WTO改革的形势、焦点与对策
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摘要
对WTO进行必要改革已是主要WTO成员的初步共识。对此,各方纷纷提出各自的建议或提案,广泛涉及争端解决、透明度和通报以及WTO规则的现代化。本轮WTO改革针对中国的意图明显,在法律上也存在通过票决方式将中国逐出WTO的可能性,中国应当高度警惕。此外,对于WTO上诉机构可能大概率发生的停摆,中国应有预案。中国可以在力所能及的范围内承担更多与发展中国家相关的义务。对于与中国国内改革大方向一致的贸易新规则议题,中国可以持开放的态度。此外,中国也可以提出自身关注的议题,比如相关贸易规则的滥用和歧视性解释等。
There is a preliminary consensus among WTO Members to carry out necessary reformation of the WTO. Members have provided their proposals or suggestions, which broadly cover dispute settlement, transparency and notification, as well as the modernization of WTO rules. This paper first overviews the situations of the WTO reformation; then summarizes the focuses of the reformation among suggestions and proposals provided by Members; lastly,this paper discusses the responsive suggestions for China to participate in the WTO reformation. Especially, China should be wary that this WTO reformation seems be aimed at China and there is a possibility that China could be expelled from the WTO by voting. In addition, China should have a pre-arranged planning for the stall of the Appellate Body which is very likely to happen by the end of 2019; China could assume more obligations of developing countries within its capacity; and China could be open to the new trade rules, which is in line with China's domestic reformation. Besides, China could also raise its own concerns in the WTO reformation, for example, the abuses and the discriminatory interpretations of certain WTO rules.
There is a preliminary consensus among WTO Members to carry out necessary reformation of the WTO. Members have provided their proposals or suggestions, which broadly cover dispute settlement, transparency and notification, as well as the modernization of WTO rules. This paper first overviews the situations of the WTO reformation; then summarizes the focuses of the reformation among suggestions and proposals provided by Members; lastly,this paper discusses the responsive suggestions for China to participate in the WTO reformation. Especially, China should be wary that this WTO reformation seems be aimed at China and there is a possibility that China could be expelled from the WTO by voting. In addition, China should have a pre-arranged planning for the stall of the Appellate Body which is very likely to happen by the end of 2019; China could assume more obligations of developing countries within its capacity; and China could be open to the new trade rules, which is in line with China's domestic reformation. Besides, China could also raise its own concerns in the WTO reformation, for example, the abuses and the discriminatory interpretations of certain WTO rules.
引文
(1)G20 Leaders’Declaration:Building Consensus for Fair and Sustainable Development, http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2018/2018-leaders-declaration.html, visited on 10 December 2018.
(1)See WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, visited on 27 November 2018.
(2)See Strengthening and Modernizing the WTO:Discussion Paper Communication from Canada, http://international.gc.ca/gac-amc/campaign-campagne/wto-omc/discussion_pape r-document_travail.aspx?lang=eng, visited on 27 November 2018.
(3)12个成员分别是澳大利亚、巴西、智利、欧盟、日本、肯尼亚、墨西哥、新西兰、挪威、新加坡、韩国和瑞士。
(4)See Joint Communiquéof the Ottawa Ministerial on WTO Reform, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2018/10/joint-communique-of-the-ottawa-ministerial-on-wto-refor m.html, visited on 27 November 2018.
(5)参见商务部:《中国、欧盟等成员向世贸组织提交联合提案推动尽快启动上诉机构成员遴选》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/201811/20181102810497.shtml; WTO,General Council, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/november/tradoc_157514.pdf,2018年11月27日访问。
(6)参见《商务部宣布中国对世贸改革的三项原则和五项主张》,https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjle/201811/20181102809847,shtml, 2018年11月27日访问。
(7)See Remarks by President Trump and President Juncker of the European Commission in Joint Press Statements, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-pre sident-trump-president-juncker-european-commission-joint-press-statements/,visited on 27 November 2018.
(1)美、日、欧第一份布宜诺斯艾利斯联合声明,参见Joint Statement by the United States, European Union and Japan at Mc11, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2017/december/ustr-robert-Lighthihzer-signing;美、日、欧第二份布鲁塞尔联合声明,参见Joint Readout from Meeting of the United States, European Union and Japan in Brussels, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/march/joint-re adout-meeting-united-states;美、日、欧第三份巴黎联合声明,参见Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union,https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meeting;美、日、欧第四份纽约联合声明,参见Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and European Union, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/september/joint-statement-trilateral;美、日、欧第五份华盛顿联合声明,参见Joint Statement of the Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the European Union, Japan and the United States, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2019/january/joint-statement-trilateral-meeting, 2019年1月11日访问。
(2)Procedures to Enhance Transparency and Strengthen Notification Requirements under WTO Agreements, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogeIdList=249449,249353,249337,249317,249178,249151,249167,249112,249021,248985&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=2&FullTextHash=-491209054&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchR ecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True,visited on 27 November 2018.
(3)Daniel Hanson, Reforming the Reform Agenda:Crisis at the WTO, 1 Grove City College Journal of Law and Public Policy(2010).
(1)See WTO Modernisantion Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf,visited on 25 November 2018.
(2)National Security Strategy of the United States of America, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf, pp.I, 3, 19 and 20,visited on 25 November 2018.
(3)参见商务部:《中国首次发表〈中国与世界贸易组织〉白皮书》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/l/201808/20180802773208.shtml,2018年11月28日访问。
(1)Bernard Hoekman, Proposals for WTO Reform:A Synthesis and Assessment, 20Minnesota Journal of International Law 324(2011).
(2)参见商务部:《中国、欧盟等成员向世贸组织提交联合提案推动尽快启动上诉机构成员遴选》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/201811/20181102810497.shtml; WTO, General Council, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/november/tradoc_157514.pdf, 2018年11月27日访问。
(1)Marc Lynedjian, Reform of the WTO Appeal Process, 6 Journal of World Investment&Trade 809(2005).
(2)See Communication from the European Union, China and India to the General Council, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&Catalog ueIdList=250347,249919&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=1&FullTextHash=371857150&HasEnglishRe cord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True, visited on 31 December 2018.
(1)Bernard Hoekman, Proposals for WTO Reform:A Synthesis and Assessment, 20Minnesota Journal of International Law 324(2011).
(2)Communication from the United States:Procedures to Enhance Transparency and Strengthen Notification Requirements under WTO Agreements(JOB/CTG/10/REV.1).
(1)Procedures to Enhance Transparency and Strengthen Notification Requirement under WTO Agreements, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=249449,249353,249337,249317,249178,249151,249167,249112,249021,248985 &CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=2&FullTextHash=-491209054&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True,visited on 27 November 2018.
(1)参见2018年5月31日美、日、欧第三份巴黎联合声明, Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan, and the European Union, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meet ing,2018年11月27日访问。
(1)Yong Shik Lee, WTO Discipline and Economic Development:A Reform Proposal,1 Journal of International&Comparative Law 293(2014).
(2)See WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, visited on 27 November 2018.
(1)参见2018年5月31日美、日、欧第三份巴黎联合声明,Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meet ing,2018年11月27日访问。
(2)See WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, 2018年11月27日访问。
(3)参见2018年5月31日美、日、欧第三份巴黎联合声明,Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meet ing,2018年11月27日访问。
(4)See WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, 2018年11月27日访问。
(5)参见2018年9月25日美、日、欧第四份纽约联合声明,Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union,https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/september/joint-statement-tr ilateral,2018年11月27日访问。
(6)WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, visited on 27 November 2018.
(1)参见2018年9月25日美、日、欧第四份纽约联合声明,Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union,https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/september/joint-statement-tr ilateral, 2018年11月27日访问。
(2)张向晨:《中国将提议WTO改革,但不会落入别人的陷阱》,https://m.sohu.com/a/277460369_284463/?pvid=000115_3w_a,2018年11月28日访问。
(3)参见商务部:《商务部召开WTO改革有关问题新闻吹风会》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/l/201811/20181102810560.shtml, 2018年11月28日访问。
(1)《将中国逐出WTO?中方:WTO是多边机构,不是美国一家开的》,https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1617862394561795170&wfr=spider&for=pc,2018年11月28日访问。
(1)See Jovan Ruvalcaba, What We Have Lost with the TPP:Value-Driven Trade, a Trigger for WTO Reform, 35 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 349(2018).
(2)See Bernard Hoekman, Proposals for WTO Reform:A Synthesis and Assessment,20 Minnesota Journal of International Law 324(2011).
(3)See Bernard Hoekman, Proposals for WTO Reform:A Synthesis and Assessment,20 Minnesota Journal of International Law 324(2011).
(1)参见《中欧联合递交WTO改革提案捍卫多边贸易秩序》,https://new.qq.com/omn/20181127/20181127A18MLR.html,2018年11月28日访问。
(2)Razeen Sally, Developing Country Trade Policy Reform and the WTO, 19 Cato Journal 403(2000).
(1)See WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, visited on 27 November 2018.
(2)See Strengthening and Modernizing the WTO:Discussion Paper Communication from Canada, http://international.gc.ca/gac-amc/campaign-campagne/wto-omc/discussion_pape r-document_travail.aspx?lang=eng, visited on 27 November 2018.
(3)12个成员分别是澳大利亚、巴西、智利、欧盟、日本、肯尼亚、墨西哥、新西兰、挪威、新加坡、韩国和瑞士。
(4)See Joint Communiquéof the Ottawa Ministerial on WTO Reform, https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2018/10/joint-communique-of-the-ottawa-ministerial-on-wto-refor m.html, visited on 27 November 2018.
(5)参见商务部:《中国、欧盟等成员向世贸组织提交联合提案推动尽快启动上诉机构成员遴选》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/201811/20181102810497.shtml; WTO,General Council, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/november/tradoc_157514.pdf,2018年11月27日访问。
(6)参见《商务部宣布中国对世贸改革的三项原则和五项主张》,https://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjle/201811/20181102809847,shtml, 2018年11月27日访问。
(7)See Remarks by President Trump and President Juncker of the European Commission in Joint Press Statements, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-pre sident-trump-president-juncker-european-commission-joint-press-statements/,visited on 27 November 2018.
(1)美、日、欧第一份布宜诺斯艾利斯联合声明,参见Joint Statement by the United States, European Union and Japan at Mc11, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2017/december/ustr-robert-Lighthihzer-signing;美、日、欧第二份布鲁塞尔联合声明,参见Joint Readout from Meeting of the United States, European Union and Japan in Brussels, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/march/joint-re adout-meeting-united-states;美、日、欧第三份巴黎联合声明,参见Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union,https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meeting;美、日、欧第四份纽约联合声明,参见Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and European Union, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/september/joint-statement-trilateral;美、日、欧第五份华盛顿联合声明,参见Joint Statement of the Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the European Union, Japan and the United States, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2019/january/joint-statement-trilateral-meeting, 2019年1月11日访问。
(2)Procedures to Enhance Transparency and Strengthen Notification Requirements under WTO Agreements, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogeIdList=249449,249353,249337,249317,249178,249151,249167,249112,249021,248985&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=2&FullTextHash=-491209054&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchR ecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True,visited on 27 November 2018.
(3)Daniel Hanson, Reforming the Reform Agenda:Crisis at the WTO, 1 Grove City College Journal of Law and Public Policy(2010).
(1)See WTO Modernisantion Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf,visited on 25 November 2018.
(2)National Security Strategy of the United States of America, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf, pp.I, 3, 19 and 20,visited on 25 November 2018.
(3)参见商务部:《中国首次发表〈中国与世界贸易组织〉白皮书》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/l/201808/20180802773208.shtml,2018年11月28日访问。
(1)Bernard Hoekman, Proposals for WTO Reform:A Synthesis and Assessment, 20Minnesota Journal of International Law 324(2011).
(2)参见商务部:《中国、欧盟等成员向世贸组织提交联合提案推动尽快启动上诉机构成员遴选》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/201811/20181102810497.shtml; WTO, General Council, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/november/tradoc_157514.pdf, 2018年11月27日访问。
(1)Marc Lynedjian, Reform of the WTO Appeal Process, 6 Journal of World Investment&Trade 809(2005).
(2)See Communication from the European Union, China and India to the General Council, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&Catalog ueIdList=250347,249919&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=1&FullTextHash=371857150&HasEnglishRe cord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True, visited on 31 December 2018.
(1)Bernard Hoekman, Proposals for WTO Reform:A Synthesis and Assessment, 20Minnesota Journal of International Law 324(2011).
(2)Communication from the United States:Procedures to Enhance Transparency and Strengthen Notification Requirements under WTO Agreements(JOB/CTG/10/REV.1).
(1)Procedures to Enhance Transparency and Strengthen Notification Requirement under WTO Agreements, https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=249449,249353,249337,249317,249178,249151,249167,249112,249021,248985 &CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=2&FullTextHash=-491209054&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True,visited on 27 November 2018.
(1)参见2018年5月31日美、日、欧第三份巴黎联合声明, Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan, and the European Union, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meet ing,2018年11月27日访问。
(1)Yong Shik Lee, WTO Discipline and Economic Development:A Reform Proposal,1 Journal of International&Comparative Law 293(2014).
(2)See WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, visited on 27 November 2018.
(1)参见2018年5月31日美、日、欧第三份巴黎联合声明,Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meet ing,2018年11月27日访问。
(2)See WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, 2018年11月27日访问。
(3)参见2018年5月31日美、日、欧第三份巴黎联合声明,Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union, https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/may/joint-statement-trilateral-meet ing,2018年11月27日访问。
(4)See WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, 2018年11月27日访问。
(5)参见2018年9月25日美、日、欧第四份纽约联合声明,Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union,https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/september/joint-statement-tr ilateral,2018年11月27日访问。
(6)WTO Modernisation Introduction to Future EU Proposals, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf, visited on 27 November 2018.
(1)参见2018年9月25日美、日、欧第四份纽约联合声明,Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan and the European Union,https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/september/joint-statement-tr ilateral, 2018年11月27日访问。
(2)张向晨:《中国将提议WTO改革,但不会落入别人的陷阱》,https://m.sohu.com/a/277460369_284463/?pvid=000115_3w_a,2018年11月28日访问。
(3)参见商务部:《商务部召开WTO改革有关问题新闻吹风会》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/l/201811/20181102810560.shtml, 2018年11月28日访问。
(1)《将中国逐出WTO?中方:WTO是多边机构,不是美国一家开的》,https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1617862394561795170&wfr=spider&for=pc,2018年11月28日访问。
(1)See Jovan Ruvalcaba, What We Have Lost with the TPP:Value-Driven Trade, a Trigger for WTO Reform, 35 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 349(2018).
(2)See Bernard Hoekman, Proposals for WTO Reform:A Synthesis and Assessment,20 Minnesota Journal of International Law 324(2011).
(3)See Bernard Hoekman, Proposals for WTO Reform:A Synthesis and Assessment,20 Minnesota Journal of International Law 324(2011).
(1)参见《中欧联合递交WTO改革提案捍卫多边贸易秩序》,https://new.qq.com/omn/20181127/20181127A18MLR.html,2018年11月28日访问。
(2)Razeen Sally, Developing Country Trade Policy Reform and the WTO, 19 Cato Journal 403(2000).