改革开放40年我国0～3岁早期教育服务的政策与实践
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摘要
改革开放40年来,我国0～3岁早期教育服务经历了国家重视、托幼事业恢复振兴(改革开放至20世纪80年代中期),托儿所逐渐萎缩、儿童照顾责任回归家庭(20世纪80年代末至2010年),强调公益普惠、努力构建婴幼儿照护和早期教育服务体系(2010年至今)三个主要发展阶段。当前我国0～3岁早期教育服务仍然存在主管和监管部门不明、供需矛盾严重、缺乏规范和监管等问题。为更好实现"幼有所育",需明确主管部门,加快发展0～3岁早期教育服务,以补足民生短板;尽快确立0～3岁早期教育服务规范,确保起点的教育质量与公平;加快多元化早期教育服务供给侧改革,满足家庭日益增长的婴幼儿照护与托育需求。
In the past 40 years of reform and opening up,infant and toddler educare in China has experienced three important stages:(1)The state re-emphasizes the importance of childcare,and childcare services have been revitalized(from reform and opening up to the mid-1980 s);(2)Due to the gradual shrinking of nurseries,childcare responsibility has returned home(late 1980 s to pre-2010);(3)Providing public welfare and inclusive early education services has become the direction of efforts in the new era and the state is actively exploring a relatively complete and unique childcare service system of 0 to 3 years old(since 2010). At present,there are still some problems in the development of infant and toddler educare in China,such as unclear competent and supervisory departments,less supply than demand,lack of regulation and supervision. In order to get the best education for every child, the following suggestions are recommended. First,making clear the responsible departments and speeding up the development of infant and toddler educare in order to make up for the short board of people's livelihood. Second,it needs to establish educational standards for early education under three as soon as possible to ensure the quality and fairness. Last,it needs to accelerate diversified supply-side reform of early education services to meet the growing needs of families.
In the past 40 years of reform and opening up,infant and toddler educare in China has experienced three important stages:(1)The state re-emphasizes the importance of childcare,and childcare services have been revitalized(from reform and opening up to the mid-1980 s);(2)Due to the gradual shrinking of nurseries,childcare responsibility has returned home(late 1980 s to pre-2010);(3)Providing public welfare and inclusive early education services has become the direction of efforts in the new era and the state is actively exploring a relatively complete and unique childcare service system of 0 to 3 years old(since 2010). At present,there are still some problems in the development of infant and toddler educare in China,such as unclear competent and supervisory departments,less supply than demand,lack of regulation and supervision. In order to get the best education for every child, the following suggestions are recommended. First,making clear the responsible departments and speeding up the development of infant and toddler educare in order to make up for the short board of people's livelihood. Second,it needs to establish educational standards for early education under three as soon as possible to ensure the quality and fairness. Last,it needs to accelerate diversified supply-side reform of early education services to meet the growing needs of families.
引文
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[2]陈鹤琴.家庭教育[M].北京:中国青年出版社,2012:3.
[3]第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议政府工作报告[EB/OL].(1979-06-18)[2018-03-12].http://www.http://zk.cn-healthcare.com/doc-show-6157.html.
[4]全国托幼工作会议纪要[EB/OL].(1979-10-11)[2018-08-23].http://www.gx-law.gov.cn/a38/268.jhtml.
[5]吴全衡同志在全国托幼办公室主任会议上的总结发言[N].妇女工作,1981-01.
[6]陈慕华在全国托幼办公室主任会议上的讲话[N].妇女工作,1981-01.
[7][31]张亮.中国儿童照顾政策研究[D].上海:复旦大学,2014.
[8]金一虹.“铁姑娘”再思考:中国文化大革命期间的社会性别与劳动[J].社会学研究,2006(01):169-193.
[9]薛素珍.怎样办托儿所幼儿园[M].北京,北京出版社,1983:1-2.
[10]中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定[N].人民日报,1984-10-21.
[11]国务院办公厅.关于加强幼儿教育工作的意见[EB/OL].(1988-08-15)[2018-06-12].http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx/pay/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=chl&Gid=96f4c460c7eabd4fbdfb.
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[23]丁昀.教育一体化是托幼一体化的根本和关键[J].学前教育研究,2000(02):20-21.
[24]上海市人民政府办公厅.上海市3岁以下幼儿托育机构管理暂行办法[EB/OL](2018-04-28)[2018-08-11].http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2319/nw12344/u26aw55673.html,.
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[38]王君平.二孩后每年增四百万新生儿[N].人民日报,2015-11-27.
[39]刘默,杨菊华,童小军,等.透视虐童事件:中国学前教育亟须供给侧改革[J].中国经济报告,2018(02):50-55.
[40]周萱.我国婴幼儿早期教育政府职能分析[D].扬州:扬州大学,2014.
[41]申秋红.托育服务相关政策:国际经验及其启示[N].中国人口报,2017-07-20(003).
[42]田茂,王凌皓.台湾地区托育服务的功能及启示[J].现代教育科学,2017(03):149-155.
[43]蒋永萍.重建0~3岁儿童养育公共服务的途径与原则[N].中国妇女报,2017-06-06(B01).