基于森林资源调查数据的上海城市森林景观格局动态变化研究
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摘要
城市森林景观格局既反映了城市化对城市森林的影响,也决定其在城市生态系统服务中的功能,掌握城市整体森林景观格局有利于全面了解一个城市的森林特征。本文基于上海市森林资源调查数据,根据景观生态学原理,利用景观指数法对2004年和2014年上海市城市森林的景观格局进行城乡梯度及其森林类型的动态分析。实验结果显示:上海市森林景观空间分布与城市地貌格局吻合,在人类活动的强烈干扰下,不管从景观构成还是景观指数方面看,森林景观生态质量均低下。在景观尺度上,虽然十年间城市森林面积显著增长,但城市森林从2004年到2014年呈现景观破碎化程度高、景观连接度较差、景观斑块边界整齐单一、斑块间生态过程联系较弱等问题。在森林类型景观尺度上,阔叶林占上海市森林类型的大部分且其面积有增长趋势,果树林呈减少趋势;相比其他类型,阔叶林空间聚集分布范围集中在近郊,且聚集效应相对明显。通过城乡梯度划分和分析,上海市城市森林景观呈现明显的梯度变化特征,且区域差异有进一步增大的趋势。研究结果从宏观水平上分析城市森林空间格局动态变化,以期为城市景观格局优化和管理提供支持。
Urban forest landscape pattern not only reflects the impact of urbanization on urban forests, but also determines its function in urban ecosystem services. To know well the overall urban forest landscape pattern is conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the forest characteristics of a city. Based on the survey data of forest resources in Shanghai, and according to the principle of landscape ecology, the urban-rural gradient and forest types of urban forests in Shanghai in 2004 and 2014 were dynamically analyzed by using landscape index method. The results show that the spatial distribution of forest landscape in Shanghai coincides with the urban landscape pattern. Under the strong interference of human activities, the ecological quality of forest landscape is degrading in terms of landscape composition and landscape index. On the landscape scale, although the area of urban forest has increased significantly in the past ten years, from 2004 to 2014, urban forests showed high degree of landscape fragmentation, poor landscape connectivity, neat and single boundary of landscape patches, and weak connection of ecological processes among patches. On the landscape scale of forest types, broadleaf forest accounts for most of the forest types in Shanghai, and its area tends to increase, while economic fruit forest tends to decrease. Compared with other types, the spatial aggregation of broadleaf forest is concentrated in the suburbs, and the aggregation effect is relatively obvious. Through the division and analysis of urban and rural gradients, the urban forest landscape in Shanghai presents obvious gradient change characteristics, and the regional differences have a further increasing trend. The results of the study analyzed the dynamic changes of urban forest spatial pattern at macro level in order to provide support for the optimization and management of urban landscape pattern.
Urban forest landscape pattern not only reflects the impact of urbanization on urban forests, but also determines its function in urban ecosystem services. To know well the overall urban forest landscape pattern is conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the forest characteristics of a city. Based on the survey data of forest resources in Shanghai, and according to the principle of landscape ecology, the urban-rural gradient and forest types of urban forests in Shanghai in 2004 and 2014 were dynamically analyzed by using landscape index method. The results show that the spatial distribution of forest landscape in Shanghai coincides with the urban landscape pattern. Under the strong interference of human activities, the ecological quality of forest landscape is degrading in terms of landscape composition and landscape index. On the landscape scale, although the area of urban forest has increased significantly in the past ten years, from 2004 to 2014, urban forests showed high degree of landscape fragmentation, poor landscape connectivity, neat and single boundary of landscape patches, and weak connection of ecological processes among patches. On the landscape scale of forest types, broadleaf forest accounts for most of the forest types in Shanghai, and its area tends to increase, while economic fruit forest tends to decrease. Compared with other types, the spatial aggregation of broadleaf forest is concentrated in the suburbs, and the aggregation effect is relatively obvious. Through the division and analysis of urban and rural gradients, the urban forest landscape in Shanghai presents obvious gradient change characteristics, and the regional differences have a further increasing trend. The results of the study analyzed the dynamic changes of urban forest spatial pattern at macro level in order to provide support for the optimization and management of urban landscape pattern.
引文
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[2] 古琳,牛牧,黎燕琼,等.中国城市森林景观生态研究进展与展望[J].世界林业研究,2009,22(4):58-62.
[3] 胡美娟,侯国林,周年兴,等.庐山森林景观空间分布格局及多尺度特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(16):5294-5305.
[4] 陈望雄,杨新荣,黎振强.基于3S技术的东洞庭湖区域森林景观格局分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(1):1-9.
[5] Mather,A.S.,Fairbairn,J.,& Needle,C.L.The course and drivers of the forest transition:the case of france[J].Journal of Rural Studies,1999,15(1):65-90.
[6] Matlack,G.R.Four centuries of forest clearance and regeneration in the hinterland of a large city[J].Journal of Biogeography,2010,24(3):281-295.
[7] Aghnoum M,Feghhi J,Makhdoum M,et al.Assessing the environmental impacts of forest management plan based on matrix and landscape degradation model[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2014,16(4):841-850.
[8] Berland A,Shuman B,Manson S M.Simulated importance of dispersal,disturbance,and landscape history in long-term ecosystem change in the big woods of Minnesota[J].Ecosystems,2011,14(3):398-414.
[9] 董灵波,刘兆刚,张博,等.基于Ripley L和O-ring函数的森林景观空间分布格局及其关联性[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(12):3429-3436.
[10] Alan A A,Nicole M V,Mark A F,et al.Analyaing wildfire exposure and source-sink relationships on a fire prone forest landscape[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2012,267(1):271-283.
[11] Guo,Xue Yan,W.L.Li,and L.J.Da.Near-Natural Silviculture:Sustainable Approach for Urban Renaturalization Assessment Based on 10 Years Recovering Dynamics and Eco-Benefits in Shanghai[J].Journal of Urban Planning & Development,2015,141(3):A5015001.
[12] Li J,Fang W,Wang T,et al.Correlations between Socioeconomic Drivers and Indicators of Urban Expansion:Evidence from the Heavily Urbanised Shanghai Metropolitan Area,China[J].Sustainability,2017,9(7):251-254.
[13] 阮俊杰,苏敬华,王卿,等.政策驱动下的城市生态空间变化研究——以崇明岛为例[J].生态经济,2016(12):155-158.
[14] 吴金玲.上海城市增长模式与景观格局动态[D].上海:华东师范大学,2015.
[15] 胡添虹.上海市崇明岛生态足迹时空动态研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2011.
[16] 郭雪艳.上海城市森林多尺度生态质量评价研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.
[17] 陆元昌,洪玲霞,雷相东.基于森林资源二类调查数据的森林景观分类研究[J].林业科学,2005,2(2):21-29.
[18] 田志慧.上海城乡陆生生态系统杂草群落多样性格局及其成因论研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2011.
[19] 郭雪艳.上海城市森林多尺度生态质量评价研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.
[20] 高翔伟,戴咏梅,韩玉洁,等.上海市森林生态连清体系监测布局与网络建设研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2016.
[21] 邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:99-119.
[22] McGarigal,K.,SA Cushman,and E Ene.2012.FRAGSTATS v4:Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps.Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts,Amherst.Available at the following web site:http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html
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