan(in Chinese).
Ma,T.,Wang,Y.X.,Guo,Q.H.,et al.,2009.Hydrochemical and Isotopic Evidence of Origin of Thermal Karst Water at Taiyuan,Northern China.Journal of Earth Science,20(5):879-889.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-009-0074-4
Ma,T.,Wang,Y.X.,Ma,R.,et al.,2012.Evolution of Middle-Low Temperature Carbonate Geothermal System in Taiyuan,Northern China.Earth Science,37(2):229-237(in Chinese with English abstract).https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2012.023
Mao,X.P.,Wang,X.W.,Li,K.W.,et al.,2018.Sources of Heat and Control Factors in Geothermal Field.Earth Science,43(11):4256-4266(in Chinese with English abstract).https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2018.210
Song,D.N.,2001.Re-Recognization of Huaiyuan Movement.Geology of Shandong,17(1):19-23,51(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,L.F.,Wang,Y.X.,Ma,T.,et al.,1997.Evolution of the Niangziguan Karst Springs in View of Travertines'Environmental Record and Groundwater Flow System Development.Earth Science,22(6):648-651(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,J.Y.,2015.Geothermics and Its Application.Science Press,Beijing,1-6(in Chinese).
Yan,Z.W.,2008.Influences of SO2-4on the Solubility of Calcite and Dolomite.Carsologica Sinica,27(1):24-31(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan,Z.W.,Liu,H.L.,Zhang,Z.W.,2009.Influences of Temperature and PCO2on the Solubility of Calcite and Dolomite.Carsologica Sinica,28(1):7-10,41(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,J.L.,Liu,F.T.,Jia,Z.,et al.,2018.The Hydrochemical andδ2 H-δ18 O Characteristics of Two Geothermal Fields in Niutuozhen of Hebei Province and Tianjin and Their Environmental Significance.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,39(1):71-78(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang,J.Z.,2010.Talking about the Structural Environment of Xiwenzhuang Area in Taiyuan City and Xiwenzhuang Geothermal Resources.Sci-Tech Information Development&Economy,20(1):163-165(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zeng,J.Y.,Li,Z.H.,Chen,W.,et al.,2016.Preliminary Study on Exploration and Activity of East Segment of Tianzhuang Fault in Taiyuan Basin.Journal of Seismological Research,39(2):261-269(in Chinese with English abstract).
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