新国家空间理论的内涵与评价
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摘要
新国家空间理论是对国家空间重构的系统性描述,它将国家空间看作动态的"过程",而非预定的、固定的"容器"。其核心观点为:(1)以社会建构的国家空间为研究对象,并关注其多维重构,尤其是尺度重组过程;(2)关注资本积累方式的转变、国家管制模式转型和行动者的社会政治斗争等多重动因;(3)关注国家空间选择性及其演变趋势,以及国家空间重构的分层特征。不过,该理论也存在若干不足,如缺乏对行动者的详细探讨、缺乏对尺度和领域以外的空间维度的分析、重构趋势仍有待验证等。尽管如此,新国家空间理论有效整合了人文地理学关于国家治理与空间关系的相关理论,对于全球化研究、城市和区域治理研究以及行政结构重组研究等仍具有重要的借鉴意义。
New state space is a theoretical framework developed by Neil Brenner,which serves as a systematic account for state spatial restructuring that has been increasingly evident since late 1970s.This framework is different from previous theories concerning the state in social sciences,especially in political science,which view the state space as a pre-given,fixed container and thus being trapped within state-centrism.Moreover,this theory is different from some strands on globalization research in human geography and political economy since 1970s,for some of them tend to remain ''spatial fetishist'' and "methodological territorialist'' while emphasizing the importance of global scale instead of national scale,and some others tend to emphasize the declining,eroding or disappearing of state territoriality.Rather,the new state space approach develops a "processing" idea on state space,i.e.,to view state space as a presupposition,an arena,and an outcome of continually evolving social relations,rather than a pre-given container.Specifically,the main points of new state space approach can be summarized as follows.1)The state space is constructed by social processes including capital accumulation,state regulation,class struggle etc.Since this social constructed state space is polymorphic,two intertwined dimensions of state spatiality can be distinguished as state space in the narrow sense and state space in the integral sense.2)The process of state spatial restructuring is driven by a variety of sociospatial dynamics,especially structural changes such as the globalization of capital flows,the crisis of Keynesianism and the rise of neoliberalism.3)The process of state spatial restructuring can be regulated by state using the state spatial selectivity,which refers to the processes of spatial privileging and articulation through which state policies are differentiated across territorial space in order to target particular geographical zones and scales.
New state space is a theoretical framework developed by Neil Brenner,which serves as a systematic account for state spatial restructuring that has been increasingly evident since late 1970s.This framework is different from previous theories concerning the state in social sciences,especially in political science,which view the state space as a pre-given,fixed container and thus being trapped within state-centrism.Moreover,this theory is different from some strands on globalization research in human geography and political economy since 1970s,for some of them tend to remain ''spatial fetishist'' and "methodological territorialist'' while emphasizing the importance of global scale instead of national scale,and some others tend to emphasize the declining,eroding or disappearing of state territoriality.Rather,the new state space approach develops a "processing" idea on state space,i.e.,to view state space as a presupposition,an arena,and an outcome of continually evolving social relations,rather than a pre-given container.Specifically,the main points of new state space approach can be summarized as follows.1)The state space is constructed by social processes including capital accumulation,state regulation,class struggle etc.Since this social constructed state space is polymorphic,two intertwined dimensions of state spatiality can be distinguished as state space in the narrow sense and state space in the integral sense.2)The process of state spatial restructuring is driven by a variety of sociospatial dynamics,especially structural changes such as the globalization of capital flows,the crisis of Keynesianism and the rise of neoliberalism.3)The process of state spatial restructuring can be regulated by state using the state spatial selectivity,which refers to the processes of spatial privileging and articulation through which state policies are differentiated across territorial space in order to target particular geographical zones and scales.
引文
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[9]Brenner N,Jessop B,Jones M,et al.Introduction:State space in question[M]//Brenner N,Jessop B,Jones M,et al.State/Space:A Reader.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2003:1-26.
[10]Taylor P.The state as container:Territoriality in the modern worldsystem[M]//Brenner N,Jessop B,Jones M,et al.State/Space:A Reader.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2003:101-113.
[11]Brenner N.Beyond state-centrism?Space,territoriality,and geographical scale in globalization studies[J].Theory and Society,1999,28(1):39-78.
[12]Agnew J.The territorial trap:The geographical assumptions of international relations theory[J].Review of International Political Economy,1994,1(1):53-80.
[13]Brenner N.New State Spaces:Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004:38.
[14]Castells M.Grassrooting the space of flows[J].Urban Geography,1999,20(4):294-302.
[15]Meyer J W,Drori G S,Hwang H.World society and the proliferation of formal organization[M]//Drori G S,Meyer J W,Hwang H.Globalization and Organization:World Society and Organizational Change.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006:25-49.
[16]Brenner N.Urban governance and the production of new state spaces in Western Europe,1960—2000[J].Review of International Political Economy,2004,11(3):447-488.
[17]Li Y,Wu F.The transformation of regional governance in China:The rescaling of statehood[J].Progress in Planning,2012,78(2):55-99.
[18]Lefebvre H.The Production of Space[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1991.
[19]胡燕,孙羿.新自由主义与国家空间:反思与启示[J].经济地理,2012,32(10):1-6.[Hu Yan,Sun Yi.Neoliberalism and state spatiality:Reflection and implications[J].Economic Geography,2012,32(10):1-6.]
[20]Mackinnon D,Shaw J.New state spaces,agency and scale:Devolution and the regionalisation of transport governance in Scotland[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1226-1252.
[21]Brenner N.The limits to scale?Methodological reflections on scalar structuration[J].Progress in Human Geography,2001,25(4):591-614.
[22]Keating M.Introduction:Rescaling interests[J].Territory,Politics,Governance,2014,2(3):239-248.
[23]Brenner N.Globalisation as reterritorialisation:The re-scaling of urban governance in the European union[J].Urban Studies,1999,36(3):431-451.
[24]李祎.中国区域管治的演变:以长江三角洲地区为例[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2013:37-39,95,97-109,117.[Li Yi.Transformation of Regional Governance in China:A Case Study of Yangtze River Delta[M].Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,2013:37-39,95,97-109,117.]
[25]魏成,沈静,范建红.尺度重组:全球化时代的国家角色转化与区域空间生产策略[J].城市规划,2011,35(6):28-35.[Wei Cheng,Shen Jing,Fan Jianhong.Rescaling:Role changing of the state and spatial production strategy of region in the globalization era[J].City Planning Review,2011,35(6):28-35.]
[26]Breathnach P.From spatial Keynesianism to post-Fordist neoliberalism:Emerging contradictions in the spatiality of the Irish state[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1180-1199.
[27]Macleavy J,Harrison J.New state spatialities:Perspectives on state,space,and scalar geographies[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1037-1046.
[28]Jessop B.State Theory:Putting Capitalist States in Their Place[M].Cambridge:Polity Press,1990:198-201,207-211.
[29]肖扬东.“策略关系”国家理论:走向“结构—能动性”的辩证[J].现代哲学,2012(4):29-34.[Xiao Yangdong.Strategic-relational state story:Toward dialectics between structure and subjectivity[J].Modern Philosophy,2012(4):29-34.]
[30]Jones J P.Spatial selectivity of the state:The regulationist enigma and local struggles over economic governance[J].Environment and Planning A,1997,29(5):831-864.
[31]Jones M,Ward K.Excavating the logic of British urban policy:Neoliberalism as the"crisis of crisis management"[M]//Brenner N,Theodore N.Space of Neoliberalism:Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2002:126-147.
[32]Brenner N.Open questions on state rescaling[J].Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2009,2(1):123-139.
[33]罗小龙,殷洁,田冬.不完全的再领域化与大都市区行政区划重组:以南京市江宁撤县设区为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(10):1746-1756.[Luo Xiaolong,Yin Jie,Tian Dong.Administrative boundary re-organization in Nanjing metropolitan region[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(10):1746-1756.]
[34]Massey D.Spatial Divisions of Labour:Social Structures and the Geography of Production[M].Basingstoke:Macmillan Press,1995:113-116.
[35]Oosterlynck S.Regulating regional uneven development and the politics of reconfiguring Belgian state space[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1151-1179.
[36]Andersen H T.Book reviews[J].Geografiska Annaler Series B:Human Geography,2006,88(1):139-141.
[37]VarróK.Re-politicising the analysis of"new state spaces"in Hungary and beyond:Towards an effective engagement with"actually existing neoliberalism"[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1253-1278.
[38]殷洁,罗小龙.尺度重组与地域重构:城市与区域重构的政治经济学分析[J].人文地理,2013,28(2):67-73.[Yin Jie,Luo Xiaolong.Rescaling,deterritorialization and reterritorialization:The political economic analysis for city and regional restructuring[J].Human Geography,2013,28(2):67-73.]
[39]Leitner H.The politics of scale and networks of spatial connectivity:Transnational interurban networks and the rescaling of political governance in Europe[M]//Mc Master R,Sheppard E.Scale and Geographic Inquiry:Nature,Society,and Method.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2004:236-255.
[40]Cox K R.Spaces of dependence,spaces of engagement and the politics of scale,or:Looking for local politics[J].Political Geography,1998,17(1):1-23.
[41]Staeheli L A.Place[M]//Agnew J,Mitchell K,Toal G.A Companion to Political Geography.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2003:158-170.
[42]Jessop B,Brenner N,Jones M.Theorising sociospatial relations[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,2008,26(3):389-401.
[43]Brenner N.Decoding the newest"metropolitan regionalism"in the USA:A critical overview[J].Cities,2002,19(1):3-21.
[44]Houdret A,Dombrowsky I,Horlemann L.The institutionalization of river basin management as politics of scale:Insights from Mongolia[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:2392-2404.
[45]Samson M.Rescaling the state,restructuring social relations:Local government transformation and waste management privatization in post-apartheid Johannesburg[J].International Feminist Journal of Politics,2008,10(1):19-39.
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[49]张京祥.国家—区域治理的尺度重构:基于“国家战略区域规划”视角的剖析[J].城市发展研究,2013,20(5):45-50.[Zhang Jingxiang.Scale rescaling of regional governance:Based on the analysis of the perspective of''national strategic regional planning''[J].Urban Development Studies,2013,20(5):45-50.]
(1)“表征意义的国家空间”见于Brenner(2003),但Brenner(2004)在其新国家空间理论框架中并未直接涉及国家空间这一维度。
(2)在国内文献中,“actor”一词也常被译为“行为体”,这较为准确地体现了国家等组织的复合性和内部结构化特征,不过,本文所涉及的“actor”相对较为微观,因此译为“行动者”更为恰当。此外,国内当前有关空间重构、尺度重组、再领域化等主题的文献也大多使用“行动者”一词。
(3)策略关系国家理论中的“state projects”一词常被译为“国家规划”或“国家计划”,但“规划”或“计划”很容易同地理学中的城市或区域规划(planning)等概念相混淆,而“state projects”通常指更为广泛的政治策略或实践,故本文译为较为一般的“国家项目”。
(4)这个意义上的“hegemony”也常被译为“霸权”,如“文化霸权”,但考虑到“霸权”仍带有一定的强制色彩,而“领导权”则能表达不同社会团体发自内心地接受、支持这一含义,更为接近“hegemonic projects”的本意,故本文译为“领导权”。
(5)为避免混淆,可将针对资本循环和市民社会的政治策略理解为“狭义的国家策略”,而将包含国家项目和狭义国家策略的政治策略理解为“广义的国家策略”。
(6)如地方受网络影响表现为全球城市网络、多核心城市等,地方受领域影响表现为给定领域内的不同地方等,具体可参见Jessop等(2008)。
[2]Tsukamoto T.Neoliberalization of the developmental state:Tokyo's bottom-up politics and state rescaling in Japan[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2012,36(1):71-89.
[3]魏成,陈烈.制度厚实、制度空间与区域发展[J].人文地理,2009,24(2):67-72.[Wei Cheng,Chen Lie.Institutional thickness,institutional space and regional development[J].Human Geography,2009,24(2):67-72.]
[4]刘云刚,叶清露.区域发展中的路径创造和尺度政治:对广东惠州发展历程的解读[J].地理科学,2013,33(9):1029-1036.[Liu Yungang,Ye Qinglu.Path creation with politics of scale in the regional development:A case study of Huizhou city[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(9):1029-1036.]
[5]Sum N.Rethinking globalisation:Re-articulating the spatial scale and temporal horizons of trans-border spaces[M]//Brenner N,Jessop B,Jones M,et al.State/Space:A Reader.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2003:208-224.
[6]李祎,吴缚龙.解读“省管县改革”:基于“新国家空间”理论视角[M]//罗小龙,沈建法,顾朝林.中国城市区域管治重构:国家·市场·社会.南京:东南大学出版社,2015:157-165.[Li Yi,Wu Fulong.Decoding the reform of county to be directly administered by province:Based on new state space perspective[M]//Luo Xiaolong,Shen Jianfa,Gu Chaolin.Restructuring Urban-Regional Governance in China:State,Market and Society.Nanjing:Southeast University Press,2015:157-165.]
[7]易建平.关于国家定义的重新认识[J].历史研究,2014(2):143-161.[Yi Jianping.On the re-recognition of the definition of the state[J].Historical Research,2014(2):143-161.]
[8]Mann M.The autonomous power of the state:Its origins,mechanisms and results[M]//Brenner N,Jessop B,Jones M,et al.State/Space:A Reader.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2003:53-64.
[9]Brenner N,Jessop B,Jones M,et al.Introduction:State space in question[M]//Brenner N,Jessop B,Jones M,et al.State/Space:A Reader.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2003:1-26.
[10]Taylor P.The state as container:Territoriality in the modern worldsystem[M]//Brenner N,Jessop B,Jones M,et al.State/Space:A Reader.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2003:101-113.
[11]Brenner N.Beyond state-centrism?Space,territoriality,and geographical scale in globalization studies[J].Theory and Society,1999,28(1):39-78.
[12]Agnew J.The territorial trap:The geographical assumptions of international relations theory[J].Review of International Political Economy,1994,1(1):53-80.
[13]Brenner N.New State Spaces:Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004:38.
[14]Castells M.Grassrooting the space of flows[J].Urban Geography,1999,20(4):294-302.
[15]Meyer J W,Drori G S,Hwang H.World society and the proliferation of formal organization[M]//Drori G S,Meyer J W,Hwang H.Globalization and Organization:World Society and Organizational Change.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006:25-49.
[16]Brenner N.Urban governance and the production of new state spaces in Western Europe,1960—2000[J].Review of International Political Economy,2004,11(3):447-488.
[17]Li Y,Wu F.The transformation of regional governance in China:The rescaling of statehood[J].Progress in Planning,2012,78(2):55-99.
[18]Lefebvre H.The Production of Space[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1991.
[19]胡燕,孙羿.新自由主义与国家空间:反思与启示[J].经济地理,2012,32(10):1-6.[Hu Yan,Sun Yi.Neoliberalism and state spatiality:Reflection and implications[J].Economic Geography,2012,32(10):1-6.]
[20]Mackinnon D,Shaw J.New state spaces,agency and scale:Devolution and the regionalisation of transport governance in Scotland[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1226-1252.
[21]Brenner N.The limits to scale?Methodological reflections on scalar structuration[J].Progress in Human Geography,2001,25(4):591-614.
[22]Keating M.Introduction:Rescaling interests[J].Territory,Politics,Governance,2014,2(3):239-248.
[23]Brenner N.Globalisation as reterritorialisation:The re-scaling of urban governance in the European union[J].Urban Studies,1999,36(3):431-451.
[24]李祎.中国区域管治的演变:以长江三角洲地区为例[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2013:37-39,95,97-109,117.[Li Yi.Transformation of Regional Governance in China:A Case Study of Yangtze River Delta[M].Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,2013:37-39,95,97-109,117.]
[25]魏成,沈静,范建红.尺度重组:全球化时代的国家角色转化与区域空间生产策略[J].城市规划,2011,35(6):28-35.[Wei Cheng,Shen Jing,Fan Jianhong.Rescaling:Role changing of the state and spatial production strategy of region in the globalization era[J].City Planning Review,2011,35(6):28-35.]
[26]Breathnach P.From spatial Keynesianism to post-Fordist neoliberalism:Emerging contradictions in the spatiality of the Irish state[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1180-1199.
[27]Macleavy J,Harrison J.New state spatialities:Perspectives on state,space,and scalar geographies[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1037-1046.
[28]Jessop B.State Theory:Putting Capitalist States in Their Place[M].Cambridge:Polity Press,1990:198-201,207-211.
[29]肖扬东.“策略关系”国家理论:走向“结构—能动性”的辩证[J].现代哲学,2012(4):29-34.[Xiao Yangdong.Strategic-relational state story:Toward dialectics between structure and subjectivity[J].Modern Philosophy,2012(4):29-34.]
[30]Jones J P.Spatial selectivity of the state:The regulationist enigma and local struggles over economic governance[J].Environment and Planning A,1997,29(5):831-864.
[31]Jones M,Ward K.Excavating the logic of British urban policy:Neoliberalism as the"crisis of crisis management"[M]//Brenner N,Theodore N.Space of Neoliberalism:Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2002:126-147.
[32]Brenner N.Open questions on state rescaling[J].Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society,2009,2(1):123-139.
[33]罗小龙,殷洁,田冬.不完全的再领域化与大都市区行政区划重组:以南京市江宁撤县设区为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(10):1746-1756.[Luo Xiaolong,Yin Jie,Tian Dong.Administrative boundary re-organization in Nanjing metropolitan region[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(10):1746-1756.]
[34]Massey D.Spatial Divisions of Labour:Social Structures and the Geography of Production[M].Basingstoke:Macmillan Press,1995:113-116.
[35]Oosterlynck S.Regulating regional uneven development and the politics of reconfiguring Belgian state space[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1151-1179.
[36]Andersen H T.Book reviews[J].Geografiska Annaler Series B:Human Geography,2006,88(1):139-141.
[37]VarróK.Re-politicising the analysis of"new state spaces"in Hungary and beyond:Towards an effective engagement with"actually existing neoliberalism"[J].Antipode,2010,42(5):1253-1278.
[38]殷洁,罗小龙.尺度重组与地域重构:城市与区域重构的政治经济学分析[J].人文地理,2013,28(2):67-73.[Yin Jie,Luo Xiaolong.Rescaling,deterritorialization and reterritorialization:The political economic analysis for city and regional restructuring[J].Human Geography,2013,28(2):67-73.]
[39]Leitner H.The politics of scale and networks of spatial connectivity:Transnational interurban networks and the rescaling of political governance in Europe[M]//Mc Master R,Sheppard E.Scale and Geographic Inquiry:Nature,Society,and Method.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2004:236-255.
[40]Cox K R.Spaces of dependence,spaces of engagement and the politics of scale,or:Looking for local politics[J].Political Geography,1998,17(1):1-23.
[41]Staeheli L A.Place[M]//Agnew J,Mitchell K,Toal G.A Companion to Political Geography.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2003:158-170.
[42]Jessop B,Brenner N,Jones M.Theorising sociospatial relations[J].Environment and Planning D:Society and Space,2008,26(3):389-401.
[43]Brenner N.Decoding the newest"metropolitan regionalism"in the USA:A critical overview[J].Cities,2002,19(1):3-21.
[44]Houdret A,Dombrowsky I,Horlemann L.The institutionalization of river basin management as politics of scale:Insights from Mongolia[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:2392-2404.
[45]Samson M.Rescaling the state,restructuring social relations:Local government transformation and waste management privatization in post-apartheid Johannesburg[J].International Feminist Journal of Politics,2008,10(1):19-39.
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(1)“表征意义的国家空间”见于Brenner(2003),但Brenner(2004)在其新国家空间理论框架中并未直接涉及国家空间这一维度。
(2)在国内文献中,“actor”一词也常被译为“行为体”,这较为准确地体现了国家等组织的复合性和内部结构化特征,不过,本文所涉及的“actor”相对较为微观,因此译为“行动者”更为恰当。此外,国内当前有关空间重构、尺度重组、再领域化等主题的文献也大多使用“行动者”一词。
(3)策略关系国家理论中的“state projects”一词常被译为“国家规划”或“国家计划”,但“规划”或“计划”很容易同地理学中的城市或区域规划(planning)等概念相混淆,而“state projects”通常指更为广泛的政治策略或实践,故本文译为较为一般的“国家项目”。
(4)这个意义上的“hegemony”也常被译为“霸权”,如“文化霸权”,但考虑到“霸权”仍带有一定的强制色彩,而“领导权”则能表达不同社会团体发自内心地接受、支持这一含义,更为接近“hegemonic projects”的本意,故本文译为“领导权”。
(5)为避免混淆,可将针对资本循环和市民社会的政治策略理解为“狭义的国家策略”,而将包含国家项目和狭义国家策略的政治策略理解为“广义的国家策略”。
(6)如地方受网络影响表现为全球城市网络、多核心城市等,地方受领域影响表现为给定领域内的不同地方等,具体可参见Jessop等(2008)。