影子教育研究的发展脉络探析
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摘要
"影子教育"首先由史蒂文森和贝克于1992年提出,是课外辅导和补习现象的一种生动比喻。"影子教育"又称为"私人辅导"或"补充教育",是近年来教育、经济、政治等领域频繁讨论的话题。文章以有关"影子教育"的国内外文献为研究对象,将筛选后的文献分为四大类,分别是:关于学生、家长、教师的研究,关于社会(家庭、经济、文化)的研究,关于政策的研究,以及其他类型的研究。在此分类的基础上,从国内外研究范式和视角的不同点出发,对目前我国关于"影子教育"领域研究的特点进行讨论、总结与反思,以期为未来研究"影子教育"的学者提供帮助与借鉴。
引文
[1]Stevenson,D.L.&Baker,D.P.Shadow Education and Allocation in Formal Schooling:Transition to University in Japan[J].American Journal of Sociology,1992,(6):1639-1657.
[2][3]Bray,M.The Shadow Education System:Private Tutoring and its Implications for Planners[M].Paris:International Institute for Educational Planning,1999.
[4][5]Kim,H.Can the Academic Achievement of Korean Students be Portrayed as a Product of“Shadow Achievement”?[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2015,(1):119-135.
[6]方晨晨,薛海平.课外补习对义务教育阶段学生成绩影响的实证研究[J].上海教育科研,2014,(12):5-9.
[7]Byun,S.Y.&Park,H.The Academic Success of East Asian American Youth:The Role of Shadow Education[J].Sociol Educ,2012,(1):40-60.
[8][21][44]李佳丽,胡咏梅.谁从影子教育中获益?--兼论影子教育对教育结果均等化的影响[J].教育与经济,2017,(2):51-61.
[9]刘东芝.小学生课外补习弊大于利[J].中国教育学刊,2014,(11):19-23.
[10]张羽,陈东,刘娟娟.小学课外补习对初中学业成绩的影响--基于北京市某初中九年追踪数据的实证研究[J].教育发展研究,2015,(Z2):18-25.
[11][19][37][64]Ha,Y.&Park,H.Can After-school Programs and Private Tutoring Help Improve Students’Achievement?Revisiting the Effects in Korean Secondary Schools[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2017,(1):65-79.
[12]Zhang,Y.Does Private Tutoring Improve Students’National College Entrance Exam Performance?A case study from Jinan,China[J].Economics of Education Review,2013,(32):1-28.
[13]薛海平.课外补习、学习成绩与社会再生产[J].教育与经济,2016,(2):32-43.
[14]Tsai,Shu-Ling,Smith,M.L.&Hauser,R.M.Families,Schools,and Student Achievement Inequality:A Multilevel MIMICModel Approach[J].Sociology of Education,2017,90(1):64-88.
[15][18]胡咏梅,范文凤,丁维莉.影子教育是否扩大教育结果的不均等--基于PISA 2012上海数据的经验研究[J].北京大学教育评论,2015,(3):29-46+188.
[16][43]薛海平.从学校教育到影子教育:教育竞争与社会再生产[J].北京大学教育评论,2015,(3):47-69.
[17][20]方晨晨,张平平.学生课外补习支出越多越好吗?[J].基础教育,2017,(5):33-40.
[22]彭湃,周自波.城市义务教育阶段课外补习研究--基于湖北武汉市H区的抽样调查[J].中小学管理,2008,(4):22-25.
[23][30]Chekov,M.From Supplementary Education to Professional Education:the Findings of a Sociological Survey[J].Russian Education&Society,2004,(2):67-71.
[24][33]陈传锋,陈怡.中小学生课外学习的应试性特点与问题[J].教育研究与实验,2015,(5):43-48.
[25][31]Hajar,A.Exploring Year 6 Pupils'Perceptions of Private Tutoring:Evidence from Three Mainstream Schools in England[J].Oxford Review of Education,2018(4),514-531.
[26]Jheng,Y.The Influence of Private Tutoring on Middle-class Students’Use of In-class Time in Formal Schools in Taiwan[J].International Journal of Educational Development,2014,40:1-8.
[27]史蒂芬·R.英里奇,余蓝.日本“影子教育”决策:学生的选择还是家长的压力?[J].教育科学研究,2017,(5):67-76.
[28]Castro,B.V.&Guzman,A.B.A Structural Equation Model of the Factors Affecting Filipino University Students’Shadow Education Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):417-435.
[29]Zhan,S.et al.The Effectiveness of Private Tutoring:Students’Perceptions in Comparison with Mainstream Schooling in Hong Kong[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2013,(4):495-509.
[32]Chan,C.&Bray,M.Marketized Private Tutoring as a Supplement to Regular Schooling:Liberal Studies and the Shadow Sector in Hong Kong Secondary Education[J].Journal of Curriculum Studies,2014,(3):361-388.
[34]Yung,K.W.Learning English in the Shadows:Understanding Chinese Learners’Experiences of Private Tutoring[J].TESOLQuarterly,2015,(4):707-732.
[35]?astny,V.Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Czech Republic[J].European Education,2016,(1):1-22.
[36]Hawrot,A.Out-of-school Learning Assistance in Adolescence[J].Educational Psychology,2018,(4):513-534.
[38]Kim,M.,Paik,I.,&Ihm,J.Do Time and Cost Students Spend on Private Tutoring Contribute to Improving Their Achievement in English and Mathematics?[J]KEDI Journal of Educational Policy,2016,(2):245-258.
[39]Dang,H.The Determinants and Impact of Private Tutoring Classes in Vietnam[J].Economics of Education Review,2007,(6):683-698.
[40]方晨晨,薛海平.义务教育学生参加课外补习行为的影响因素研究[J].中小学管理,2015,(5):51-53.
[41][46]陈彬莉,白晓曦.家庭社会经济地位、家长同辈群体压力与城镇小学生补习--基于北京市海淀区小学调查[J].清华大学教育研究,2015,36(5):102-109.
[42]方晨晨,薛海平.课外补习对义务教育阶段学生成绩影响的实证研究[J].上海教育科研,2014,(12):5-9.
[45]薛海平,王东,巫锡炜.课外补习对义务教育留守儿童学业成绩的影响研究[J].北京大学教育评论,2014,12(3):50-62+189-190.
[47]彭湃.“影子教育”:国外关于课外补习的研究与启示[J].比较教育研究,2008,(1):44-48.
[48]Ireson,J.&Rushforth,K.Private Tutoring at Transition Points in the English Education System:Its Nature,Extent and Purpose[J].Research Papers in Education,2011,(1):1-19.
[49][58]Zhang,W.&Bray,M.Shadow Education in Chongqing,China:Factors Underlying Demand and Policy Implications[J].Kedi Journal of Education Policy,2015,(1):83-106.
[50]中泽涉,鲍威,冯倩倩.日本的影子教育:聚焦高中阶段的课外补习支出[J].北京大学教育评论,2015,(3):17-28.
[51][52]Vít,?.Private Tutoring Lessons Supply:Insights from Online Advertising in the Czech Republic[J].Compare:A Journal of Comparative and International Education,2017,(2):1-19.
[53]Zhang,W.The Demand for Shadow Education in China:Mainstream Teachers and Power Relations[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):436-454.
[54]Magda,N.K.Corruption Risks of Private Tutoring:Case of Georgia[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):455-475.
[55]Trent,J.Constructing Professional Identities in Shadow Education:Perspectives of Private Supplementary Educators in Hong Kong[J].Educational Research for Policy and Practice,2016,(2):1-16.
[56]Bray,M.,Kobakhidze,M.N.,Liu,J.Y.&Zhang,W.The Internal Dynamics of Privatised Public Education:Fee-charging Supplementary Tutoring Provided by Teachers in Cambodia[J].International Journal of Educational Development,2016,(7):291-299.
[57]Yamamoto,Y.&Brinton,M.C.Cultural Capital in East Asian Educational Systems:the Case of Japan[J].Sociology of Education,2010,(1):67-83.
[59]Runte-Geidel,A.Education Under the Shadow in Southern European Countries:Implications for Equity[J].Revista Espanola De Education Comparada,2015,(25):167-182.
[60]Hamid,M.O.,Sussex,R.&Khan,A.Private Tutoring in English for Secondary School Students in Bangladesh[J].TESOLQUARTERLY,2009,(2):299-309.
[61][62]Lee,J.Two Worlds of Private Tutoring:the Prevalence and Causes of After-school Mathematics Tutoring in Korea and the United States[J].Teacher Colledge Record,2007,(5):1207-1234.
[63]杨洪亮.东欧三国与我国课外补习的比较研究[J].外国中小学教育,2012,(10):21-25.
[65]童星.初中生课外补习:家庭影响因素及政策应对[J].上海教育科研,2017,(9):27-31.
[66]张冰.东欧三国与我国课外补习的比较研究[J].外国中小学教育,2012,(10),21-25.
[67]Melodie,C.Expatriate Parents and Supplementary Education in Japan:Survival Strategy or Acculturation Strategy.Asia Pacific Education Review,2013,(3):403-417.
[68]Lee,J.K.,Kim,T.J.&Kwon,G.H.Patterns of Spending on Private Tutoring and Analysis of Regulatory Policies Aimed to Reduce Spending:Application of the Tobit Model and Heckman’s Selection Model[J].The Journal of Korean Education,2009,(2):189-221.
[69]Choi,J.&Cho,R.Evaluating the Effects of Governmental Regulations on South Korean Private Cram Schools[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2016,(4):599-621.
[70]Lee,J.Two Worlds of Private Tutoring:The Prevalence and Causes of After-school Mathematics Tutoring in Korea and the United States[J].Teacher Colledge Record,2007,(5):1207-1234.
[71]Song,K.,Park,H.&Sang,K.A Cross-national Analysis of the Student-and school-level Factors Affecting the Demand for Private Tutoring[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2013,(2):125-139.
[72]Lao,R.Analyzing the Thai State Policy on Private Tutoring:The Prevalence of the Market Discourse[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):476-491.
[73]孔令帅.兼顾公平与效率:美国“补充教育服务”政策评析[J].比较教育研究,2010,32(9):48-52.
[74]肖凤翔,王瑞.韩国“影子教育”治理政策的演变及启示[J].上海教育科研,2017,(5):42-45.
[75]代蕊华,仰丙灿.国外校外培训机构治理:现状、经验、问题及其启示[J].教师教育研究,2017,29(5):101-108.
[76]Ora,K.&Mark,B.Understanding the Nexus Between Mainstream Schooling and Private Supplementary Tutoring:Patterns and Voices of Hong Kong Secondary Students[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):403-416.
[77]Dawson,W.Private Tutoring and Mass Schooling in East Asia:Reflections of Inequality in Japan,South Korea,and Cambodia[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2010,(1):14-24.
[78]Yamato,Y.&Zhang,W.Changing Schooling,Changing Shadow:Shapes and Functions of Juku in Japan[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2017,(3):329-343.
[79]赵凤兰,董泽伟.小学生参与课外文化补习的原因及危害[J].现代教育科学·普教研究,2010,(6):74-75.
[80]薛海平,丁小浩.中国城镇学生教育补习研究[J].教育研究,2010,(1):3-10.
[81]Singh,R.&Bangay,C.Low Fee Private Schooling in IndiaMore Questions than Answers?Observations from the Young Lives Longitudinal Research in Andhra Pradesh[J].International Journal of Educational Development,2014,39:132-140.
[82]王素斌,朱益明.论校外培训机构的综合治理[J].基础教育,2018,(2):49-54.
[83]周小云.课外补习班蔓延与治理的社会学分析[J].现代中小学教育,2012,(7):66-68.
[2][3]Bray,M.The Shadow Education System:Private Tutoring and its Implications for Planners[M].Paris:International Institute for Educational Planning,1999.
[4][5]Kim,H.Can the Academic Achievement of Korean Students be Portrayed as a Product of“Shadow Achievement”?[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2015,(1):119-135.
[6]方晨晨,薛海平.课外补习对义务教育阶段学生成绩影响的实证研究[J].上海教育科研,2014,(12):5-9.
[7]Byun,S.Y.&Park,H.The Academic Success of East Asian American Youth:The Role of Shadow Education[J].Sociol Educ,2012,(1):40-60.
[8][21][44]李佳丽,胡咏梅.谁从影子教育中获益?--兼论影子教育对教育结果均等化的影响[J].教育与经济,2017,(2):51-61.
[9]刘东芝.小学生课外补习弊大于利[J].中国教育学刊,2014,(11):19-23.
[10]张羽,陈东,刘娟娟.小学课外补习对初中学业成绩的影响--基于北京市某初中九年追踪数据的实证研究[J].教育发展研究,2015,(Z2):18-25.
[11][19][37][64]Ha,Y.&Park,H.Can After-school Programs and Private Tutoring Help Improve Students’Achievement?Revisiting the Effects in Korean Secondary Schools[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2017,(1):65-79.
[12]Zhang,Y.Does Private Tutoring Improve Students’National College Entrance Exam Performance?A case study from Jinan,China[J].Economics of Education Review,2013,(32):1-28.
[13]薛海平.课外补习、学习成绩与社会再生产[J].教育与经济,2016,(2):32-43.
[14]Tsai,Shu-Ling,Smith,M.L.&Hauser,R.M.Families,Schools,and Student Achievement Inequality:A Multilevel MIMICModel Approach[J].Sociology of Education,2017,90(1):64-88.
[15][18]胡咏梅,范文凤,丁维莉.影子教育是否扩大教育结果的不均等--基于PISA 2012上海数据的经验研究[J].北京大学教育评论,2015,(3):29-46+188.
[16][43]薛海平.从学校教育到影子教育:教育竞争与社会再生产[J].北京大学教育评论,2015,(3):47-69.
[17][20]方晨晨,张平平.学生课外补习支出越多越好吗?[J].基础教育,2017,(5):33-40.
[22]彭湃,周自波.城市义务教育阶段课外补习研究--基于湖北武汉市H区的抽样调查[J].中小学管理,2008,(4):22-25.
[23][30]Chekov,M.From Supplementary Education to Professional Education:the Findings of a Sociological Survey[J].Russian Education&Society,2004,(2):67-71.
[24][33]陈传锋,陈怡.中小学生课外学习的应试性特点与问题[J].教育研究与实验,2015,(5):43-48.
[25][31]Hajar,A.Exploring Year 6 Pupils'Perceptions of Private Tutoring:Evidence from Three Mainstream Schools in England[J].Oxford Review of Education,2018(4),514-531.
[26]Jheng,Y.The Influence of Private Tutoring on Middle-class Students’Use of In-class Time in Formal Schools in Taiwan[J].International Journal of Educational Development,2014,40:1-8.
[27]史蒂芬·R.英里奇,余蓝.日本“影子教育”决策:学生的选择还是家长的压力?[J].教育科学研究,2017,(5):67-76.
[28]Castro,B.V.&Guzman,A.B.A Structural Equation Model of the Factors Affecting Filipino University Students’Shadow Education Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):417-435.
[29]Zhan,S.et al.The Effectiveness of Private Tutoring:Students’Perceptions in Comparison with Mainstream Schooling in Hong Kong[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2013,(4):495-509.
[32]Chan,C.&Bray,M.Marketized Private Tutoring as a Supplement to Regular Schooling:Liberal Studies and the Shadow Sector in Hong Kong Secondary Education[J].Journal of Curriculum Studies,2014,(3):361-388.
[34]Yung,K.W.Learning English in the Shadows:Understanding Chinese Learners’Experiences of Private Tutoring[J].TESOLQuarterly,2015,(4):707-732.
[35]?astny,V.Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Czech Republic[J].European Education,2016,(1):1-22.
[36]Hawrot,A.Out-of-school Learning Assistance in Adolescence[J].Educational Psychology,2018,(4):513-534.
[38]Kim,M.,Paik,I.,&Ihm,J.Do Time and Cost Students Spend on Private Tutoring Contribute to Improving Their Achievement in English and Mathematics?[J]KEDI Journal of Educational Policy,2016,(2):245-258.
[39]Dang,H.The Determinants and Impact of Private Tutoring Classes in Vietnam[J].Economics of Education Review,2007,(6):683-698.
[40]方晨晨,薛海平.义务教育学生参加课外补习行为的影响因素研究[J].中小学管理,2015,(5):51-53.
[41][46]陈彬莉,白晓曦.家庭社会经济地位、家长同辈群体压力与城镇小学生补习--基于北京市海淀区小学调查[J].清华大学教育研究,2015,36(5):102-109.
[42]方晨晨,薛海平.课外补习对义务教育阶段学生成绩影响的实证研究[J].上海教育科研,2014,(12):5-9.
[45]薛海平,王东,巫锡炜.课外补习对义务教育留守儿童学业成绩的影响研究[J].北京大学教育评论,2014,12(3):50-62+189-190.
[47]彭湃.“影子教育”:国外关于课外补习的研究与启示[J].比较教育研究,2008,(1):44-48.
[48]Ireson,J.&Rushforth,K.Private Tutoring at Transition Points in the English Education System:Its Nature,Extent and Purpose[J].Research Papers in Education,2011,(1):1-19.
[49][58]Zhang,W.&Bray,M.Shadow Education in Chongqing,China:Factors Underlying Demand and Policy Implications[J].Kedi Journal of Education Policy,2015,(1):83-106.
[50]中泽涉,鲍威,冯倩倩.日本的影子教育:聚焦高中阶段的课外补习支出[J].北京大学教育评论,2015,(3):17-28.
[51][52]Vít,?.Private Tutoring Lessons Supply:Insights from Online Advertising in the Czech Republic[J].Compare:A Journal of Comparative and International Education,2017,(2):1-19.
[53]Zhang,W.The Demand for Shadow Education in China:Mainstream Teachers and Power Relations[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):436-454.
[54]Magda,N.K.Corruption Risks of Private Tutoring:Case of Georgia[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):455-475.
[55]Trent,J.Constructing Professional Identities in Shadow Education:Perspectives of Private Supplementary Educators in Hong Kong[J].Educational Research for Policy and Practice,2016,(2):1-16.
[56]Bray,M.,Kobakhidze,M.N.,Liu,J.Y.&Zhang,W.The Internal Dynamics of Privatised Public Education:Fee-charging Supplementary Tutoring Provided by Teachers in Cambodia[J].International Journal of Educational Development,2016,(7):291-299.
[57]Yamamoto,Y.&Brinton,M.C.Cultural Capital in East Asian Educational Systems:the Case of Japan[J].Sociology of Education,2010,(1):67-83.
[59]Runte-Geidel,A.Education Under the Shadow in Southern European Countries:Implications for Equity[J].Revista Espanola De Education Comparada,2015,(25):167-182.
[60]Hamid,M.O.,Sussex,R.&Khan,A.Private Tutoring in English for Secondary School Students in Bangladesh[J].TESOLQUARTERLY,2009,(2):299-309.
[61][62]Lee,J.Two Worlds of Private Tutoring:the Prevalence and Causes of After-school Mathematics Tutoring in Korea and the United States[J].Teacher Colledge Record,2007,(5):1207-1234.
[63]杨洪亮.东欧三国与我国课外补习的比较研究[J].外国中小学教育,2012,(10):21-25.
[65]童星.初中生课外补习:家庭影响因素及政策应对[J].上海教育科研,2017,(9):27-31.
[66]张冰.东欧三国与我国课外补习的比较研究[J].外国中小学教育,2012,(10),21-25.
[67]Melodie,C.Expatriate Parents and Supplementary Education in Japan:Survival Strategy or Acculturation Strategy.Asia Pacific Education Review,2013,(3):403-417.
[68]Lee,J.K.,Kim,T.J.&Kwon,G.H.Patterns of Spending on Private Tutoring and Analysis of Regulatory Policies Aimed to Reduce Spending:Application of the Tobit Model and Heckman’s Selection Model[J].The Journal of Korean Education,2009,(2):189-221.
[69]Choi,J.&Cho,R.Evaluating the Effects of Governmental Regulations on South Korean Private Cram Schools[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2016,(4):599-621.
[70]Lee,J.Two Worlds of Private Tutoring:The Prevalence and Causes of After-school Mathematics Tutoring in Korea and the United States[J].Teacher Colledge Record,2007,(5):1207-1234.
[71]Song,K.,Park,H.&Sang,K.A Cross-national Analysis of the Student-and school-level Factors Affecting the Demand for Private Tutoring[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2013,(2):125-139.
[72]Lao,R.Analyzing the Thai State Policy on Private Tutoring:The Prevalence of the Market Discourse[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):476-491.
[73]孔令帅.兼顾公平与效率:美国“补充教育服务”政策评析[J].比较教育研究,2010,32(9):48-52.
[74]肖凤翔,王瑞.韩国“影子教育”治理政策的演变及启示[J].上海教育科研,2017,(5):42-45.
[75]代蕊华,仰丙灿.国外校外培训机构治理:现状、经验、问题及其启示[J].教师教育研究,2017,29(5):101-108.
[76]Ora,K.&Mark,B.Understanding the Nexus Between Mainstream Schooling and Private Supplementary Tutoring:Patterns and Voices of Hong Kong Secondary Students[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Education,2014,(4):403-416.
[77]Dawson,W.Private Tutoring and Mass Schooling in East Asia:Reflections of Inequality in Japan,South Korea,and Cambodia[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2010,(1):14-24.
[78]Yamato,Y.&Zhang,W.Changing Schooling,Changing Shadow:Shapes and Functions of Juku in Japan[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2017,(3):329-343.
[79]赵凤兰,董泽伟.小学生参与课外文化补习的原因及危害[J].现代教育科学·普教研究,2010,(6):74-75.
[80]薛海平,丁小浩.中国城镇学生教育补习研究[J].教育研究,2010,(1):3-10.
[81]Singh,R.&Bangay,C.Low Fee Private Schooling in IndiaMore Questions than Answers?Observations from the Young Lives Longitudinal Research in Andhra Pradesh[J].International Journal of Educational Development,2014,39:132-140.
[82]王素斌,朱益明.论校外培训机构的综合治理[J].基础教育,2018,(2):49-54.
[83]周小云.课外补习班蔓延与治理的社会学分析[J].现代中小学教育,2012,(7):66-68.