基于RUSLE的大通河流域土壤侵蚀估算研究
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摘要
对大通河流域的土壤侵蚀进行估算和定量评价,以期为该流域的水土保持和生态环境保护工作提供科学合理的依据。基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),运用遥感和地理信息技术,对大通河流域土壤侵蚀状况进行估算,并探讨了不同土地利用类型和不同坡度下土壤侵蚀的差异性。结果表明,大通河流域土壤侵蚀总面积为12 683.66 km~2,占流域总面积的83.83%,年均侵蚀模数为6 274.76 t/km~2。侵蚀强度整体表现为微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀。土壤侵蚀主要集中在草地,侵蚀面积占比高达55.50%,灌木林次之。在0~25°坡度范围内,侵蚀面积随着坡度的增大呈先增加后逐渐减少的趋势,但在>25°时达到最大侵蚀面积。微度侵蚀主要发生在0~10°坡度范围内,中度以上侵蚀等级的侵蚀面积均在>25°坡度范围时达到最大值。林草过牧滥伐、城镇无序扩张等不合理的人类活动是引起土壤侵蚀的主要原因,适度控制人类活动、提高植被覆盖率,是流域内今后土壤侵蚀治理及水土流失防治的重点。
The soil erosion in Datong River basin was estimated and quantitatively evaluated in order to provide a scientific and rational basis for soil and water conservation and environmental protection of the basin.Based on the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE),supported by remote sensing and geographical information system techniques,the situation of soil erosion in Datong River basin was estimated,and the differences in soil erosion under different land use types and different slope was discussed.The results showed that the erosion area in Datong River basin was 12 683.66 km~2,accounting for 83.83% of the total basin area,and the annual mean soil erosion modulus was 6 274.76 t/km~2.The erosion intensity was overall dominated by micro and slight degree erosion.Soil erosion was mainly concentrated in the grassland,whose erosion area accounting was up to 55.50%,followed by shrubbery.In the range of 0~25° slope,the soil erosion area increase with the increase of slope gradient until to a certain value,after which the erosion area decreased,but reaching the maximum value when the slope gradient greater than 25°.The micro degree erosion occurs mainly in the range of 0~10° slope,and the area of moderate erosion and above all reached the maximum value when the slope gradient greater than 25°.Irrational human activities,such as excessive deforestation,overgrazing and urban sprawl were the main cause of soil erosion.And to moderately control human activities and to improve vegetation coverage were the focus of future water loss and soil erosion prevention in Datong River basin.
The soil erosion in Datong River basin was estimated and quantitatively evaluated in order to provide a scientific and rational basis for soil and water conservation and environmental protection of the basin.Based on the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE),supported by remote sensing and geographical information system techniques,the situation of soil erosion in Datong River basin was estimated,and the differences in soil erosion under different land use types and different slope was discussed.The results showed that the erosion area in Datong River basin was 12 683.66 km~2,accounting for 83.83% of the total basin area,and the annual mean soil erosion modulus was 6 274.76 t/km~2.The erosion intensity was overall dominated by micro and slight degree erosion.Soil erosion was mainly concentrated in the grassland,whose erosion area accounting was up to 55.50%,followed by shrubbery.In the range of 0~25° slope,the soil erosion area increase with the increase of slope gradient until to a certain value,after which the erosion area decreased,but reaching the maximum value when the slope gradient greater than 25°.The micro degree erosion occurs mainly in the range of 0~10° slope,and the area of moderate erosion and above all reached the maximum value when the slope gradient greater than 25°.Irrational human activities,such as excessive deforestation,overgrazing and urban sprawl were the main cause of soil erosion.And to moderately control human activities and to improve vegetation coverage were the focus of future water loss and soil erosion prevention in Datong River basin.
引文
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[3]NEARING M A,FOSTER G R,LANE L J.A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Projec Technology[J].Trans ASAE,1989(32):1587-1593.
[4]MORGAN R.The European Soil Erosion Model:An Update on Its Structure and Research Base,In:RICKSON R(ED.)Conserving Soil Resources:European Perspectives[M].Cambridge:CAB International,1994.
[5]DE ROO A,WESSELING C G,RITSMA C G.LISEM:A single-event,physically based hydrological and soils erosion mod el for drainage basin.Ⅰ:Theory,input and output[J].Hydrological Processes,1996(10):1107-1117.
[6]RENARD K G,FOSTER G R,WEESIES G A,et al.Predictin Soil Erosion by Water:A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)[M].Washington DC:United States Department of Agriculture,1997.
[7]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains:Guide fo Selection of Practices for Soil and Water Conservation[M]Washington DC:US Government Printing Office,1965.
[8]方广玲,香宝,赵卫,等.基于GIS和RUSLE的拉萨河流域土壤侵蚀研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):6-12.
[9]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38.
[10]刘赛艳,黄强,刘登峰,等.青藏高原大通河流域气候要素时空演变特性分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(3):24-29,34.
[11]吴恒卿,刘赛艳,黄强,等.基于SWAT模型的大通河流域径流模拟[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(9):210-216.
[12]刘宝元,谢云,张科利.土壤侵蚀预报模型[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2001.
[13]RICHARDSON C W,FOSTER G R,WRIGHT D A.Estimation of erosion index from daily rainfall amount[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1983,26(1):153-156.
[14]伍育鹏,谢云,章文波.国内外降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法的比较[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(3):31-34.
[15]FOURNIER F.Climat et Erosion[M].Paris:Presses Universitarires de France,1960.
[16]刘吉峰,李世杰,秦宁生,等.青海湖流域土壤可蚀性K值研究[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(3):321-326.
[17]MCCOOL D K,FOSTER G R,MUTCHLER C K,et al.Revised slope length factor for the universal soil loss equation[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1989,32:1571-1576.
[18]LIU B Y,NEARING M A,RISSE L M.Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1994,37:1835-1840.
[19]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses:A Guide to Conservation Planting[M].United States:Science and Education Administration,1978.
[20]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.
[21]杨娟,葛剑平,李庆斌.基于GIS和USLE的卧龙地区小流域土壤侵蚀预报[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,46(9):1526-1529.
[22]贾俊姝,陈金莲,高欣,等.基于RUSLE的大通县土壤侵蚀量估算[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):56-61.
[2]李占斌,朱冰冰,李鹏.土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):802-809.
[3]NEARING M A,FOSTER G R,LANE L J.A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Projec Technology[J].Trans ASAE,1989(32):1587-1593.
[4]MORGAN R.The European Soil Erosion Model:An Update on Its Structure and Research Base,In:RICKSON R(ED.)Conserving Soil Resources:European Perspectives[M].Cambridge:CAB International,1994.
[5]DE ROO A,WESSELING C G,RITSMA C G.LISEM:A single-event,physically based hydrological and soils erosion mod el for drainage basin.Ⅰ:Theory,input and output[J].Hydrological Processes,1996(10):1107-1117.
[6]RENARD K G,FOSTER G R,WEESIES G A,et al.Predictin Soil Erosion by Water:A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)[M].Washington DC:United States Department of Agriculture,1997.
[7]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains:Guide fo Selection of Practices for Soil and Water Conservation[M]Washington DC:US Government Printing Office,1965.
[8]方广玲,香宝,赵卫,等.基于GIS和RUSLE的拉萨河流域土壤侵蚀研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):6-12.
[9]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38.
[10]刘赛艳,黄强,刘登峰,等.青藏高原大通河流域气候要素时空演变特性分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(3):24-29,34.
[11]吴恒卿,刘赛艳,黄强,等.基于SWAT模型的大通河流域径流模拟[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(9):210-216.
[12]刘宝元,谢云,张科利.土壤侵蚀预报模型[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2001.
[13]RICHARDSON C W,FOSTER G R,WRIGHT D A.Estimation of erosion index from daily rainfall amount[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1983,26(1):153-156.
[14]伍育鹏,谢云,章文波.国内外降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法的比较[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(3):31-34.
[15]FOURNIER F.Climat et Erosion[M].Paris:Presses Universitarires de France,1960.
[16]刘吉峰,李世杰,秦宁生,等.青海湖流域土壤可蚀性K值研究[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(3):321-326.
[17]MCCOOL D K,FOSTER G R,MUTCHLER C K,et al.Revised slope length factor for the universal soil loss equation[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1989,32:1571-1576.
[18]LIU B Y,NEARING M A,RISSE L M.Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1994,37:1835-1840.
[19]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses:A Guide to Conservation Planting[M].United States:Science and Education Administration,1978.
[20]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.
[21]杨娟,葛剑平,李庆斌.基于GIS和USLE的卧龙地区小流域土壤侵蚀预报[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,46(9):1526-1529.
[22]贾俊姝,陈金莲,高欣,等.基于RUSLE的大通县土壤侵蚀量估算[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):56-61.
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