水源水库暴雨径流过程水体锰的迁移及其影响
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摘要
针对西安金盆水库2017年汛期出现的锰浓度超标问题,对水库上游至主库区沿程多个监测点垂向锰浓度及其赋存形态进行监测,研究暴雨径流对水中锰含量的影响以及径流中锰的形态,估算单次典型暴雨径流过程水库水体锰的汇入、输出与沉积量,根据实测数据与计算结果,从运行调度角度提出了暴雨时期高浊、高负荷径流入库的规避方案.结果表明,强降雨过程引起的高浊径流汇入显著增加了西安金盆水库水体总锰浓度,导致水库水质严重恶化,2017年10月12日至2017年10月14日单次降雨径流总锰的输入负荷为9. 11 t,泄洪和出水输出的总锰为6. 22 t,净沉积量(锰)为1. 47 t.水库上游沿程水体锰含量及形态变化表明,连续降雨过程对土壤的冲刷和侵蚀作用导致大量颗粒态污染物随径流汇入水体,占水体中总锰的质量分数大于70%,铁锰氧化物结合态为其主要形态.通过与不同粒径范围的颗粒进行相关性分析,颗粒态锰粒径约为2～20μm.暴雨径流入库时期采取泄洪排浊的措施可以有效减小锰的污染负荷,降低供水安全风险.
In view of the problem of excessive manganese concentrations in the Xi'an Jinpen Reservoir during the flood season in 2017,the vertical distribution of manganese in density currents and its occurrence pattern were monitored at multiple monitoring sections along the upstream reaches to the main basin. The influences of density currents plunging into the reservoir on the migration and transformation of Mn were studied,and sedimentation,output,and deposition of manganese in the reservoir water were also specifically estimated during a single,typical storm runoff process. Devices for avoiding high turbidity and high load inflows in rainfall events were proposed. The results showed that significant increases of total manganese were induced by high-turbidity inflows,which largely degraded water quality during rainfall events. From 12 to 14 October,9. 11 tons of total manganese were transported into the reservoir during a single rainfall event,and the pollution conditions were largely remitted by flood discharges with an output of 6. 22 tons; thus,the net deposition(manganese) was 1. 47 tons. The manganese content and morphological changes along the upper reaches of the reservoir indicated that soil erosion occurred during the continuous rainfall process,and this caused a large amount of particulate pollutants to flow into the water body with the runoff. More than 70% of the total manganese in the water was in the iron-manganese oxide bound state. Correlation analysis was conducted with particles of different particle size ranges,and granular manganese particle sizes were about 2-20 μm. The findings indicate that when flood discharges with turbidity currents occur,this can effectively reduce the load of pollutants and the safety risks of water.
In view of the problem of excessive manganese concentrations in the Xi'an Jinpen Reservoir during the flood season in 2017,the vertical distribution of manganese in density currents and its occurrence pattern were monitored at multiple monitoring sections along the upstream reaches to the main basin. The influences of density currents plunging into the reservoir on the migration and transformation of Mn were studied,and sedimentation,output,and deposition of manganese in the reservoir water were also specifically estimated during a single,typical storm runoff process. Devices for avoiding high turbidity and high load inflows in rainfall events were proposed. The results showed that significant increases of total manganese were induced by high-turbidity inflows,which largely degraded water quality during rainfall events. From 12 to 14 October,9. 11 tons of total manganese were transported into the reservoir during a single rainfall event,and the pollution conditions were largely remitted by flood discharges with an output of 6. 22 tons; thus,the net deposition(manganese) was 1. 47 tons. The manganese content and morphological changes along the upper reaches of the reservoir indicated that soil erosion occurred during the continuous rainfall process,and this caused a large amount of particulate pollutants to flow into the water body with the runoff. More than 70% of the total manganese in the water was in the iron-manganese oxide bound state. Correlation analysis was conducted with particles of different particle size ranges,and granular manganese particle sizes were about 2-20 μm. The findings indicate that when flood discharges with turbidity currents occur,this can effectively reduce the load of pollutants and the safety risks of water.
引文
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[20] Tessier A,Campbell P G C,Bisson M. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844-851.
[21]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社:2002. 211-213.
[22]周子振.混合充氧对分层水库水质改善及微生物种群结构调控研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2017. 60-65.
[23] Zhou Z Z,Huang T L,Ma W X,et al. Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China[J]. Water Science and Engineering,2015,8(4):301-308.
[24]杨帆,蒋轶锋,王翠翠,等.西湖龙泓涧流域暴雨径流氮磷流失特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):141-147.Yang F,Jiang Y F,Wang C C,et al. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in Longhong ravine basin of westlake in rainstorm runoff[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):141-147.
[25]陈心凤,邵卫云,宋瑞平,等.舟山饮用水源中铁锰污染及其成因分析[J].地球与环境,2011,39(2):181-187.Chen X F,Shao W Y,Song R P,et al. Discussion on the characteristics and causes of iron and manganese pollution in drinking water sources in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province[J].Earth and Environment,2011,39(2):181-187.
[26]蔡明.渭河陕西段氮污染及控制规划研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2005. 41-50.
[27]黄廷林,刘飞,史建超.水源水库沉积物中营养元素分布特征与污染评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):166-172.Huang T L,Liu F,Shi J C. Distribution characteristics and pollution status evaluation of sediments nutrients in a drinking water reservoir[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):166-172.
[28]汪雅各,盛沛麟,袁大伟.模拟酸雨对土壤金属离子的淋溶和植物有效性的影响[J].环境科学,1988,9(2):22-26.
[29]曾康,黄廷林,马卫星,等.金盆水库汛期高浊水径流的潜入及热分层水体水质响应[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(9):2778-2786.Zeng K,Huang T L,Ma W X,et al. Water-quality responses of the intrusion of high-turbidity runoff to the thermal stratified Jinpen reservoir during flood season[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(9):2778-2786.
[30]李淮,吴玮,田永静,等.苏州市古城区降雨径流颗粒物粒径分布及污染物赋存形态[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):565-572.Li H,Wu W,Tian Y J,et al. Particle size distribution and pollutant speciation analyses of stormwater runoff in the ancient town of Suzhou[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(2):565-572.
[31] Miguntanna N P,Liu A,Egodawatta P,et al. Characterising nutrients wash-off for effective urban stormwater treatment design[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2013,120:61-67.
[32]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.城市地表灰尘-降雨径流系统重金属生物有效性研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(8):2241-2247.Chang J,Liu M,Li X H,et al. Bioavailability of heavy metals in urban surface dust and rainfall-runoff system[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(8):2241-2247.
[33] Lee P K,Yu Y H,Yun S T,et al. Metal contamination and solid phase partitioning of metals in urban roadside sediments[J]. Chemosphere,2005,60(5):672-689.
[34]何小艳,赵洪涛,李叙勇,等.不同粒径地表街尘中重金属在径流冲刷中的迁移转化[J].环境科学,2012,33(3):810-816.He X Y,Zhao H T,Li X Y,et al. Migration and transformation of heavy metals in street dusts with different particle sizes during urban runoff[J]. Environmental Science,2012,33(3):810-816.
[2] Bertone E,Stewart R A,Zhang H,et al. Statistical analysis and modelling of the manganese cycle in the subtropical Advancetown Lake,Australia[J]. Journal of Hydrology:Regional Studies,2016,8:69-81.
[3] GB 3838-2002,地表水环境质量标准[S].GB 3838-2002,Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].
[4] Gerke T L,Little B J,Barry Maynard J. Manganese deposition in drinking water distribution systems[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:184-193.
[5]杨思远,赵剑,余华章,等.南亚热带地区水库夏季铁、锰垂直分布特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4546-4552.Yang S Y, Zhao J, Yu H Z, et al. Vertical distribution characteristics of Fe and Mn in subtropical reservoirs during summer[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4546-4552.
[6]孙士权,马军,黄晓东,等.高锰酸盐预氧化去除太湖原水中稳定性铁、锰[J].中国给水排水,2006,22(21):6-8,13.Sun S Q,Ma J,Huang X D,et al. Removal of stable Mn/Fe from Taihu lake water by preoxidation with permanganate composite[J]. China Water&Wastewater,2006,22(21):6-8,13.
[7]黄梅芳.水库铁、锰超标原因分析及防治对策[J].引进与咨询,2006,(6):50-52.
[8]曾明正,黄廷林,邱晓鹏,等.我国北方温带水库———周村水库季节性热分层现象及其水质响应特性[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1337-1344.Zeng M Z,Huang T L,Qiu X P,et al. Seasonal stratification and the response of water quality of a temperate reservoir-Zhoucun reservoir in North of China[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1337-1344.
[9]黄廷林,章武首,柴蓓蓓.大水深水库内源污染特征及控制技术[J].环境污染与防治,2010,32(3):1-4.Huang T L, Zhang W S, Chai B B, et al. Study on the characteristics and control of endogenous pollution in source water reservoir with great depth[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control,2010,32(3):1-4.
[10] Zaw M,Chiswell B. Iron and manganese dynamics in lake water[J]. Water Research,1999,33(8):1900-1910.
[11] Li X,Huang T L,Ma W X,et al. Effects of rainfall patterns on water quality in a stratified reservoir subject to eutrophication:Implications for management[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,521-522:27-36.
[12]蔡佑振.暴雨后水库中铁、锰超标成因分析[J].环境科学导刊,2007,26(3):77-78.Cai Y Z. Reasons for overproof of iron and manganese content in the reservoir water after heavy rainstorm[J]. Environmental Science Survey,2007,26(3):77-78.
[13]曾康,黄廷林,马卫星,等.暴雨径流对分层水库水质的影响[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(9):4979-4986.Zeng K,Huang T L,Ma W X,et al. Impact of storm runoff on water quality of one stratified reservoir[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(9):4979-4986.
[14] Wilson D C. Potential urban runoff impacts and contaminant distributions in shoreline and reservoir environments of Lake Havasu,southwestern United States[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,621:95-107.
[15]袁宏林,李星宇,王晓昌.西安市雨水径流中重金属季节性污染特征及分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(11):4143-4147.Yuan H L,Li X Y,Wang X C,et al. Heavy metals pollution and analysis of seasonal variation runoff in Xi'an[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(11):4143-4147.
[16]任伯帜,刘科家,马宏璞,等.基于SWAT模型的金属矿区雨水径流中锰污染负荷分析[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(11):50-54.Ren B Z,Liu K J,Ma H P,et al. Analysis of manganese pollution load of rainfall runoff in manganese ore zone based on SWAT model[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control,2014,36(11):50-54.
[17] Superville P J,Ivanovsky A,Bhurtun P,et al. Diel cycles of reduced manganese and their seasonal variability in the Marque River(northern France)[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,624:918-925.
[18]洪继华,王庭健.于桥水库流域暴雨径流中锰的输送特征及其对水库水质的影响[J].环境科学学报,1985,5(4):405-410.Hong J H,Wang T J. Transport characteristics of manganese in storm runoff of Yuqiao reservoir valley and its influence on water quality of the reservoir[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1985,5(4):405-410.
[19]董炜峰.以原子吸收法测定海洋沉积物中铁、锰、镍、钾、钠、钙、镁的方法、标准研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2012. 8-15.
[20] Tessier A,Campbell P G C,Bisson M. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844-851.
[21]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社:2002. 211-213.
[22]周子振.混合充氧对分层水库水质改善及微生物种群结构调控研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2017. 60-65.
[23] Zhou Z Z,Huang T L,Ma W X,et al. Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China[J]. Water Science and Engineering,2015,8(4):301-308.
[24]杨帆,蒋轶锋,王翠翠,等.西湖龙泓涧流域暴雨径流氮磷流失特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):141-147.Yang F,Jiang Y F,Wang C C,et al. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in Longhong ravine basin of westlake in rainstorm runoff[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):141-147.
[25]陈心凤,邵卫云,宋瑞平,等.舟山饮用水源中铁锰污染及其成因分析[J].地球与环境,2011,39(2):181-187.Chen X F,Shao W Y,Song R P,et al. Discussion on the characteristics and causes of iron and manganese pollution in drinking water sources in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province[J].Earth and Environment,2011,39(2):181-187.
[26]蔡明.渭河陕西段氮污染及控制规划研究[D].西安:西安理工大学,2005. 41-50.
[27]黄廷林,刘飞,史建超.水源水库沉积物中营养元素分布特征与污染评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):166-172.Huang T L,Liu F,Shi J C. Distribution characteristics and pollution status evaluation of sediments nutrients in a drinking water reservoir[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):166-172.
[28]汪雅各,盛沛麟,袁大伟.模拟酸雨对土壤金属离子的淋溶和植物有效性的影响[J].环境科学,1988,9(2):22-26.
[29]曾康,黄廷林,马卫星,等.金盆水库汛期高浊水径流的潜入及热分层水体水质响应[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(9):2778-2786.Zeng K,Huang T L,Ma W X,et al. Water-quality responses of the intrusion of high-turbidity runoff to the thermal stratified Jinpen reservoir during flood season[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(9):2778-2786.
[30]李淮,吴玮,田永静,等.苏州市古城区降雨径流颗粒物粒径分布及污染物赋存形态[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):565-572.Li H,Wu W,Tian Y J,et al. Particle size distribution and pollutant speciation analyses of stormwater runoff in the ancient town of Suzhou[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(2):565-572.
[31] Miguntanna N P,Liu A,Egodawatta P,et al. Characterising nutrients wash-off for effective urban stormwater treatment design[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2013,120:61-67.
[32]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.城市地表灰尘-降雨径流系统重金属生物有效性研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(8):2241-2247.Chang J,Liu M,Li X H,et al. Bioavailability of heavy metals in urban surface dust and rainfall-runoff system[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(8):2241-2247.
[33] Lee P K,Yu Y H,Yun S T,et al. Metal contamination and solid phase partitioning of metals in urban roadside sediments[J]. Chemosphere,2005,60(5):672-689.
[34]何小艳,赵洪涛,李叙勇,等.不同粒径地表街尘中重金属在径流冲刷中的迁移转化[J].环境科学,2012,33(3):810-816.He X Y,Zhao H T,Li X Y,et al. Migration and transformation of heavy metals in street dusts with different particle sizes during urban runoff[J]. Environmental Science,2012,33(3):810-816.