媒介物质性:机器的道德经济
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摘要
构成数字通信环境的机器,其基础设施和组件建立在一系列资源的基础上,这些资源通过生产、维护和处置的链条转化为人工制品/人造物(artefact)。然而,这些日常使用的背景条件仍是大部分主流传播研究的盲点。本文探讨了为什么会有这样的研究盲点,并认为数字技术在高级资本主义组织机构中越来越显著的中心性,加上物联网和人工智能的迅速扩张,将媒介的物质性推向分析的中心,并提出了关于其环境及社会成本的重要伦理问题,并呼唤新的机器道德经济学的发展。
The infrastructures and assemblies of machines that constitute the digital communications environment are constructed from a range of resources, which are transformed into artefacts through chains of production, maintenance, and disposal. These background conditions of everyday use, however, remain a blind spot for much mainstream communications inquiry. This paper asks why, and argues that the increasing centrality of digital technologies to the organization of advanced capitalism, coupled with the rapid expansion of the Internet of things and artificial intelligence, propels the materiality of media to the center of analysis, raising major ethical questions about their social and environmental costs that call for the development of a new moral economy of machines.
The infrastructures and assemblies of machines that constitute the digital communications environment are constructed from a range of resources, which are transformed into artefacts through chains of production, maintenance, and disposal. These background conditions of everyday use, however, remain a blind spot for much mainstream communications inquiry. This paper asks why, and argues that the increasing centrality of digital technologies to the organization of advanced capitalism, coupled with the rapid expansion of the Internet of things and artificial intelligence, propels the materiality of media to the center of analysis, raising major ethical questions about their social and environmental costs that call for the development of a new moral economy of machines.
引文
Boutang,Y.M.(2011).Cognitive capitalism.Cambridge,England:Polity Press.
Brevini,B.& Murdock,G.(2017).Carbon capitalism and communication:Confronting climate crisis.Basingstoke,England:Palgrave Macmillan.
Cubitt,S.(2017).Finite media:Environmental implications of digital technologies.Durham,NC:Duke University Press.
Frey,C.B.& Osborne,M.(2013).The future of employment:How susceptible are jobs to computerisation.Oxford,England:The Martin School.
Fuchs,C.(2014).Digital labour and Karl Marx.London,England:Routledge.
Gabrys,J.(2013).Digital rubbish:A natural history of electronics.Ann Arbor,MI:The University of Michigan Press.
Gaffney,O.& Steffen,W.(2017).The Anthropocene equation.The Anthropocene Review,4(1),53-61.doi:10.1177/2053019616688022
Hesmondhalgh,D.(2017).Capitalism and the media:Moral economy,well being and capabilities.Media,Culture & Society,39(2),202-218.doi:10.1177/0163443716643153
Hesmondhalgh,D.& Meier,L.M.(2018).What the digitalisation of music tells us about capitalism,culture and the power of the information technology sector.Information,Communication & Society,21(11),1555-1570.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1340498
Huws,U.(2014).The underpinnings of class in the digital age:Living,labour and value.The Socialist Register,50,80-109.
Maxwell,R.& Miller,T.(2012).Greening the media.Oxford,England:Oxford University Press.
McGuigan,L.& Murdock,G.(2015).The medium is the marketplace:Digital systems and the intensification of consumption.Canadian Journal of Communication,40(4),717-726.doi:10.22230/cjc.2015v40n4a2948.
Murdock,G.(2011).Political economies as moral economies:Commodities,gifts,and public goods.In Wasko,J.,Murdock,G.& Sousa,H.(Eds.),The Handbook of Political Economy of Communications (pp.13-40).Oxford,England:Blackwell.doi:10.1002/9781444395402.ch1
Patrizio,A.(March 30,2017).Cloud computing companies.Datamation.Retrieved from http://www.datamation.com/cloud-computing/cloud-computing-companies.html
Sayer,A.(2016).Why we can't afford the rich.Bristol,England:Policy Press.
Schwab,K.(2017).The fourth industrial revolution.London,England:Penguin Books Ltd.
Streeck,W.(2016).How will capitalism end?Essays on a failing system.London,England:Verso.
The Economist.(2016).Special report-companies:The rise of the superstars.The Economist,September 17,16.
Wisskirchen,G.,Biacabe,B.T.,Bormann,U.,Muntz,A.,Niehaus,G.,Soler,G.J.& von Brauchitsche,B.(2017).Artificial intelligence and robotics and their impact on the workplace.London,England:International Bar Association Global Employment Institute.
① 译者注:此处原文hearts of darkness,典出康拉德的现代主义小说名,作者讲述了一个白人殖民者在非洲的殖民故事,展示了工业化的发展带来经济繁荣的表象之下,人的个体性被颠覆、物化、异化的主题。
Brevini,B.& Murdock,G.(2017).Carbon capitalism and communication:Confronting climate crisis.Basingstoke,England:Palgrave Macmillan.
Cubitt,S.(2017).Finite media:Environmental implications of digital technologies.Durham,NC:Duke University Press.
Frey,C.B.& Osborne,M.(2013).The future of employment:How susceptible are jobs to computerisation.Oxford,England:The Martin School.
Fuchs,C.(2014).Digital labour and Karl Marx.London,England:Routledge.
Gabrys,J.(2013).Digital rubbish:A natural history of electronics.Ann Arbor,MI:The University of Michigan Press.
Gaffney,O.& Steffen,W.(2017).The Anthropocene equation.The Anthropocene Review,4(1),53-61.doi:10.1177/2053019616688022
Hesmondhalgh,D.(2017).Capitalism and the media:Moral economy,well being and capabilities.Media,Culture & Society,39(2),202-218.doi:10.1177/0163443716643153
Hesmondhalgh,D.& Meier,L.M.(2018).What the digitalisation of music tells us about capitalism,culture and the power of the information technology sector.Information,Communication & Society,21(11),1555-1570.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1340498
Huws,U.(2014).The underpinnings of class in the digital age:Living,labour and value.The Socialist Register,50,80-109.
Maxwell,R.& Miller,T.(2012).Greening the media.Oxford,England:Oxford University Press.
McGuigan,L.& Murdock,G.(2015).The medium is the marketplace:Digital systems and the intensification of consumption.Canadian Journal of Communication,40(4),717-726.doi:10.22230/cjc.2015v40n4a2948.
Murdock,G.(2011).Political economies as moral economies:Commodities,gifts,and public goods.In Wasko,J.,Murdock,G.& Sousa,H.(Eds.),The Handbook of Political Economy of Communications (pp.13-40).Oxford,England:Blackwell.doi:10.1002/9781444395402.ch1
Patrizio,A.(March 30,2017).Cloud computing companies.Datamation.Retrieved from http://www.datamation.com/cloud-computing/cloud-computing-companies.html
Sayer,A.(2016).Why we can't afford the rich.Bristol,England:Policy Press.
Schwab,K.(2017).The fourth industrial revolution.London,England:Penguin Books Ltd.
Streeck,W.(2016).How will capitalism end?Essays on a failing system.London,England:Verso.
The Economist.(2016).Special report-companies:The rise of the superstars.The Economist,September 17,16.
Wisskirchen,G.,Biacabe,B.T.,Bormann,U.,Muntz,A.,Niehaus,G.,Soler,G.J.& von Brauchitsche,B.(2017).Artificial intelligence and robotics and their impact on the workplace.London,England:International Bar Association Global Employment Institute.
① 译者注:此处原文hearts of darkness,典出康拉德的现代主义小说名,作者讲述了一个白人殖民者在非洲的殖民故事,展示了工业化的发展带来经济繁荣的表象之下,人的个体性被颠覆、物化、异化的主题。
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