关中士人与两汉之交的政治变局
|
摘要
在两汉之交政局变动的过程中,关中士人的政治态度存在阶段性差异。针对王莽代汉,关中士人不乏以批评、隐逸甚至武力相抗争者,但顺应王莽代汉,谋求家族利益的最大化,亦是不少关中士人的政治选择。更始政权入关后,通过默认、招抚基层势力等手段,保持了关中社会的大体安定。然而,大量流寓在外的关中士人对更始政权缺乏认同感。东汉初年,鉴于关中数次易手,基层民众聚众自保的情形愈发严重。而面对东汉政权,关中士人群体的政治立场亦再次分化。随着光武帝派冯异平定关中,并将关中士人纳入体制内,关中社会对东汉政权的认同感逐步提升。
In the political evolution between late Western Han and early Eastern Han dynasties, the intellectuals of Guanzhong had phased differences in political attitudes. During usurping of Wang Mang to replace the emperor, some intellectuals of Guanzhong resisted by way of criticizing, being hermits and armed struggle. However, there were also some intellectuals who yielded to Wang Mang's regime in order to maximize family interests. After entering Guanzhong, Gengshi regime kept social stability by means of implied or explicit accepting local forces. However, there was a lack of identification with Gengshi regime among a large number of emigrating people from Guanzhong. In the beginning of Eastern Han Dynasty, considering the change of the right of controlling Guanzhong several times, it was increasingly troublesome for local people to be gathered for self-defense. Meanwhile, intellectuals of Guanzhong had differences in attitudes towards Eastern Han regime. As Emperor Guangwu assigned Feng Yi to pacify Guangzhong and selected local intellectuals into government, Guanzhong society had more and more identification with Eastern Han regime.
In the political evolution between late Western Han and early Eastern Han dynasties, the intellectuals of Guanzhong had phased differences in political attitudes. During usurping of Wang Mang to replace the emperor, some intellectuals of Guanzhong resisted by way of criticizing, being hermits and armed struggle. However, there were also some intellectuals who yielded to Wang Mang's regime in order to maximize family interests. After entering Guanzhong, Gengshi regime kept social stability by means of implied or explicit accepting local forces. However, there was a lack of identification with Gengshi regime among a large number of emigrating people from Guanzhong. In the beginning of Eastern Han Dynasty, considering the change of the right of controlling Guanzhong several times, it was increasingly troublesome for local people to be gathered for self-defense. Meanwhile, intellectuals of Guanzhong had differences in attitudes towards Eastern Han regime. As Emperor Guangwu assigned Feng Yi to pacify Guangzhong and selected local intellectuals into government, Guanzhong society had more and more identification with Eastern Han regime.
引文
[1]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1962.
[2]范晔.后汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1965.
[3]赵岐,撰;张澍,辑.三辅决录[M].陈晓捷,注.西安:三秦出版社,2006.
[4]赵毅,王彦辉.两汉之际“人心思汉”思潮评议[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),1994(6):1-6.
[5]田余庆.秦汉魏晋史探微(重订本)[M].北京:中华书局,2004.
(1)有学者指出,汉代有“二千石行不得出界”的规定,郡守、都尉所统郡兵“一般只在郡界范围内活动”。但是当地方盗贼“势力较强,一郡守、尉难以抑制”,或者盗贼“流动数郡,诸郡各守本界,而无法平定”时,朝廷的应对办法之一便是“丞相、御史大夫遣掾史逐捕”。引文中的大司徒系由丞相改称而来,“大司徒掾督逐”,“可见阳陵任横为首的动乱影响很大”。参见孙闻博《秦汉军制演变史稿》,中国社会科学出版社2016年版,第158-160页。
(1)此处所谓“理性的政治考量”,并不等于“正确的政治考量”,它可能也包括那些最终被证明是站错了立场的政治抉择。所谓“理性”,其思考的具体切入角度可以包括谶纬、占卜、正统理论、力量对比等。
(2)关于王元的籍贯,范晔《后汉书》记为长陵人,李贤注引《东观记》曰杜陵人,又引《决录》曰平陵人。诸说见《后汉书》,中华书局1965年版,第522、531页。
[2]范晔.后汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1965.
[3]赵岐,撰;张澍,辑.三辅决录[M].陈晓捷,注.西安:三秦出版社,2006.
[4]赵毅,王彦辉.两汉之际“人心思汉”思潮评议[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),1994(6):1-6.
[5]田余庆.秦汉魏晋史探微(重订本)[M].北京:中华书局,2004.
(1)有学者指出,汉代有“二千石行不得出界”的规定,郡守、都尉所统郡兵“一般只在郡界范围内活动”。但是当地方盗贼“势力较强,一郡守、尉难以抑制”,或者盗贼“流动数郡,诸郡各守本界,而无法平定”时,朝廷的应对办法之一便是“丞相、御史大夫遣掾史逐捕”。引文中的大司徒系由丞相改称而来,“大司徒掾督逐”,“可见阳陵任横为首的动乱影响很大”。参见孙闻博《秦汉军制演变史稿》,中国社会科学出版社2016年版,第158-160页。
(1)此处所谓“理性的政治考量”,并不等于“正确的政治考量”,它可能也包括那些最终被证明是站错了立场的政治抉择。所谓“理性”,其思考的具体切入角度可以包括谶纬、占卜、正统理论、力量对比等。
(2)关于王元的籍贯,范晔《后汉书》记为长陵人,李贤注引《东观记》曰杜陵人,又引《决录》曰平陵人。诸说见《后汉书》,中华书局1965年版,第522、531页。