脉冲式蒸发器水面蒸发量手机在线检测装置研制
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摘要
为提高水面蒸发量的智能检测水平,研制了一种可以通过手机进行水面蒸发量在线检测的装置。该装置主要由整体结构稳定装置、传感器位置固定装置、调节装置、检测和脉冲控制模块、电源模块及上位机控制计算显示存储软件、物联网服务器、数据传输模块组成。采用水位检测传感器探头接触水面后,通过传感器探头的电平状态变化,对单片机所发出的脉冲进行计数,推算水面蒸发量,进行灌溉区间的动态计算,实现了水面蒸发量的在线检测。结果表明:1)装置运行可靠:水位传感器回到初始位置的成功率和单片机开发板接收到检测指令的成功率均为100%;2)装置运行稳定,检测精度较高:试验测定的脉冲数的最大极差为3,与人工测量值相比,该装置测定值最大相对误差为2.04%;3)单片机所发出的脉冲数和水位高度呈现线性关系,决定系数R2达到1;4)田间试验结果表明,该装置适应性较好,性能良好,最小相对误差为0.85%,最大相对误差为2.68%。可见,该装置运行稳定可靠,测量精度较高,不仅通过手机实时查看数据,而且通过手机远程控制检测过程,提高了水面蒸发量在线检测的智能化水平,研究可为智能化节水灌溉的灌溉定额提供依据。
In this research, a new water surface evaporation on-line detection device of pulse type evaporator was designed. The device was mainly composed of a whole structure stabilization device, a sensor position fixing device, a sensor position adjustment device, an Arduino Uno development board, a water level sensor, an A4988 drive board, a power module, upper computer control calculation and display storage software, Internet of Things server and data transmission module. The whole structure stabilization device was composed of a device base, a supporting rod fixed base and a supporting rod. The sensor position fixing device was composed of a motor fixed rod, a guide rail fixed pole and a probe fixed rod. The sensor position adjustment device was composed of a water level sensor, a coupler, a leading screw, a screw nut, a stepping motor, and a limit switch. The water level sensor was installed on the probe fixed rod. The limit switch was installed under the pole of the guide rail. The water level sensor could provide analog level signal and input to the interface of Arduino Uno. The 42BYGH48 stepping motor was driven by a A4988 drive board, and the drive board was supplied with pulse by Arduino Uno development board. The main interface of the upper computer was designed by Xcode software. The main functions of the mobile terminal software were to display device ID, send measurement instructions to the pulse type on-line detection device for evaporator evaporation and control its detection operation. After a detection operation was completed, it could receive message from the Internet of Things server and view the measured water level in real time; The water level value and irrigation interval parameters were calculated dynamically according to the water level value and irrigation interval parameters. The measured value of each water level were stored in the Internet of Things server. The historical measurement and its corresponding measurement time and trend map were displayed on the mobile app. The data could be viewed and analyzed at any time. In order to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the device. A total of 3 tests were carried out for each water level. The infrared optical sensor detected the change of the level of the sensor probe after the probe touched the water surface, and then calculate the water surface evaporation. Based on this sensor, the online detection of water surface evaporation was realized. The performance of the device was tested by the water surface height test of tap water. The results showed that: 1) the success rate of the water level sensor returning to the initial position was 100% in the 39 tests for the 13 water level levels. During the 39 tests, the success rate of the singlechip microcomputer development board receiving the detection instruction was 100%, indicating that the device runs reliably; 2) in the 39 tests, the maximum range of the number of pulses measured by 3 times at the same level was 3, indicating that the device runs stably; 3) The maximum relative error between water level measured by the device and the artificial method was 2.04%, indicating that the device has high detection accuracy; 4) The results of field tests showed that the device had good adaptability and good performance. The minimum relative error was 0.85% and the maximum relative error was 2.68%. The device can be used as an online detection platform for evaporator evaporation.
In this research, a new water surface evaporation on-line detection device of pulse type evaporator was designed. The device was mainly composed of a whole structure stabilization device, a sensor position fixing device, a sensor position adjustment device, an Arduino Uno development board, a water level sensor, an A4988 drive board, a power module, upper computer control calculation and display storage software, Internet of Things server and data transmission module. The whole structure stabilization device was composed of a device base, a supporting rod fixed base and a supporting rod. The sensor position fixing device was composed of a motor fixed rod, a guide rail fixed pole and a probe fixed rod. The sensor position adjustment device was composed of a water level sensor, a coupler, a leading screw, a screw nut, a stepping motor, and a limit switch. The water level sensor was installed on the probe fixed rod. The limit switch was installed under the pole of the guide rail. The water level sensor could provide analog level signal and input to the interface of Arduino Uno. The 42BYGH48 stepping motor was driven by a A4988 drive board, and the drive board was supplied with pulse by Arduino Uno development board. The main interface of the upper computer was designed by Xcode software. The main functions of the mobile terminal software were to display device ID, send measurement instructions to the pulse type on-line detection device for evaporator evaporation and control its detection operation. After a detection operation was completed, it could receive message from the Internet of Things server and view the measured water level in real time; The water level value and irrigation interval parameters were calculated dynamically according to the water level value and irrigation interval parameters. The measured value of each water level were stored in the Internet of Things server. The historical measurement and its corresponding measurement time and trend map were displayed on the mobile app. The data could be viewed and analyzed at any time. In order to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the device. A total of 3 tests were carried out for each water level. The infrared optical sensor detected the change of the level of the sensor probe after the probe touched the water surface, and then calculate the water surface evaporation. Based on this sensor, the online detection of water surface evaporation was realized. The performance of the device was tested by the water surface height test of tap water. The results showed that: 1) the success rate of the water level sensor returning to the initial position was 100% in the 39 tests for the 13 water level levels. During the 39 tests, the success rate of the singlechip microcomputer development board receiving the detection instruction was 100%, indicating that the device runs reliably; 2) in the 39 tests, the maximum range of the number of pulses measured by 3 times at the same level was 3, indicating that the device runs stably; 3) The maximum relative error between water level measured by the device and the artificial method was 2.04%, indicating that the device has high detection accuracy; 4) The results of field tests showed that the device had good adaptability and good performance. The minimum relative error was 0.85% and the maximum relative error was 2.68%. The device can be used as an online detection platform for evaporator evaporation.
引文
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[2]施成熙,牛克源,陈天珠,等.水面蒸发器折算系数研究[J].地理科学,1986,6(4):305-313.Shi Chengxi,Niu Keyuan,Chen Tianzhu,et al.The study of pan coefficients of evaporation pans of water[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1986,6(4):305-313.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]李红星,蔡焕杰,王健,等.以水面蒸发量为参考推求土壤实际蒸发量的数学模型[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(3):1-4.Li Hongxing,Cai Huanjie,Wang Jian,et al.Model for estimating soil evaporation based on water surface evaporation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(3):1-4.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Evett S R,Matthias A D,Warrick A W.Energy balance model of spatially variable evaporation from bare soil[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1994,58(6):1-10.
[5]Qiu Guoyu,Yano T,Momii K.An improved methodology to measure evaporation from bare soil based on comparison of surface temperature with a dry soil surface[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,210(1/2/3/4):93-105.
[6]Aydin M,Yang S L,Kurt N,et al.Test of a simple model for estimating evaporation from bare soils in different environments[J].Ecological Modeling,2005,182(1):91-105.
[7]Lee T J,Pielke R A.Estimating the soil surface specific humidity[J].J Appl Meteor,1992,31(5):480-484.
[8]Ventura F,Snyder R L,Bali K M.Estimating evaporation from bare soil using soil moisture data[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2006,132(2):153-158.
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[11]Polyakov V L.Simulation of evaporation from bare soil without and with the soil surface seal[J].International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research,2005,32(2):214-254.
[12]毛海涛,王正成,王晓菊,等.北疆平原水库水面蒸发模型的建立与关键参数确定[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(6):129-136.Mao Haitao,Wang Zhengcheng,Wang Xiaoju,et al.Establishment of water surface evaporation model and determination of key parameters for plain reservoir in Northern Xinjiang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(6):129-136.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]王子申,蔡焕杰,虞连玉,等.基于SIMDual Kc模型估算西北旱区冬小麦蒸散量及土壤蒸发量[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):126-136.Wang Zishen,Cai Huanjie,Yu Lianyu,et al.Estimation of evapotranspiration and soil evaporation of winter wheat in arid region of Northwest China based on SIMDual Kc model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(5):126-136.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]史文娟,沈冰,汪志荣,等.夹砂层状土壤潜水蒸发特性及计算模型[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):17-20.Shi Wenjuan,Shen Bing,Wang Zhirong,et al.Characteristics and calculation model of phreaticevaporation of sand layered soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(2):17-20.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]郑鑫,李波,衣淑娟.盐碱土裸土蒸发Ritchie模型修正及验证[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(23):131-136.Zheng Xin,Li Bo,Yi Shujuan.Modification and validation of Ritchie model for evaporation of bare saline alkali soil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(23):131-136.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]龚雪文,孙景生,刘浩,等.基于20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量制定的华北地区温室黄瓜滴灌灌水制度[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3381-3388.Gong Xuewen,Sun Jingsheng,Liu Hao,et al.Irrigation scheduling with a 20 cm standard pan for drip-irrigated cucumber grown in solar greenhouse in the North China Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(11):3381-3388.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]刘海军,黄冠华,王明强,等.基于蒸发皿水面蒸发量制定冬小麦喷灌计划[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(1):11-17.Liu Haijun,Huang Guanhua,Wang Mingqiang,et al.Sprinkler irrigation scheme of winter wheat based on water surface evaporation of a 20 cm standard pan[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(1):11-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李毅杰,王维赞,何红,等.基于蒸发皿水面蒸发量的甘蔗滴灌栽培灌溉量研究[J].南方农业学报,2013,44(7):1130-1134.Li Yijie,Wang Weizan,He Hong,et al.Study on sugarcane drip irrigation water amount based on water surface evaporation[J].Journal of Southern Ariculture,2013,44(7):1130-1134.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]王相平,杨劲松,余世鹏,等.基于蒸发皿水面蒸发量优化冬小麦微咸水灌溉制度[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(4/5):6-10.Wang Xiangping,Yang Jingsong,Yu Shipeng,et al.Optimizing brackish water irrigation program based on water surface evaporation of a 20 cm standard pan[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2014,33(4/5):6-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]冯钦.利用小型蒸发器观测水面蒸发量的常见问题[J].水利科技与经济,2015,21(3):90-91.Feng Qin.Common problems in observing water surface evaporation using small evaporators[J].Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy,2015,21(3):90-91.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]胡顺军,宋郁东,田长彦,等.潜水埋深为零时塔里木盆地不同土质潜水蒸发与水面蒸发关系分析[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(增刊1):80-83.Hu Shunjun,Song Yudong,Tian Changyan,et al.Relationship between water surface evaporation and phreatic water evaporation when phreatic water buried depth is zero for different soil in Tarim River basin[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2005,21(Supp 1):80-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]盛琼,申双和,顾泽.小型蒸发器的水面蒸发量折算系数[J].南京气象学院学报,2007,30(4):561-565.Sheng Qiong,Sheng Shuanghe,Gu Ze.Conversion coefficient between small evaporation pan and theoretically calculated water surface evaporation in China[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology,2007,30(4):561-565.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]杨允凌,王丛梅,杨丽娜.蒸发对比观测及折算系数[J].气象科技,2013,41(1):37-41.Yang Yunling,Wang Congmei,Yang Lina.Contrastive evaporation observation and conversion coefficient[J].Meteorological Science and Technology,2013,41(1):37-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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