油门开度对Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器温升特性影响的模拟与验证
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摘要
为研究脉动燃烧器燃烧室外温度场的温度变化规律,以Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器为热源,建立了5种油门开度条件下燃烧室中心横截面内的空气温度场模型,进行了二维非稳态数值模拟。对热源的升温规律进行了拟合,拟合结果与实测温度的最大绝对误差为5.2℃,最大相对误差2.2%,应用Fluent的UDF接口将热源的升温规律添加到模型中,该模型与实际情况吻合较好,平均相对误差在2.68%~5.54%之间。研究结果表明:燃烧室外温度场升温过程呈"S"型,同一方向上距离燃烧室越近,到达峰值温度所需时间越短,同时升温速率与峰值温度也越高。在与燃烧室中心距离相等的各点中,燃烧室上方的点的升温速率和峰值要高于燃烧室右方及下方的点。在密度差作用下,燃烧室外流场气流由下向上运动,经过燃烧室时产生卡门涡街,致使模型中燃烧室上方温度场出现周期性震荡,随着旋涡向上运动,对温度场的影响也逐渐减弱,温度振幅逐渐降低。该文可以了解以油或水为加热介质的脉动燃烧加热器内部温升过程,为优化加热器内部热源结构设计提供参考。
Pulsating combustion has the advantages of high combustion intensity, high heat transfer coefficient, and low pollutant emission, and therefore it has been widely used to enhance the heat transfer process, such as aeromodelling's power, material drying, and pest control. In recent years, pulsating combustion heater, such as hot water boiler or steam boiler, has become another new application of pulsating combustion technology. Pulsating combustion heater employs the pulsating burner as the heat source, and the main components such as combustion chamber and tail pipe are immersed in heating medium(such as oil and water). When the pulsating burner works, heat is transferred to the heating medium through the high temperature outer wall of the combustion chamber and tail pipe, and then the heating medium is heated to the temperature required by the process. The efficiency and the economy of the pulsating combustion heater were related to the temperature increasing process of the heating medium. In order to investigate the characteristics of temperature distribution of airflow field outside combustion chamber of the pulsing burner, a two-dimensional unsteady numerical model was established. The increasing-temperature process in the central cross section of combustion chamber was simulated by Fluent software under the conditions of 5 different kinds of oil consumption(30?, 60?, 90?, 120?, and 150? throttle opening), employing a self-excited and self-suction Helmholtz pulsing burner as the heat source. Temperature increasing process of the pulsating burner in the heating medium was difficult to obtain, but it was easier to obtain in the air. The temperature increasing process of the heat source in the air was obtained by an infrared thermal cameral under all kinds of different oil consumption. Formula fitting was carried out for the increasing-temperature process. The fitted values and measured values were in good agreement. The maximum temperature difference between the fitted data and measured results was 5.2 ℃ and the maximum relative error was 2.2%. The temperature increasing law of the heat source was added to the numerical model by UDF(user-defined function) interface. A series of tests were performed to investigate the accuracy of the numerical model. It was found the simulation values were matched with the test data quite well, and the average relative error was between 2.68% and 5.54%. Temperature elevation of airflow field outside combustion chamber showed an "S" shape. In the beginning, air temperature increased rapidly. After a period of time, the temperature tended to be stable. With the increase of throttle opening, there was little difference in temperature increasing process for one single test point. The closer the distance to the combustion chamber in the same direction, the shorter the time it took to reach the maximum temperature, and the higher the temperature increasing speed and the maximum temperature. The test points above the combustion chamber got the higher temperature increasing speed and the higher maximum temperature than the test points which were at the right and the bottom of the combustion chamber when they were in the same distance to the combustion chamber. The 4 test points above the combustion chamber reached the highest temperature at 1.25 min, but the time required for the test points at the right and the bottom of the combustion chamber varied from 2 to 5 min when the throttle opening was 120?. The airflow outside the combustion chamber was driven upward from the bottom under the influence of density difference. Karman vortex street was observed when the airflow passed the combustion chamber, and the airflow temperature field above the combustion chamber oscillated periodically. As the vortices moved upward, their influence on the airflow temperature field was gradually weakened, and the temperature amplitude gradually decreased. This paper can be helpful to further understand the heating process of internal temperature field of the pulsating combustion heater when using oil or water as heating medium, and it also can provide references to optimize heat source structure design inside the pulsating combustion heater.
Pulsating combustion has the advantages of high combustion intensity, high heat transfer coefficient, and low pollutant emission, and therefore it has been widely used to enhance the heat transfer process, such as aeromodelling's power, material drying, and pest control. In recent years, pulsating combustion heater, such as hot water boiler or steam boiler, has become another new application of pulsating combustion technology. Pulsating combustion heater employs the pulsating burner as the heat source, and the main components such as combustion chamber and tail pipe are immersed in heating medium(such as oil and water). When the pulsating burner works, heat is transferred to the heating medium through the high temperature outer wall of the combustion chamber and tail pipe, and then the heating medium is heated to the temperature required by the process. The efficiency and the economy of the pulsating combustion heater were related to the temperature increasing process of the heating medium. In order to investigate the characteristics of temperature distribution of airflow field outside combustion chamber of the pulsing burner, a two-dimensional unsteady numerical model was established. The increasing-temperature process in the central cross section of combustion chamber was simulated by Fluent software under the conditions of 5 different kinds of oil consumption(30?, 60?, 90?, 120?, and 150? throttle opening), employing a self-excited and self-suction Helmholtz pulsing burner as the heat source. Temperature increasing process of the pulsating burner in the heating medium was difficult to obtain, but it was easier to obtain in the air. The temperature increasing process of the heat source in the air was obtained by an infrared thermal cameral under all kinds of different oil consumption. Formula fitting was carried out for the increasing-temperature process. The fitted values and measured values were in good agreement. The maximum temperature difference between the fitted data and measured results was 5.2 ℃ and the maximum relative error was 2.2%. The temperature increasing law of the heat source was added to the numerical model by UDF(user-defined function) interface. A series of tests were performed to investigate the accuracy of the numerical model. It was found the simulation values were matched with the test data quite well, and the average relative error was between 2.68% and 5.54%. Temperature elevation of airflow field outside combustion chamber showed an "S" shape. In the beginning, air temperature increased rapidly. After a period of time, the temperature tended to be stable. With the increase of throttle opening, there was little difference in temperature increasing process for one single test point. The closer the distance to the combustion chamber in the same direction, the shorter the time it took to reach the maximum temperature, and the higher the temperature increasing speed and the maximum temperature. The test points above the combustion chamber got the higher temperature increasing speed and the higher maximum temperature than the test points which were at the right and the bottom of the combustion chamber when they were in the same distance to the combustion chamber. The 4 test points above the combustion chamber reached the highest temperature at 1.25 min, but the time required for the test points at the right and the bottom of the combustion chamber varied from 2 to 5 min when the throttle opening was 120?. The airflow outside the combustion chamber was driven upward from the bottom under the influence of density difference. Karman vortex street was observed when the airflow passed the combustion chamber, and the airflow temperature field above the combustion chamber oscillated periodically. As the vortices moved upward, their influence on the airflow temperature field was gradually weakened, and the temperature amplitude gradually decreased. This paper can be helpful to further understand the heating process of internal temperature field of the pulsating combustion heater when using oil or water as heating medium, and it also can provide references to optimize heat source structure design inside the pulsating combustion heater.
引文
[1]周宏平,许林云,周凤芳,等.声学和加热条件对脉动发动机工作频率的影响[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,29(3):91-93.Zhou Hongping,Xu Linyun,Zhou Fengfang,et al.The Relation acoustics condition and calefaction condition with the work frequency of pulse jet engine[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition,2005,29(3):91-93.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[3]路倩倩,杨德勇,郎芝花,等.脉动燃烧干燥换热特性分析与实验[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(3):123-127.Lu Qianqian,Yang Deyong,Lang Zhihua,et al.Analysis and experiment of heat transfer in Helmholtz pulse combustion dryer[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(3):123-127.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]牛海霞,刘榴,赵文河,等.脉动燃烧尾气干燥过程质量传递特性[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(1):129-133.Niu Haixia,Liu Liu,Zhao Wenhe,et al.Mass transfer between materials and unsteady airflow from a Helmholtz type combustor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(1):129-133.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Wu Z H,Yue L,Li Z Y,et al.Pulse combustion spray drying of egg white:energy efficiency and product quality[J].Food and Bioprocess Technology,2014,8(1):148-157.
[6]Zbicinski I.Equipment,technology,perspectives and modeling of pulse combustion drying[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2002,86(1-2):33-46.
[7]南京林业大学.脉动燃烧蒸汽发生装置:201710159496.0[P].2017-05-31.
[8]南京林业大学.土壤蒸汽消毒机的蒸汽发生装置:201510587283.9[P].2015-12-02.
[9]程显辰.脉动燃烧[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1994.
[10]蔡文祥,祁斌,马虎,等.有阀式脉动喷气发动机出口瞬态速度场测量[J].航空动力学报,2014,29(12):2824-2829.Cai Wenxiang,Qi Bin,Ma Hu,et al.Measurement of transient velocity field at exit zone of valve pulse jet engine[J].Journal of Aerospace Power,2014,29(12):2824-2829.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Martins C A,Carvalho J J A,Veras C A G,et al.Experimental measurements of the NOx and COconcentrations operating in oscillatory and non-oscillatory burning conditions[J].Fuel,2006,85(1):84-93.
[12]Thyageswaran S.Numerical modeling of pulse combustor tail pipe heat transfer[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2004,47(12):2637-2651.
[13]Lundgren E,Marksten U,M?ller S I.The enhancement of heat transfer in the tail pipe of a pulse combustor[J].Symposium(International)on Combustion,1998,27(2):3215-3220.
[14]Kardgar A,Jafarian A.Numerical investigation of oscillating conjugate heat transfer in pulse tubes[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,105:557-565.
[15]Wantha C.Effect and heat transfer correlations of finned tube heat exchanger under unsteady pulsating flows[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2016,99:141-48.
[16]Yuan H S,Tan S C,Wen J,et al.Heat transfer of pulsating laminar flow in pipes with wall thermal inertia[J].International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2016,99(1):152-160.
[17]Papadopoulos P K,Vouros A P.Pulsating turbulent pipe flow in the current dominated regime at high and very-high frequencies[J].International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2016,58:54-67.
[18]周伟国,姜正侯.脉冲燃烧器尾管传热系数研究[J].煤气与热力,1992,12(1):41-47.
[19]李保国.脉动燃烧器及其尾管传热分析[J].上海理工大学学报,2001,23(3):263-266.Li Baoguo.Analysis of pulse combustor and its tail pipe heat transfer[J].Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,2001,23(3):263-266.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]李保国,洪新华.Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器的研制[J].郑州工程学院学报,2001,22(2):47-49,54.Li Baoguo,Hong Xinhua.Development of Helmholtz-type pulse combustor[J].Journal of Zhengzhou Grain College,2001,22(2):47-49,54.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]严红,陈福连,吴心平.脉动燃烧器内流场的数值模拟[J].燃烧科学与技术,2001,7(2):203-207.Yan Hong,Chen Fulian,Wu Xinping.Numerical simulation of self-oscillated flows in tubes[J].Journal of Combustion Science and Technology,2001,7(2):203-207.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Xu Y Y,Zhai M,Guo L,et al.Characteristics of the pulsating flow and heat transfer in an elbow tailpipe of a self-excited Helmholtz pulse combustor[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,108:567-580.
[23]徐艳英,翟明,董芃.弯尾管亥姆霍茨型无阀自激脉动燃烧器传热特性[J].热能动力工程,2014,29(6):709-713.Xu Yanying,Zhai Ming,Dong Peng.Heat transfer characteristics of a bent tail tube Helmholtz type valveless self-excited pulsation burner[J].Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power,2014,29(6):709-713.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Zhai M,Wang X Y,Ge T Z,et al.Heat transfer in valveless Helmholtz pulse combustor straight and elbow tailpipes[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2015,91:1018-1025.
[25]苏海涛.传热对脉动燃烧稳定性影响的研究[D].天津:天津科技大学,2015.Su Haitao.Study on the Effect of Heat Transfer on the Stability of Pulse Combustion[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University of Science&Technology,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]袁隆基,薛祯祯,李聪.低浓度瓦斯脉动燃烧器尾管的换热特性研究[J].天然气工业,2016,36(7):93-97.Yuan Longji,Xue Zhenzhen,Li Cong.Heat transfer characteristics of the tail pipe in a low-concentration gas pulse combustor[J].Natural Gas Industry,2016,36(7):93-97.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]袁隆基.低浓度瓦斯脉动燃烧的理论与实验研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2013.Yuan Longji.Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Pulse Combustion of Low Concentration Gas[D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]张淆雨.脉动燃烧特性的理论与实验研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2017.Zhang Xiaoyu.Theoretical and Experimental Study on Pulsating Combustion Characteristics[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]郭楚文.工程流体力学[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2002.
[30]郁岚.热工基础及流体力学第2版[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2014.
[2]康杨,翁春生,李宁.脉动喷气发动机噪声特性研究[J].兵工学报,2017,38(2):273-279.Kang Yang,Weng Chunsheng,Li Ning.Research on noise characteristics of pulse engine[J].Acta Armamentarii,2017,38(2):273-279.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]路倩倩,杨德勇,郎芝花,等.脉动燃烧干燥换热特性分析与实验[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(3):123-127.Lu Qianqian,Yang Deyong,Lang Zhihua,et al.Analysis and experiment of heat transfer in Helmholtz pulse combustion dryer[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(3):123-127.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]牛海霞,刘榴,赵文河,等.脉动燃烧尾气干燥过程质量传递特性[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(1):129-133.Niu Haixia,Liu Liu,Zhao Wenhe,et al.Mass transfer between materials and unsteady airflow from a Helmholtz type combustor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(1):129-133.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Wu Z H,Yue L,Li Z Y,et al.Pulse combustion spray drying of egg white:energy efficiency and product quality[J].Food and Bioprocess Technology,2014,8(1):148-157.
[6]Zbicinski I.Equipment,technology,perspectives and modeling of pulse combustion drying[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2002,86(1-2):33-46.
[7]南京林业大学.脉动燃烧蒸汽发生装置:201710159496.0[P].2017-05-31.
[8]南京林业大学.土壤蒸汽消毒机的蒸汽发生装置:201510587283.9[P].2015-12-02.
[9]程显辰.脉动燃烧[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1994.
[10]蔡文祥,祁斌,马虎,等.有阀式脉动喷气发动机出口瞬态速度场测量[J].航空动力学报,2014,29(12):2824-2829.Cai Wenxiang,Qi Bin,Ma Hu,et al.Measurement of transient velocity field at exit zone of valve pulse jet engine[J].Journal of Aerospace Power,2014,29(12):2824-2829.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Martins C A,Carvalho J J A,Veras C A G,et al.Experimental measurements of the NOx and COconcentrations operating in oscillatory and non-oscillatory burning conditions[J].Fuel,2006,85(1):84-93.
[12]Thyageswaran S.Numerical modeling of pulse combustor tail pipe heat transfer[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2004,47(12):2637-2651.
[13]Lundgren E,Marksten U,M?ller S I.The enhancement of heat transfer in the tail pipe of a pulse combustor[J].Symposium(International)on Combustion,1998,27(2):3215-3220.
[14]Kardgar A,Jafarian A.Numerical investigation of oscillating conjugate heat transfer in pulse tubes[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,105:557-565.
[15]Wantha C.Effect and heat transfer correlations of finned tube heat exchanger under unsteady pulsating flows[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2016,99:141-48.
[16]Yuan H S,Tan S C,Wen J,et al.Heat transfer of pulsating laminar flow in pipes with wall thermal inertia[J].International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2016,99(1):152-160.
[17]Papadopoulos P K,Vouros A P.Pulsating turbulent pipe flow in the current dominated regime at high and very-high frequencies[J].International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2016,58:54-67.
[18]周伟国,姜正侯.脉冲燃烧器尾管传热系数研究[J].煤气与热力,1992,12(1):41-47.
[19]李保国.脉动燃烧器及其尾管传热分析[J].上海理工大学学报,2001,23(3):263-266.Li Baoguo.Analysis of pulse combustor and its tail pipe heat transfer[J].Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,2001,23(3):263-266.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]李保国,洪新华.Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器的研制[J].郑州工程学院学报,2001,22(2):47-49,54.Li Baoguo,Hong Xinhua.Development of Helmholtz-type pulse combustor[J].Journal of Zhengzhou Grain College,2001,22(2):47-49,54.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]严红,陈福连,吴心平.脉动燃烧器内流场的数值模拟[J].燃烧科学与技术,2001,7(2):203-207.Yan Hong,Chen Fulian,Wu Xinping.Numerical simulation of self-oscillated flows in tubes[J].Journal of Combustion Science and Technology,2001,7(2):203-207.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Xu Y Y,Zhai M,Guo L,et al.Characteristics of the pulsating flow and heat transfer in an elbow tailpipe of a self-excited Helmholtz pulse combustor[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,108:567-580.
[23]徐艳英,翟明,董芃.弯尾管亥姆霍茨型无阀自激脉动燃烧器传热特性[J].热能动力工程,2014,29(6):709-713.Xu Yanying,Zhai Ming,Dong Peng.Heat transfer characteristics of a bent tail tube Helmholtz type valveless self-excited pulsation burner[J].Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power,2014,29(6):709-713.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Zhai M,Wang X Y,Ge T Z,et al.Heat transfer in valveless Helmholtz pulse combustor straight and elbow tailpipes[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2015,91:1018-1025.
[25]苏海涛.传热对脉动燃烧稳定性影响的研究[D].天津:天津科技大学,2015.Su Haitao.Study on the Effect of Heat Transfer on the Stability of Pulse Combustion[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University of Science&Technology,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]袁隆基,薛祯祯,李聪.低浓度瓦斯脉动燃烧器尾管的换热特性研究[J].天然气工业,2016,36(7):93-97.Yuan Longji,Xue Zhenzhen,Li Cong.Heat transfer characteristics of the tail pipe in a low-concentration gas pulse combustor[J].Natural Gas Industry,2016,36(7):93-97.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]袁隆基.低浓度瓦斯脉动燃烧的理论与实验研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2013.Yuan Longji.Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Pulse Combustion of Low Concentration Gas[D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]张淆雨.脉动燃烧特性的理论与实验研究[D].北京:华北电力大学,2017.Zhang Xiaoyu.Theoretical and Experimental Study on Pulsating Combustion Characteristics[D].Beijing:North China Electric Power University,2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]郭楚文.工程流体力学[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2002.
[30]郁岚.热工基础及流体力学第2版[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2014.
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