青藏高原东北缘地壳P波速度结构及其对地壳变形研究的启示
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摘要
青藏高原东北缘同鄂尔多斯块体及阿拉善块体过渡地区,也是南北地震带的北段;该区地震活动水平较高,是发生强震危险性较大的地区.鉴于该区特殊的构造环境和深部构造背景,本研究利用两条"十字交叉"的地震宽角反射/折射剖面进行相互约束,以更为精确地获得研究区各个块体及其耦合部位的深、浅部地壳速度结构特征,进而探讨历史强震区的深部孕震构造环境.文章对两条剖面获得的P波数据进行了资料处理和解释,采用地震射线走时正演构建了沿两条剖面的二维地壳速度结构模型.结果显示:两条剖面所穿过的不同块体速度结构、地壳内部界面形态及地壳厚度等存在较大差异.其中,沿兰州-惠安堡-榆林地震测深剖面(L1)的地壳厚度由鄂尔多斯块体西缘的43.0km向西加深至祁连块体的55.9km.同时,鄂尔多斯块体速度等值线横向变化平缓,地壳平均速度为6.30km s~(-1);而祁连块体和弧形构造区壳内结构变化较为剧烈,壳内平均速度低于鄂尔多斯块体0.10km s~(-1)左右.此外,祁连块体与弧形构造区上地壳存在不连续低速层(LVZ1和LVZ2),低于周围介质速度0.10～0.20km s~(-1);鄂尔多斯块体在L2(铜川-惠安堡-阿拉善左旗地震测深剖面)和L1剖面上平均地壳厚度基本一致,均在43.0km左右起伏变化,但沿L1剖面壳内界面、速度等值线平缓,显示稳定的克拉通式地壳结构特征,而沿L2剖面壳内速度等值线变化紊乱,显示鄂尔多斯块体壳内结构具有显著区域差异.贺兰山造山带和银川盆地地壳结构呈现"隆凹"起伏变化,表现出局部挤压变形特征,且在贺兰山中-下地壳存在高低速相间的低速层,低于周围介质速度0.15～0.25km s~(-1).阿拉善块体地壳厚度为49.0km左右,该块体上、中-下地壳层内速度等值线起伏形态差异较大.沿L1、L2地震测深剖面获得的复杂地壳速度结构特征揭示了不同地块的结构差异、相互耦合关系及历史强震区的速度结构,从而为进一步研究该区强震的孕育环境和机制提供了更为精确的地壳结构约束.
引文
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李洪强,高锐,王海燕,李文辉.2013.用近垂直方法提取莫霍面--以六盘山深地震反射剖面为例.地球物理学报,56:3811-3818
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段永红,刘保金,赵金仁,刘保峰,张成科,潘素珍,郭文斌.2015.华北构造区岩石圈二维P波速度结构特征:来自盐城-包头深地震测深剖面的约束.中国科学:地球科学,45:1183-1197
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李松林,张先康,张成科,赵金仁,成双喜.2002.玛沁-兰州-靖边地震测深剖面地壳速度结构的初步研究.地球物理学报,45:210-217
凌媛,陈凌,危自根,姜明明,王旭.2017.利用噪声层析成像研究华北克拉通中-西部南段及邻区祁连造山带地壳S波各向异性速度结构.中国科学:地球科学,47:1202-1219
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滕吉文,王夫运,赵文智,张永谦,张先康,闫雅芬,阮小敏.2010.阴山造山带-鄂尔多斯盆地岩石圈层、块速度结构与深层动力过程.地球物理学报,53:67-85
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王帅军,刘保金,张建狮,刘宝峰,段玉玲,宋向辉,臧怡然.2015.南北地震带滇西南地区地壳速度结构与构造研究:勐海-耿马-泸水深地震探测剖面结果.中国科学:地球科学,45:1853-1865
王帅军,王夫运,张建狮,嘉世旭,张成科,赵金仁,刘宝峰.2014.华北克拉通岩石圈二维P波速度结构特征-文登-阿拉善左旗深地震测深剖面结果.中国科学:地球科学,44:2697-2708
吴庆举,曾融生.1998.用宽频带远震接收函数研究青藏高原的地壳结构.地球物理学报,41:669-679
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袁道阳,张培震,方小敏,王志才,宋春晖,郑德文.2007.青藏高原东北缘临夏盆地晚新生代构造变形及过程.地学前缘,14:243-250
张培震,邓起东,张国民,马瑾,甘卫军,闵伟,王琪.2003.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学D辑:地球科学,33:12-20
张培震.2008.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形,应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,38:1041-1056
赵国泽,詹艳,王立凤,王继军,汤吉,陈小斌,肖骑彬.2010.鄂尔多斯断块地壳电性结构.地震地质,32:345-359
赵红格,刘池洋,王锋,王建强,李琼,姚亚明.2007.贺兰山隆升时限及其演化.中国科学D辑:地球科学,37:185-192
朱日祥,陈凌,吴福元,刘俊来.2011.华北克拉通破坏的时间、范围与机制.中国科学:地球科学,41:583-592
朱守彪,张培震,石耀霖.2010.华北盆地强震孕育的动力学机制研究.地球物理学报,53:1409-1417
Cerveny V.2001.Seismic Ray Theory.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Chen L,Cheng C,Wei Z G.2009.Seismic evidence for significant lateral variations in lithospheric thickness beneath the central and western North China Craton.Earth Planet Sci Lett,286:171-183
Darby B J,Ritts B D.2002.Mesozoic contractional deformation in the middle of the Asian tectonic collage:The intraplate Western Ordos fold-thrust belt,China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,205:13-24
Deng Q D,Liao Y H.1996.Paleoseismology along the range-front fault of Helan Mountains,north central China.J Geophys Res,101:5873-5893
Guo X Y,Gao R,Li S Z,Xu X,Huang X F,Wang H Y,Li W H,Zhao SJ,Li X Y.2016.Lithospheric architecture and deformation of NETibet:New insights on the interplay of regional tectonic processes.Earth Planet Sci Lett,449:89-95
Guo Z,Chen Y J.2017.Mountain building at northeastern boundary of Tibetan Plateau and craton reworking at Ordos Block from joint inversion of ambient noise tomography and receiver functions.Earth Planet Sci Lett,463:232-242
Hirn A,Jiang M,Sapin M,Diaz J,Nercessian A,Lu Q T,Lépine J C,Shi D N,Sachpazi M,Pandey M R,Ma K,Gallart J.1995.Seismic anisotropy as an indicator of mantle flow beneath the Himalayas and Tibet.Nature,375:571-574
Jiang M M,Ai Y S,Chen L,Yang Y J.2013.Local modification of the lithosphere beneath the central and western North China Craton:3-D constraints from Rayleigh wave tomography.Gondwana Res,24:849-864
Li S,Mooney W D.1998.Crustal structure of China from deep seismic sounding profiles.Tectonophysics,288:105-113
Li Y H,Gao M T,Wu Q J.2014.Crustal thickness map of the Chinese mainland from teleseismic receiver functions.Tectonophysics,611:51-60
Liu M J,Mooney W D,Li S,Okaya N,Detweiler S.2006.Crustal structure of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane to the Ordos basin.Tectonophysics,420:253-266
Pan S,Niu F.2011.Large contrasts in crustal structure and composition between the Ordos plateau and the NE Tibetan plateau from receiver function analysis.Earth Planet Sci Lett,303:291-298
Qin C Y.2002.The thickness of seismogenic layer under the areas surrounding the Ordos Block,Northern China.Pure Appl Geophys,159:2613-2628
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain A Y,Armijo R,Cobbold P.1982.Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:New insights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,10:611-616
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,Meyer B,Arnaud N,Wittlinger G,Yang J S.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,294:1671-1677
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