特质认知和关系认知对人际信任的影响
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摘要
特质认知和关系认知是影响人际信任的两个重要因素。在中西方不同的文化背景下,特质认知和关系认知对人际信任存在不同的影响。通过整合以往有关特质认知和关系认知影响人际信任的研究成果,发现关系认知影响人际信任的相关研究不应仅仅局限于简单的"亲疏关系"效应。尤其是在理解中国人人际信任的研究中,需要进一步深入探讨诸如能够体现中国社会关系核心构架的"阶层关系"等更为重要的社会关系的认知过程对于中国人人际信任的深刻作用。以"阶层关系"认知为核心的关系认知可能调节着特质认知对于中国人人际信任的影响。
Characteristic perception and relationship perception are the two important factors which influence the interpersonal trust. These two factors exert diverse effects in the different cultural contexts due to the different Chinese and Western cultural backgrounds. By reviewing the related previous research findings, this paper indicates that the research on the influence of relationship perception on interpersonal trust should not be restricted on the effect of "closeness relationship". In the future studies of understanding Chinese interpersonal trust, researchers should further investigate the relationship schema which can reflects the essence of Chinese social relationship – "class relationship". What's more, we should pay more attention to explore and discusse fatherly the effect of class relationship perception on Chinese interpersonal trust, which might reflect the core architecture of Chinese social relations. It supposes that relationship perception, especially class relation perception, might regulate the effect of characteristic perception on Chinese interpersonal trust.
Characteristic perception and relationship perception are the two important factors which influence the interpersonal trust. These two factors exert diverse effects in the different cultural contexts due to the different Chinese and Western cultural backgrounds. By reviewing the related previous research findings, this paper indicates that the research on the influence of relationship perception on interpersonal trust should not be restricted on the effect of "closeness relationship". In the future studies of understanding Chinese interpersonal trust, researchers should further investigate the relationship schema which can reflects the essence of Chinese social relationship – "class relationship". What's more, we should pay more attention to explore and discusse fatherly the effect of class relationship perception on Chinese interpersonal trust, which might reflect the core architecture of Chinese social relations. It supposes that relationship perception, especially class relation perception, might regulate the effect of characteristic perception on Chinese interpersonal trust.
引文
费孝通.(1985).乡土中国.上海:上海人民出版社.
韩振华.(2010).人际信任的影响因素及其机制研究(博士学位论文).南开大学,天津.
乐国安,韩振华.(2009).信任的心理学研究与展望.西南大学学报:社会科学版,35(2),1-5.
刘春晖,辛自强,林崇德.(2013).主题情境和信任特质对大学生信任圈的影响.心理发展与教育,29(3),255-261.
刘嘉庆,区永东,吕晓薇,蒋毅.(2005).华人人际关系的概念化--针对中国香港地区大学生的实证研究.心理学报37(1),122-135.
马华维,姚琦.(2012).企业中的上级信任:作为一种行动意愿.心理学报,44(6),818-829.
牛江河,辛自强.(2009).不同主题和风险下的人际信任,“信任圈”的中,加比较.心理发展与教育,25(2),61-67.
彭泗清,郑也夫.(2000).关系与信任:中国人人际信任的一项本土研究.中国社会学年鉴;290-297.
王毅杰,周现富.(2009).城市居民信任的差序格局.天府新论(2),102-105.
韦慧民,龙立荣.(2008).组织中人际初始信任研究述评.心理科学进展,16(2),328-334.
吴继霞,黄希庭.(2012).诚信结构初探.心理学报,44(3),354-368.
辛素飞,明朗,辛自强.(2013).群际信任的增进:社会认同与群际接触的方法.心理科学进展,21(2),290-299.
杨中芳,彭泗清.(1999).中国人人际信任的概念化:一个人际关系的观点社会学研究,2(2),1-21.
张建新,张妙清,梁觉.(2000).殊化信任与泛化信任在人际信任行为路径模型中的作用.心理学报,32(3),311-316.
赵娜,周明洁,陈爽,李永鑫,张建新.(2014).信任的跨文化差异研究:视角与方法.心理科学,37(4),1002-1007.
郑也夫,彭泗清.(2003).中国社会中的信任.北京:中国城市出版社.
邹宇春,敖丹,李建栋.(2012).中国城市居民的信任格局及社会资本影响——以广州为例.中国社会科学(5),131-148.
Ben-Ner,A.,&Halldorsson,F.(2010).Trusting and trustworthiness:What are they,how to measure them,and what affects them.Journal of Economic Psychology,31(1),64-79.
Berger,J.,&Webster,M.(2006).Expectations,status,and behavior.In P.J.Burke(Ed.),Contemporary social psychological theories(pp.268-300).California:Stanford University Press.
Campos-Castillo,C.,&Ewoodzie,K.(2014).Relational trustworthiness:How status affects intra-organizational inequality in job autonomy.Social Science Research,44,60-74.
Chua,R.Y.,Morris,M.W.,&Ingram,P.(2008).Guanxi vs networking:Distinctive configurations of affect-and cognition-based trust in the networks of Chinese vs American managers.Journal of International Business Studies,40(3),490-508.
Clark,M.C.,&Payne,R.L.(2006),Character-Based determinants of trust in leaders.Risk Analysis,26(5),1161-1173.
Clark,M.S.,&Mills,J.(1979).Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37(1),12-23.
Colquitt,J.A.,Scott,B.A.,&LePine,J.A,(2007).Trust,trustworthiness,and trust propensity:A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,92(4),909-927.
Cook,J.,&Wall,T,(1980),New work attitude measures of trust,organizational commitment and personal need nonfulfilment.Journal of Occupational Psychology,53(1),39-52.
Cook,K.S.,Levi,M.,&Hardin,R.(2009),Whom can we trust?How groups,networks,and institutions make trust possible.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Cook,K.S.(2001).Trust in society.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Correll,S.J.,Benard,S.,&Paik,I.(2007).Getting a job:Is there a motherhood penalty?American Journal of Sociology,112(5),1297-1339.
Deutsch,M,(1960),The effect of motivational orientation upon trust and suspicion.Human relations,13(2),123-139.
Dirks,K.T.,&Ferrin,D.L.(2002).Trust in leadership:Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice.Journal of Applied Psychology,87(4),611-628.
Duck,S.(2006).Meaningful relationships:Talking,sense,and relating.Bucuresti,Romania:Polirom Publishing House.
Fulmer,C.A.,&Gelfand,M.J,(2012),At What Level(and in Whom)We Trust:Trust Across Multiple Organizational Levels,Journal of Management,38(4),1167-1230.
Gillespie,N.A.,&Mann,L.(2004).Transformational leadership and shared values:The building blocks of trust.Journal of Managerial Psychology,19(6),588-607.
Han,G.,&Choi,S.(2011).Trust working in interpersonal relationships:A comparative cultural perspective with a focus on East Asian culture.Comparative Sociology,10(3),380-412.
Hooghe,M.,Marien,S.,&de Vroome,T.(2012).The cognitive basis of trust.The relation between education,cognitive ability,and generalized and political trust.Intelligence,40(6),604-613.
Hu,H.(2007).A comparative study of the effects of TaiwanUnited States employee categorization on supervisor trust.Social Behavior and Personality:An International Journal,35(2),229-242.
Huang,L.,&Murnighan,J.K.(2010).What's in a name?Subliminally activating trusting behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,111(1),62-70.
Janus,T,(2009).Trust and culture.International Game Theory Review,11(2),199-206.
Johnson,D.,&Grayson,K.(2005),Cognitive and affective trust in service relationships.Journal of Business Research,58(4),500-507.
Kalkhoff,W.,&Barnum,C.(2000).The effects of status-organizing and social identity processes on patterns of social influence.Social Psychology Quarterly,63(2),95-115.
Kramer,R.M.(1999).Trust and distrust in organizations:Emerging perspectives,enduring questions.Annual Review of Psychology,50(1),569-598.
Kramer,R.M.,&Tyler,T.R,(1996),Trust in organizations:Frontiers of theory and research.California:Sage Publications.
Lewicki,R.J.,Tomlinson,E.C.,&Gillespie,N.(2006).Models of interpersonal trust development:Theoretical approaches,empirical evidence,and future directions.Journal of Management,32(6),991-1022.
Lewis,J.D.,&Weigert,A.(1985).Trust as a social reality.Social Forces,63(4),967-985.
Locke,E.A.(2000).The prime movers:Traits of the great wealth creators.New York:AMACOM.
Lount Jr,R.B.,&Pettit,N.C.(2012).The social context of trust:The role of status.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,117(1),15-23.
Luhmann,N.(1979),Trust and Power:Two works by Niklas Luhmann.Chichester:Wiley.
Mayer,R.C.,Davis,J.H.,&Schoorman,F,D.(1995).An integrative model of organizational trust.Academy of Management Review,20,709-734.
McAllister,D.J.(1995).Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations.Academy of Management Journal,38(1),24-59.
McEvily,B.,Perrone,V.,&Zaheer,A.(2003).Trust as an organizing principle.Organization Science,14(1),91-103.
McEvily,B.,&Tortoriello,M.(2011).Measuring trust in organizational research:Review and recommendations.Journal of Trust Research,1(1),23-63.
Morris,M.W.,Menon,T.,&Ames,D.R.(2001).Culturally conferred conceptions of agency:A key to social perception of persons,groups,and other actors.Personality and Social Psychology Review,5(2),169-182.
Niu,J.,&Xin,Z.(2012).Trust discrimination tendency of trust circles in economic risk domain and cultural difference between Canada and China.Journal of Social,Evolutionary,and Cultural Psychology,6(2),233-252.
Palanski,M.E.,&Yammarino,F.J.(2009).Integrity and leadership:A multi-level conceptual framework.The Leadership Quarterly,20(3),405-420.
Poon,J.M.(2013),Effects of benevolence,integrity,and ability on trust-in-supervisor.Employee Relations,35(4),396-407.
Poortinga,W.,&Pidgeon,N.F.(2006).Prior attitudes,salient value similarity,and dimensionality:Toward an integrative model of trust in risk regulation.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,36(7),1674-1700.
Rempel,J.K.,Holmes,J.G.,&Zanna,M.P.(1985).Trust in close relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,49(1),95-112.
Ridgeway,C.L.(1981).Nonconformity,competence,and influence in groups:A test of two theories.American Sociological Review,46,333-347.
Ridgeway,C.L.(1982).Status in groups:The importance of motivation.American Sociological Review,47(1),76-88.
Ridgeway,C.L.,&Berger,J.(1986).Expectations,legitimation,and dominance behavior in task groups.American Sociological Review,51(5),603-617.
Russell,H.(2002).Trust and trustworthiness.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Siegrist,M.,Cvetkovich,G.,&Roth,C.(2000),Salient value similarity,social trust,and risk/benefit perception.Risk Analysis,20(3),353-362.
Schoorman,F.D.,Mayer,R.C.,&Davis,J.H.(2007).An integrative model of organizational trust:Past,present,and future.Academy of Management Review,32(2),344-354.
Simoms,T.(2002).Behavioral integrity:The perceived alignment between managers'words and deeds as a research focus.Organization Science,13(1),18-35.
Sitkin,S.B.,&Roth,N.L.(1993).Explaining the limited effectiveness of legalistic”remedies"for trust/distrust.Organization Science,4(3),367-392.
Smith,E.R.,&Semin,G.R.(2004).Socially situated cognition:Cognition in its social context.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,36,53-117.
Trope,Y.,Liberman,N.,&Wakslak,C.(2007).Construal levels and psychological distance:Effects on representation,prediction,evaluation,and behavior.Journal of Consumer Psychology,17(2),83-95.
Weigert,A.J.(1981),Sociology of everyday life.New York:Longman.
Whitener,E.M.,Brodt,S.E.,Korsgaard,M.A.,&Werner,J.M.(1998).Managers as initiators of trust:An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior.Academy of Management Review,23(3),513-530.
Williams,M.(2001).In whom we trust:Group membership as an affective context for trust development.Academy of Management Review,26(3),377-396.
Yuki,M.,Maddux,W.W.,Brewer,M.B.,&Takemura,K.(2005).Cross-cultural differences in relationship-and group-based trust.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,31(1),48-62.
韩振华.(2010).人际信任的影响因素及其机制研究(博士学位论文).南开大学,天津.
乐国安,韩振华.(2009).信任的心理学研究与展望.西南大学学报:社会科学版,35(2),1-5.
刘春晖,辛自强,林崇德.(2013).主题情境和信任特质对大学生信任圈的影响.心理发展与教育,29(3),255-261.
刘嘉庆,区永东,吕晓薇,蒋毅.(2005).华人人际关系的概念化--针对中国香港地区大学生的实证研究.心理学报37(1),122-135.
马华维,姚琦.(2012).企业中的上级信任:作为一种行动意愿.心理学报,44(6),818-829.
牛江河,辛自强.(2009).不同主题和风险下的人际信任,“信任圈”的中,加比较.心理发展与教育,25(2),61-67.
彭泗清,郑也夫.(2000).关系与信任:中国人人际信任的一项本土研究.中国社会学年鉴;290-297.
王毅杰,周现富.(2009).城市居民信任的差序格局.天府新论(2),102-105.
韦慧民,龙立荣.(2008).组织中人际初始信任研究述评.心理科学进展,16(2),328-334.
吴继霞,黄希庭.(2012).诚信结构初探.心理学报,44(3),354-368.
辛素飞,明朗,辛自强.(2013).群际信任的增进:社会认同与群际接触的方法.心理科学进展,21(2),290-299.
杨中芳,彭泗清.(1999).中国人人际信任的概念化:一个人际关系的观点社会学研究,2(2),1-21.
张建新,张妙清,梁觉.(2000).殊化信任与泛化信任在人际信任行为路径模型中的作用.心理学报,32(3),311-316.
赵娜,周明洁,陈爽,李永鑫,张建新.(2014).信任的跨文化差异研究:视角与方法.心理科学,37(4),1002-1007.
郑也夫,彭泗清.(2003).中国社会中的信任.北京:中国城市出版社.
邹宇春,敖丹,李建栋.(2012).中国城市居民的信任格局及社会资本影响——以广州为例.中国社会科学(5),131-148.
Ben-Ner,A.,&Halldorsson,F.(2010).Trusting and trustworthiness:What are they,how to measure them,and what affects them.Journal of Economic Psychology,31(1),64-79.
Berger,J.,&Webster,M.(2006).Expectations,status,and behavior.In P.J.Burke(Ed.),Contemporary social psychological theories(pp.268-300).California:Stanford University Press.
Campos-Castillo,C.,&Ewoodzie,K.(2014).Relational trustworthiness:How status affects intra-organizational inequality in job autonomy.Social Science Research,44,60-74.
Chua,R.Y.,Morris,M.W.,&Ingram,P.(2008).Guanxi vs networking:Distinctive configurations of affect-and cognition-based trust in the networks of Chinese vs American managers.Journal of International Business Studies,40(3),490-508.
Clark,M.C.,&Payne,R.L.(2006),Character-Based determinants of trust in leaders.Risk Analysis,26(5),1161-1173.
Clark,M.S.,&Mills,J.(1979).Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37(1),12-23.
Colquitt,J.A.,Scott,B.A.,&LePine,J.A,(2007).Trust,trustworthiness,and trust propensity:A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,92(4),909-927.
Cook,J.,&Wall,T,(1980),New work attitude measures of trust,organizational commitment and personal need nonfulfilment.Journal of Occupational Psychology,53(1),39-52.
Cook,K.S.,Levi,M.,&Hardin,R.(2009),Whom can we trust?How groups,networks,and institutions make trust possible.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Cook,K.S.(2001).Trust in society.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Correll,S.J.,Benard,S.,&Paik,I.(2007).Getting a job:Is there a motherhood penalty?American Journal of Sociology,112(5),1297-1339.
Deutsch,M,(1960),The effect of motivational orientation upon trust and suspicion.Human relations,13(2),123-139.
Dirks,K.T.,&Ferrin,D.L.(2002).Trust in leadership:Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice.Journal of Applied Psychology,87(4),611-628.
Duck,S.(2006).Meaningful relationships:Talking,sense,and relating.Bucuresti,Romania:Polirom Publishing House.
Fulmer,C.A.,&Gelfand,M.J,(2012),At What Level(and in Whom)We Trust:Trust Across Multiple Organizational Levels,Journal of Management,38(4),1167-1230.
Gillespie,N.A.,&Mann,L.(2004).Transformational leadership and shared values:The building blocks of trust.Journal of Managerial Psychology,19(6),588-607.
Han,G.,&Choi,S.(2011).Trust working in interpersonal relationships:A comparative cultural perspective with a focus on East Asian culture.Comparative Sociology,10(3),380-412.
Hooghe,M.,Marien,S.,&de Vroome,T.(2012).The cognitive basis of trust.The relation between education,cognitive ability,and generalized and political trust.Intelligence,40(6),604-613.
Hu,H.(2007).A comparative study of the effects of TaiwanUnited States employee categorization on supervisor trust.Social Behavior and Personality:An International Journal,35(2),229-242.
Huang,L.,&Murnighan,J.K.(2010).What's in a name?Subliminally activating trusting behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,111(1),62-70.
Janus,T,(2009).Trust and culture.International Game Theory Review,11(2),199-206.
Johnson,D.,&Grayson,K.(2005),Cognitive and affective trust in service relationships.Journal of Business Research,58(4),500-507.
Kalkhoff,W.,&Barnum,C.(2000).The effects of status-organizing and social identity processes on patterns of social influence.Social Psychology Quarterly,63(2),95-115.
Kramer,R.M.(1999).Trust and distrust in organizations:Emerging perspectives,enduring questions.Annual Review of Psychology,50(1),569-598.
Kramer,R.M.,&Tyler,T.R,(1996),Trust in organizations:Frontiers of theory and research.California:Sage Publications.
Lewicki,R.J.,Tomlinson,E.C.,&Gillespie,N.(2006).Models of interpersonal trust development:Theoretical approaches,empirical evidence,and future directions.Journal of Management,32(6),991-1022.
Lewis,J.D.,&Weigert,A.(1985).Trust as a social reality.Social Forces,63(4),967-985.
Locke,E.A.(2000).The prime movers:Traits of the great wealth creators.New York:AMACOM.
Lount Jr,R.B.,&Pettit,N.C.(2012).The social context of trust:The role of status.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,117(1),15-23.
Luhmann,N.(1979),Trust and Power:Two works by Niklas Luhmann.Chichester:Wiley.
Mayer,R.C.,Davis,J.H.,&Schoorman,F,D.(1995).An integrative model of organizational trust.Academy of Management Review,20,709-734.
McAllister,D.J.(1995).Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations.Academy of Management Journal,38(1),24-59.
McEvily,B.,Perrone,V.,&Zaheer,A.(2003).Trust as an organizing principle.Organization Science,14(1),91-103.
McEvily,B.,&Tortoriello,M.(2011).Measuring trust in organizational research:Review and recommendations.Journal of Trust Research,1(1),23-63.
Morris,M.W.,Menon,T.,&Ames,D.R.(2001).Culturally conferred conceptions of agency:A key to social perception of persons,groups,and other actors.Personality and Social Psychology Review,5(2),169-182.
Niu,J.,&Xin,Z.(2012).Trust discrimination tendency of trust circles in economic risk domain and cultural difference between Canada and China.Journal of Social,Evolutionary,and Cultural Psychology,6(2),233-252.
Palanski,M.E.,&Yammarino,F.J.(2009).Integrity and leadership:A multi-level conceptual framework.The Leadership Quarterly,20(3),405-420.
Poon,J.M.(2013),Effects of benevolence,integrity,and ability on trust-in-supervisor.Employee Relations,35(4),396-407.
Poortinga,W.,&Pidgeon,N.F.(2006).Prior attitudes,salient value similarity,and dimensionality:Toward an integrative model of trust in risk regulation.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,36(7),1674-1700.
Rempel,J.K.,Holmes,J.G.,&Zanna,M.P.(1985).Trust in close relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,49(1),95-112.
Ridgeway,C.L.(1981).Nonconformity,competence,and influence in groups:A test of two theories.American Sociological Review,46,333-347.
Ridgeway,C.L.(1982).Status in groups:The importance of motivation.American Sociological Review,47(1),76-88.
Ridgeway,C.L.,&Berger,J.(1986).Expectations,legitimation,and dominance behavior in task groups.American Sociological Review,51(5),603-617.
Russell,H.(2002).Trust and trustworthiness.New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Siegrist,M.,Cvetkovich,G.,&Roth,C.(2000),Salient value similarity,social trust,and risk/benefit perception.Risk Analysis,20(3),353-362.
Schoorman,F.D.,Mayer,R.C.,&Davis,J.H.(2007).An integrative model of organizational trust:Past,present,and future.Academy of Management Review,32(2),344-354.
Simoms,T.(2002).Behavioral integrity:The perceived alignment between managers'words and deeds as a research focus.Organization Science,13(1),18-35.
Sitkin,S.B.,&Roth,N.L.(1993).Explaining the limited effectiveness of legalistic”remedies"for trust/distrust.Organization Science,4(3),367-392.
Smith,E.R.,&Semin,G.R.(2004).Socially situated cognition:Cognition in its social context.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,36,53-117.
Trope,Y.,Liberman,N.,&Wakslak,C.(2007).Construal levels and psychological distance:Effects on representation,prediction,evaluation,and behavior.Journal of Consumer Psychology,17(2),83-95.
Weigert,A.J.(1981),Sociology of everyday life.New York:Longman.
Whitener,E.M.,Brodt,S.E.,Korsgaard,M.A.,&Werner,J.M.(1998).Managers as initiators of trust:An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior.Academy of Management Review,23(3),513-530.
Williams,M.(2001).In whom we trust:Group membership as an affective context for trust development.Academy of Management Review,26(3),377-396.
Yuki,M.,Maddux,W.W.,Brewer,M.B.,&Takemura,K.(2005).Cross-cultural differences in relationship-and group-based trust.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,31(1),48-62.