喜马拉雅中晚期断弯褶皱-大气水岩溶储集体形成——以塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪-羊吉坎大湾沟组碳酸盐岩为例
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摘要
在新疆柯坪羊吉坎中奥陶统大湾沟组碳酸盐岩岩溶特征刻画的基础上,采用了岩相学、地球化学以及褶皱脱空分析等综合研究,并结合了古气候分析等溶蚀实验结果,揭示了喜马拉雅中晚期受断弯褶皱抬升及大气水溶蚀控制岩溶作用过程;估算了受构造挤压的层间滑脱以及溶蚀作用所产生孔隙大小。褶皱脱空(VSD模拟计算)可产生0.2%～0.5%孔隙发育带,占目前有效空洞率的1/50～1/100,但前者为"达西流及溶蚀作用"起了重要的作用。羊吉坎岩溶剖面中发育了机械破碎-流水充填物(角砾岩)、钙华及巨晶方解石;与大湾沟组的围岩相比,其δ~(13)C(PDB),δ~(18)O(PDB)偏负明显、两者呈线性关系,缝洞中方解石中发育了单相盐水溶液包裹体,典型的大气水岩溶标志;由下而上连续钙华沉积δ~(13)C(PDB),δ~(18)O(PDB),δ~(34)S(V-CDT)偏负的程度减弱;从钙华、巨粗晶至(长)柱面的偏三角面体的方解石中,Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3,MgO,K_2O,Na_2O含量依次降低;反映了半潮湿-潮湿至半潮湿-干旱气候条件及其水动力的变化。进一步推断,在潮湿气候和强水动力条件下,高1.5～2.0 m的溶洞体最短可在5 ka内形成,而相对干旱期需要较长的时间。
The karst profile at Yangjikan section,Keping,northwestern Tarim Basin,provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate the relative importance of reaction between fault bend fold-controlled uplift and meteoric water dissolution-controlled karstification during the middle and late Himalayan movement; and then the porosity caused by interlayer decollement under structural compression and dissolution was estimated,in line with the comprehensive study of petrographic,geochemical and fold disengaging analyses.The fold disengaging(simulated with VSD)facilitated the result of 0.2%-0.5% porous zones,accounting for 1/50-1/100 of the effective and actual empty-cavity rate.However,the porous zones have played a significant role in Darcy flow channel formation and karstification.The breccias related to mechanical fracture filling,calcareous tufas and megacrystalline calcites are well developed in the Yangjikan section karst reservoir.Compared to the surrounding rocks of the Dawangou Formation,the negative and linear correlation of δ~(18)O(PDB)and δ~(13)C(PDB)in the formation is distinct,and single-phase aqueous inclusions,typical products of meteoric water karstification,grew in the megacryst calcites within fractures and cavities.A successive tufa depositions from the lower to the upper section of karst profile,are characteristic of weakening negative depleted δ~(13)O(PDB),δ~(18)O(PDB)and δ~(34)S(V-CDT).The content of Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3,MgO,K_2O,and Na_2O decreases from tufas to megacrystalline calcites to(long)cylindrical scalenohedron calcites,indicating a transition in climate conditions from semi-wet to humid,to semi-humid and then to drought,as well as changes of hydrodynamic conditions.Moreover,the karst cavern of 1.5 m-2.0 m high can be formed within less than 5 ka under a hot humid and strong hydrodynamic condition,while it may take a longer time in semi-humid and drought climate.
The karst profile at Yangjikan section,Keping,northwestern Tarim Basin,provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate the relative importance of reaction between fault bend fold-controlled uplift and meteoric water dissolution-controlled karstification during the middle and late Himalayan movement; and then the porosity caused by interlayer decollement under structural compression and dissolution was estimated,in line with the comprehensive study of petrographic,geochemical and fold disengaging analyses.The fold disengaging(simulated with VSD)facilitated the result of 0.2%-0.5% porous zones,accounting for 1/50-1/100 of the effective and actual empty-cavity rate.However,the porous zones have played a significant role in Darcy flow channel formation and karstification.The breccias related to mechanical fracture filling,calcareous tufas and megacrystalline calcites are well developed in the Yangjikan section karst reservoir.Compared to the surrounding rocks of the Dawangou Formation,the negative and linear correlation of δ~(18)O(PDB)and δ~(13)C(PDB)in the formation is distinct,and single-phase aqueous inclusions,typical products of meteoric water karstification,grew in the megacryst calcites within fractures and cavities.A successive tufa depositions from the lower to the upper section of karst profile,are characteristic of weakening negative depleted δ~(13)O(PDB),δ~(18)O(PDB)and δ~(34)S(V-CDT).The content of Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3,MgO,K_2O,and Na_2O decreases from tufas to megacrystalline calcites to(long)cylindrical scalenohedron calcites,indicating a transition in climate conditions from semi-wet to humid,to semi-humid and then to drought,as well as changes of hydrodynamic conditions.Moreover,the karst cavern of 1.5 m-2.0 m high can be formed within less than 5 ka under a hot humid and strong hydrodynamic condition,while it may take a longer time in semi-humid and drought climate.
引文
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[13] 淡永,梁彬,易连兴,等.现代岩溶地下河成因研究对塔北奥陶系大型岩溶缝洞体储层勘探的启示以桂林寨底岩溶地下河系统的剖析为例[J].海相油气地质,2013,20(2):1-7.Dan Yong,Liang Bin,Yi Lianxing,et al.Revelation of research of modern karst subterranean streamsto exploration of paleokarst fractured-caved reservoirs:An example of zhaidi underground river in guilin applied in Ordovician fractured-caved reservoirs in northern Tarim Basin[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2015,20(2):1-7.
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