基于稳定同位素和水化学成分的西南喀斯特流域径流划分
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摘要
针对喀斯特流域下垫面空间异质性强,地表、地下径流转化复杂的特点,本文选择贵州陈旗实验小流域,根据实地调查流域内水源位置以及同位素、水化学样品的采集,将流域内水源划分为地表水(仅当强降雨时发生)、表层岩溶带水和深层地下水,采用稳定同位素和水化学成分组合方法划分了流域出口径流的水源成分。结果表明:降雨期间,坡面地表径流所占比例较少,小于10%,表层岩溶带所占比例在28%～45%之间,地下径流所占比例在49%～62%之间;降雨过程中表层岩溶带径流比例增大,地下径流比例减少。降雨过后,表层岩溶带径流比例迅速减少、地下径流比例呈现增加趋势;地下径流是无雨期流域出口断面径流的主要组成部分,无雨期地下径流占地下暗河出口径流量68%～88%。
Surface water and groundwater transfer is very complex in the karst region due to strong heterogeneity of land surface conditions.In this study,a small karstic basin of Chenqi in Guizhou Province was selected for the analysis of runoff components based on stable isotopes and hydrochemical composition during rainfall and non-rainfall periods.According to the characteristics of various water source positions by field investigations in the basin,we collected water samples at these positions for analyzing isotopic and geochemical composition.Watershed outflow was separated into surface water(only existing during rainfall),epikarst water and groundwater.The results showed that the proportion of epikarst water increased and the proportion of underground runoff decreased during the rainfall period.After the rainfall ceased,the proportion of epikarst water decreased significantly and underground runoff increased.During the rainfall,the proportion of surface water is less than 10%,epikarst water is within the range of 28%～45% and underground water,49%～62% of the total discharge.Underground runoff is a primary water resource of the entire basin during the non-rainfall periods,and the proportion is about 68%～88%.
Surface water and groundwater transfer is very complex in the karst region due to strong heterogeneity of land surface conditions.In this study,a small karstic basin of Chenqi in Guizhou Province was selected for the analysis of runoff components based on stable isotopes and hydrochemical composition during rainfall and non-rainfall periods.According to the characteristics of various water source positions by field investigations in the basin,we collected water samples at these positions for analyzing isotopic and geochemical composition.Watershed outflow was separated into surface water(only existing during rainfall),epikarst water and groundwater.The results showed that the proportion of epikarst water increased and the proportion of underground runoff decreased during the rainfall period.After the rainfall ceased,the proportion of epikarst water decreased significantly and underground runoff increased.During the rainfall,the proportion of surface water is less than 10%,epikarst water is within the range of 28%～45% and underground water,49%～62% of the total discharge.Underground runoff is a primary water resource of the entire basin during the non-rainfall periods,and the proportion is about 68%～88%.
引文
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[18]Rice K C,Homberger G M.Comparison of hydrochemical tracers to estimate source contributions to peak flow in asmall,forested,headwater catchment[J].Water Resources Research,1998,34:1755-1766.
[19]丁虎,郎贇超,刘文景,等.桂西北峰丛洼地泉水和溪流在降雨过程中的水化学动态变化特征[J].地球与环境,2011,39(1):50-53.
[2]杜雪莲,王世杰.喀斯特石漠化区小生境特征研究——以贵州清镇王家寨小流域为例[J].地球与环境,2010,38(3):255-256.
[3]姜光辉,吴吉春,郭芳,等.森林覆盖的喀斯特地区表层岩溶带的产流阈值[J].水科学进展,2008,19(1):72-77.
[4]吕玉香,胡伟,罗顺清,等.流量过程线划分的同位素和水文化学方法研究进展[J].水文,2010,30(1):9-10.
[5]顾慰祖,谢民.同位素示踪法划分藤桥流域流量过程线的试验研究[J].水文,1997(1):29-32.
[6]Perrin J,Jeannin P V,Zwahlen F.Epikarst storage in a karst aquifer:a conceptual model based on isotopic data,Milan-dre test site,Switzerland[J].Journal of Hydrology,2003,279:106-124.
[7]Lee E S,Krothe N C.A four-component mixing model for water in a karst terrain in south-central Indiana,USA.Usingsolute concentration and stable isotopes as tracers[J].Chemical Geology,2001,179:129-143.
[8]袁道先.对南方岩溶石山地区地下水资源及生态环境地质调查的一些意见[J].中国岩溶,2000,19(2):103-108.
[9]王玉英.西南地区表层岩溶发育特征研究[D].南京:南京大学,2008.
[10]张志才,陈喜,刘金涛,等.喀斯特山体地形对表层岩溶带发育的影响——以陈旗小流域为例[J].地球与环境,2012,40(2):139-141.
[11]Peng T,Wang S J.Effects of land use,land cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff and soil loss on karst slopesin southwest China[J].Catena,2012,90:53-62.
[12]蒋忠诚,王瑞江,裴建国,等.我国南方表层岩溶带及其对岩溶水的调蓄功能[J].中国岩溶,2001,20(2):107-108.
[13]Kattan Z.Environmental isotope study of the major karsts springs in Damascus limestone aquifer systems:case of theFigeh and Barada springs[J].Hydrology,97(3):161-182.
[14]Craig H.Standard for reporting concentrations of deuterium and oxygen-18in natural waters[J].Science,1961,133:1833-1834.
[15]张东,刘丛强,尹国勋.基于稳定同位素和水化学的内陆地下水咸化过程研究:以焦作市为例[J].地球与环境,2010,38(2):178-179.
[16]Klimchouk A.Towards defining,delimiting and classifying epikarst:Its origin,processes and variants of geomorphic e-volution[J].The Virtual Scientific Journal,2003,9:23-35.
[17]瞿思敏,包为民,石朋,等.同位素流量过程线分割研究进展与展望[J].水电能源科学,2006,24(1):80-83.
[18]Rice K C,Homberger G M.Comparison of hydrochemical tracers to estimate source contributions to peak flow in asmall,forested,headwater catchment[J].Water Resources Research,1998,34:1755-1766.
[19]丁虎,郎贇超,刘文景,等.桂西北峰丛洼地泉水和溪流在降雨过程中的水化学动态变化特征[J].地球与环境,2011,39(1):50-53.