流动与认同:以香港居民为例
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摘要
"接触假说"认为,群体间的接触和交往越多、偏见越少。这个观点有一定的局限性。本文使用香港社会动态跟踪调查2013年的数据,分析了受访者跨境流动频率对"中国人"身份认同的影响。研究发现,跨境流动的频率与"中国人"身份认同有显著的关系。跨境流动刚开始确实可以提升香港居民的"中国人"认同;随着流动频繁,"中国人"认同转而趋弱。结果表明,跨境流动对香港居民"中国人"身份认同的影响是非线性的,当流动频率超过某个节点,认同就不再增强甚至转而下降。研究结果揭示出身份认同是在寻求相似性和差异性两者的互动中形成的,并因应不同的社会情境而发生改变。香港与内地的差异体验越深,不同的身份认同越难合一。
Intergroup contact theory proved that intergroup contact reduce prejudice. In this paper, we use thedata of HKPSSD to analyze the influence of Hong Kong residents' cross-border movement on the Chinese identity. In this study, we found it's partially and not exactly that contacts make individuals and groups closer. In the initial stage, cross-border trips can indeed shorten the social distance between the residents of the two places and improve the Chinese identity of Hong Kong residents. Cross-border travelers have a higher degree of Chinese identity than those who do not come to mainland. But as the Hong Kong people cross the border more frequently, their Chinese identity becomes weaker. The result shows that the influence of crossborder mobility on the identity is non-linear. When the social distance between these two groups is shortened to a certain extent, it is difficult to further improve the Chinese identity although the communication increase. The groups with moderate cross-border frequency identify themselves as Chinese most regardless of their previous attitude toward mainland Chinese. Itseemsthat the optimal distinctivenessmodelcanexplainthefact. Social identity can be viewed as a compromise between assimilation and differentiation from others,where the need for deindividuation is satisfied within in-groups, while the need for distinctiveness is met through intergroup comparisons. Identity is formed in the interaction between seeking similarity and dissimilarity. The deeper the Hong Kong people experienced difference from mainlander, the more difficult for them to integrate different identities. Therefore, it is not enough to encourage contacts and communication for improving Hong Kong people's national identity. To reduce the barriers in the policy and institutional arrangements which distinguishing Hong Kong residents from mainland residents, will help cross-border Hong Kong people incorporate into the society in mainland China.
Intergroup contact theory proved that intergroup contact reduce prejudice. In this paper, we use thedata of HKPSSD to analyze the influence of Hong Kong residents' cross-border movement on the Chinese identity. In this study, we found it's partially and not exactly that contacts make individuals and groups closer. In the initial stage, cross-border trips can indeed shorten the social distance between the residents of the two places and improve the Chinese identity of Hong Kong residents. Cross-border travelers have a higher degree of Chinese identity than those who do not come to mainland. But as the Hong Kong people cross the border more frequently, their Chinese identity becomes weaker. The result shows that the influence of crossborder mobility on the identity is non-linear. When the social distance between these two groups is shortened to a certain extent, it is difficult to further improve the Chinese identity although the communication increase. The groups with moderate cross-border frequency identify themselves as Chinese most regardless of their previous attitude toward mainland Chinese. Itseemsthat the optimal distinctivenessmodelcanexplainthefact. Social identity can be viewed as a compromise between assimilation and differentiation from others,where the need for deindividuation is satisfied within in-groups, while the need for distinctiveness is met through intergroup comparisons. Identity is formed in the interaction between seeking similarity and dissimilarity. The deeper the Hong Kong people experienced difference from mainlander, the more difficult for them to integrate different identities. Therefore, it is not enough to encourage contacts and communication for improving Hong Kong people's national identity. To reduce the barriers in the policy and institutional arrangements which distinguishing Hong Kong residents from mainland residents, will help cross-border Hong Kong people incorporate into the society in mainland China.
引文
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[25]Easthope H.Fixed identities in a mobile world?The relationship between mobility,place,and identity[J].Identities:Global Studies in Culture and Power,2009,16(1):61-82.
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(1)根据香港科技大学“香港家庭动态跟踪调查”(HKPSSD)2013年数据。
[2]国家人口与计划生育委员会流动人口服务司.中国流动人口发展报告2016[EB/OL].(2016-10-19)[2018-07-09].http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/ldrks/s7847/201610/d17304b7b9024be38facb5524da48e78.shtml.[The MigrantPopulation Service Department of the State Population and Family Planning Commission.Report on China's Migrant Population Development[EB/OL].(2016-10-19)[2018-07-09].http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/ldrks/s7847/201610/d17304b7b9024be38f acb5524da48e78.shtml.]
[3]香港政府规划署.北往南来:二零一五年跨界旅運統計調查報告.2015[Z/OL].[2018-01-30].https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_tc/p_study/comp_s/nbsb2015/index.html.[The Planning Department of Hong Kong Government.North Bound South Bound:CrossBoundary Travel Survey 2015[Z/OL].[2018-01-30].https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_tc/p_study/comp_s/nbsb2015/index.html.]
[4]国家移民管理局.出入境人员和交通运输工具数量持续增长(2008-2017)[Z/OL].(2018-01-18)[2018-01-30].http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254996/n2254999/c5977788/content.html.[National Immigration Administration.The Number of People and Transportation Crossing Boundary continued to grow[Z/OL].(2018-01-18)[2018-01-30].http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254996/n2254999/c5977788/content.html.]
[5]Marcu S.Mobility and Identity in a Wider European Union:Experiences of Romanian migrants in Spain[J].European Societies,2014(16):136-156.
[6]Massey D.Thinking radical democracy spatially[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,1995,13(6):283-295.
[7]Turner J C.Towards a cognitive redefinition of social group[M]//Taifel H.Social Identity and Intergroup Relations.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982:15-36.
[8]Brewer M B.The social self:On being the same and different at the same time[J].Personality and Social Psychology,1991,17(5):475-482.
[9]曼纽尔·卡斯特.认同的力量[M].夏铸九,黄丽玲,等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003:2-3.[Manuel Castells.The Power of Identity[M].Xia Zhujiu,Huang Liling,et al.trans.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2003:2-3.]
[10]Allport G W.The Nature of Prejudice[M].Reading:Addison-Wesley,1954:54-60.
[11]Hong Y-y,Liao H-y,Chan G,et al.Temporal causal links between outgroup attitudes and social categorization:The case of Hong Kong 1997 transition[J].Group Process&Intergroup Relations,2006,9(2):265-288.
[12]Chiu C-y,Hong Y-y.Social identification in a political transition:The role of implicit beliefs[J].International Journal of Intercultural Relations,1999,23(2):297-318.
[13]Kim J,Ng S H.Perceptions of social changes and social identity:Study focusing on Hong Kong society after reunification[J].Asian Journal of Social Psychology,2008,11(3):232-240.
[14]Lam S-f,Lau I Y,Chiu C-y,Hong Y-y,et al.Differential emphases on modernity and Confucian values in social categorization:The case of Hong Kong adolescents in political transition[J].International Journal of Intercultural Relations,1999,23(2):237-256.
[15]强世功.认真对待香港本土意识,探索强化国家认同之道[J].中国党政干部论坛,2014(5):22-25.[Qiang Shigong.National identity and cultural politics:The change of Hong Kong people's identity and value[J].Chinese Cadres Tribune,2014(5):22-25.]
[16]郑宏泰.流动本土意识:身份认同的政治与历史视角[J].当代港澳研究,2015(1):158-169.[Zheng Hongtai.Mobile local consciousness:The political and historical perspective of identity[J].Studies on Hong Kong and Macao,2015(1):158-169.]
[17]Tong Y-y,Hong Y-y,Lee S-l,et al.Language use as a carrier of social identity[J].International Journal of Intercultural Relations,1999,23(2):281-296.
[18]Lam S-f,Chiu C-y,Lau Y-m,et al.Managing intergroup attitudes among Hong Kong adolescents:Effects of social category inclusiveness and time pressure[J].Asian Journal of Social Psychology,2006,9(1):1-11.
[19]Kam C P.Personal identity versus national identity among Hong Kong youths-personal and social education reform after reunification[J].Social Identities,2012,18(8):649-661.
[20]Fu H-y,Lee S-l,Chiu C-y,et al.Setting the frame of mind for social identity[J].International Journal of Intercultural Relations,1999,23(2):199-214.
[21]庞琴,蒋帆.“他者”在香港青年大学生国家认同感中的作用--北京香港两地大学生国家认同感的实证比较研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2015,55(6):147-158.[Pan Qin,Jiang Fan.The role of"The Other"in the national identity of young college students in Hong Kong:An empirical comparative study on the national identity of college students in Beijing and Hong Kong[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Social Science Edition),2015,55(6):147-158.]
[22]岳珍珠,李多.论香港人的社会认同及影响因素[J].当代港澳研究,2015(3):113-132.[Yue Zhenzhu,Li Duo.Hong Kong people's social identity and influencing factors[J].Studies on Hong Kong and Macao,2015(3):113-132.]
[23]崔岩.流动人口心理层面的社会融入和身份认同问题研究[J].社会学研究,2012(5):141-160.[Cui Yan.A study on migrants'psychological integration and self-identity[J].Sociology Studies,2012(5):141-160.]
[24]王春光.新生代农村流动人口的社会认同与城乡融合的关系[J].社会学研究,2001(3):63-76.[Wang Chunguang.The relationship between social identity of the new generation of rural migrantsand social integration[J].Sociology Studies,2001(3):63-76.]
[25]Easthope H.Fixed identities in a mobile world?The relationship between mobility,place,and identity[J].Identities:Global Studies in Culture and Power,2009,16(1):61-82.
[26]雷开春.上海城市新移民与本地人群体关系的交往策略研究[J].社会,2012(2):105-124.[Lei Kaichun.A study on the intergroup contact hypothesis:Interaction between the new immigrants and the local citizens in shanghai[J].China Journal of Sociology,2012(2):105-124.]
[27]Aron A,Norman C,Aron E.The Self-expansion model of motivation and cognition in close relationships and beyond[M]//Garth J,Fletcher O,Clark M S.Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology:Interpersonal Processes.Malden:Blackwell Publishers Ltd,2003:478-501.
[28]Aron A,Aron E N,Tudor M,et al.Close relationships as including other in the self[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,60(2):241-253.
[29]Everett.Intergroup contact theory:Past,present,and future[Z/OL].[2018-07-09].The Inquisitive Mind.http://www.in-mind.org/article/intergroup-contact-theory-past-present-and-future.
[30]Al-Ramiah,Hewstone.Intergroup contact as a tool for reducing,resolving,and preventing intergroup conflict:Evidence,limitations,and potential[J].American Psychologist,2013,68(7):27-42.
[31]Pettigrew T F.Intergroup contact theory[J].Annual Review of Psychology,1998,49:65-85.
[32]Dommelen A,Schmid K,Hewstone M,et al.Construing multiple ingroups:Assessing social identity inclusiveness and structure in ethnic and religious minority group members[J].European Journal of Social Psychology,2015,45(3):386-399.
[33]Tsang S.A Modern History of Hong Kong[M].Hong Kong:I.B.Tauris&Co.Ltd,2004:99.
[34]Wong K.Study Tours by Hong Kong Students to Mainland China:Their Effects on the Identity and Motivation to learn Putonghua[D/OL].[2018-07-10].Durham theses,Durham University,2012:136.Available at Durham,E-Theses Online:http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3645/.
[35]Eric K,Fung A.Negotiating local and national identifications:Hong Kong identity surveys 1996-2006[J].Asian Journal of Communication,2007,17(2):172-185.
[36]Simmel G.The metropolis and mental life[M]//Simmel G.The Sociology of Georg Simmel.New York:Free Press,1950:409-424.
[37]吴晓刚.香港社会动态追踪调查:设计理念与初步发现[J].港澳研究,2014(4):62-96.[Wu Xiaogang.Hong Kong panel study of social dynamics:Design philosophy and preliminary findings[J].Hong Kong and Macao Journal,2014(4):62-96.]
[38]Kim J,Ng S.Perceptions of social changes and social identity:Study focusing on Hong Kong society after reunification[J].Asian Journal of Social Psychology,2008,11(3):232-240.
[39]Bell M,Ward G.Comparing Temporary Mobility with Permanent Migration[J].Tourism Geographies,2000,2(1):97-107.
[40]王桂新,武俊奎.城市农民工与本地居民社会距离影响因素分析--以上海为例[J].社会学研究,2011(2):28-47.[Wang Guixin,Wu Junkui.Influence factors analysis of social distance between migrants and residents in Shanghai[J].Sociology Studies,2011(2):28-47.]
[41]Bogardus E S.Measuring Social Distances[J].Journal of Applied Sociology,1925,9:299-308.
[42]Wark C,Galliher J.Bogardus and the origins of the social distance scale[J].The American Sociologist,2007,38(4):383-395.
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(1)根据香港科技大学“香港家庭动态跟踪调查”(HKPSSD)2013年数据。