黄土高原次降雨径流产沙变化及其与雨强和植被盖度变化的相关性
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摘要
获取12条流域16 a的753次降雨数据,运用雨强、植被盖度、径流系数和产沙系数等指标,分析黄土高原次降雨径流产沙变化及其与雨强和植被盖度变化的相关性。结果显示:1与1980—1989年相比,2006—2011年黄土高原的降雨—径流和径流—产沙关系发生了明显变化,大部分流域的产流产沙能力有所下降,10个流域中有8个流域的径流系数、产沙系数有所减小,分别减小25.93%~66.1%和59.05%~97.71%;2分析雨强和植被盖度变化与径流产沙变化的相关性,发现径流产沙变化与植被盖度变化的相关性强于其与雨强变化的相关性,表明植被盖度变化对径流产沙变化的影响更明显;3分析不同干湿条件下径流产沙变化对植被盖度变化的敏感性,发现气候越湿润,流域的径流产沙变化对植被盖度变化越敏感,植被改善的减水减沙效果越明显。
It is important to analyze the changes in event-based rainfall-runoff-sediment and the relativities between these changes and rainfall intensity and vegetation coverage variations in the Loess Plateau of China for recognizing the causes of changes in water and sediment of the Yellow River. This study collected 753event-based hydrological data of 16 years,12 watersheds located in the Loess Plateau of China,using four indicators,including rainfall intensity,vegetation coverage runoff coefficient,and sediment coefficient,and analyzed the changes in event-based rainfall-runoff-sediment and the relativities between these changes and rainfall intensity and vegetation coverage variations in the Loess Plateau of China. Results showed that: 1 the rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relationships changed significantly in the period from 2006 to 2011 compared to the period from 1980 to 1989, and the runoff and sediment generation capacities of most watersheds decreased. The runoff coefficient and sediment coefficient of eight in ten watersheds decreased25. 93%- 66. 1% and 59. 05%- 97. 71%,respectively; 2 By analysing the relativities between rainfall intensity,vegetation coverage variations and runoff,sediment changes,we found that the vegetation coverage variation was stronger than rainfall intensity change related to the runoff and sediment changes,and it was indicated that the effect of vegetation coverage variation on runoff and sediment changes was more obvious;3 we also discussed the sensibilities of runoff and sediment yield changes on vegetation coverage variation in different dryness / wetness,and found that the wetter the climate,the more sensitive the variations of runoff and sediment yield on the change of vegetation coverage were,and the more obvious the reductions of runoff and sediment by vegetation improvement generated.
It is important to analyze the changes in event-based rainfall-runoff-sediment and the relativities between these changes and rainfall intensity and vegetation coverage variations in the Loess Plateau of China for recognizing the causes of changes in water and sediment of the Yellow River. This study collected 753event-based hydrological data of 16 years,12 watersheds located in the Loess Plateau of China,using four indicators,including rainfall intensity,vegetation coverage runoff coefficient,and sediment coefficient,and analyzed the changes in event-based rainfall-runoff-sediment and the relativities between these changes and rainfall intensity and vegetation coverage variations in the Loess Plateau of China. Results showed that: 1 the rainfall-runoff and runoff-sediment relationships changed significantly in the period from 2006 to 2011 compared to the period from 1980 to 1989, and the runoff and sediment generation capacities of most watersheds decreased. The runoff coefficient and sediment coefficient of eight in ten watersheds decreased25. 93%- 66. 1% and 59. 05%- 97. 71%,respectively; 2 By analysing the relativities between rainfall intensity,vegetation coverage variations and runoff,sediment changes,we found that the vegetation coverage variation was stronger than rainfall intensity change related to the runoff and sediment changes,and it was indicated that the effect of vegetation coverage variation on runoff and sediment changes was more obvious;3 we also discussed the sensibilities of runoff and sediment yield changes on vegetation coverage variation in different dryness / wetness,and found that the wetter the climate,the more sensitive the variations of runoff and sediment yield on the change of vegetation coverage were,and the more obvious the reductions of runoff and sediment by vegetation improvement generated.
引文
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[14]卢金发,黄秀华.黄河中游地区流域产沙中的地貌临界现象[J].山地学报,2004,22(2):147-153.[Lu Jinfa,Huang Xiuhua.Thresholds in variation of sediment yield in the middle Yellow River Basin[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2004,22(2):147-153.]
[15]杨建平,丁永建,陈仁生,等.近50年来中国干湿气候界线的10年际波动[J].地理学报,2002,57(6):655-661.[Yang Jianping,Ding Yongjian,Chen Rensheng.The interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in recent50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2002,57(6):655-661.]
[16]罗娅,杨胜天,刘晓燕,等.黄河河口镇—潼关区间1998—2010年土地利用变化特征[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):42-53.[Luo Ya,Yang Shengtian,Liu Xiaoyan,et al.Land use change in the reach from Hekouzhen to Tongguan of the Yellow River during 1998-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):42-53.]
[2]张胜利,康玲玲,魏义长.黄河中游人类活动对径流泥沙影响研究[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2010.[Zhang Shengli,Kang Lingling,Wei Yichang.Impact of Human Activities on Runoff and Sediment in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River[M].Zhengzhou:The Yellow River Water Conservancy Press,2010.]
[3]方海燕,蔡强国,李秋艳.黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面产流能力及影响因素研究[J].地理研究,2009,28(3):583-591.[Fang Haiyan,Cai Qiangguo,Li Qiuyan.Study on the runoff generation capacity of slope surface and its influencing factors in a hilly loess region on the Loess Plateau[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(3):583-591.]
[4]Liu Y,Fu B J,LüY H,et al.Hydrological responses and soil erosion potential of abandoned cropland in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Geomorphology,2012,138:404-414.
[5]赵广举,穆兴民,田鹏,等.近60年黄河中游水沙变化趋势及其影响因素分析[J].资源科学,2012,34(6):1 070-1 078.[Zhao Guangju,Mu Xingmin,Tian Peng,et al.The variation trend of streamflow and sediment flux in the middle reaches of Yellow River over the past 60 years and the influencing factors[J].Resources Science,2012,34(6):1 070-1 078.]
[6]姚文艺,冉大川,陈江南.黄河流域近期水沙变化及其趋势预测[J].水科学进展,2013,24(5):607-616.[Yao Wenyi,Ran Dachuan,Chen Jiangnan.Recent changes in runoff and sediment regimes and future projections in the Yellow River basin[J].Advances in Water Science,2013,24(5):607-616.]
[7]周月鲁,何兴照,喻权刚,等.黄河流域水土保持图集[M].北京:地震出版社,2012.[Zhou Yuelu,He Xingzhao,Yu Quangang,et al.Atlas of Soil and Water Conservation in the Yellow River Basin[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2012.]
[8]张亦弛.黄河多沙粗沙区LCM模型分布式构建与应用[D].北京:北京师范大学,2014.[Zhang Yichi.The Distributed Modeling of LCM Model and its Application in the High-sediment Region of Yellow River Basin[D].Beijing:Beijing Normal University,2014.]
[9]徐宗学.水文模型[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.[Xu Zhongxue.Hydrological Models[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.]
[10]王晓康,张毓涛,张新平,等.天山中部不同林分对产流产沙影响的灰色关联分析[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(4):696-701.[Wang Xiaokang,Zhang Yutao,Zhang Xinping,et al.Effects of different standing forest conditions on runoff formation and sediment yield in the central Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,31(4):696-701.]
[11]刘晓燕,杨胜天,金双彦,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙计算方法研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(2):135-141.[Liu Xiaoyan,Yang Shengtian,Jin Shuangyan,et al.The method to evaluate the sediment reduction from forest and grass land over large area in the loess hilly area[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(2):135-141.]
[12]Carlson T N,Ripley D A.On the relation between NDVI,fractional vegetation cover,and leaf area index[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1998,62(3):241-252.
[13]Luo Y,Yang S T,Zhao C S,et al.The effect of environmental factors on spatial variability in land use change in the high-sediment region of China’s Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(5):802-814.
[14]卢金发,黄秀华.黄河中游地区流域产沙中的地貌临界现象[J].山地学报,2004,22(2):147-153.[Lu Jinfa,Huang Xiuhua.Thresholds in variation of sediment yield in the middle Yellow River Basin[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2004,22(2):147-153.]
[15]杨建平,丁永建,陈仁生,等.近50年来中国干湿气候界线的10年际波动[J].地理学报,2002,57(6):655-661.[Yang Jianping,Ding Yongjian,Chen Rensheng.The interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in recent50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2002,57(6):655-661.]
[16]罗娅,杨胜天,刘晓燕,等.黄河河口镇—潼关区间1998—2010年土地利用变化特征[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):42-53.[Luo Ya,Yang Shengtian,Liu Xiaoyan,et al.Land use change in the reach from Hekouzhen to Tongguan of the Yellow River during 1998-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):42-53.]