隐形合约与农民专业合作社产权——基于贵州N村茶叶合作社的个案分析
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摘要
作为农民专业合作社发展的构成要素,产权无疑是一项重要的合约安排。与以往研究思路不同的是,本文尝试提出"隐形合约"概念,以此来强调农民专业合作社产权不仅仅是一种靠模仿和移植资本市场的市场合约,更是一种兼有社会属性的合约关系。一方面,这种隐形合约嵌入到人格化体系之中,能够反映出其与制度环境变化之间不断互动的过程;另一方面,通过情感性隐形合约与工具性隐形合约两种非正式的界定方式,使得合作社产权在不同的主体行为人之间得以界定。正因如此,本文提出了隐形合约的理论分析框架,并以N村茶叶合作社的动态事件为例,体现出隐形合约在合作社产权界定中的重要作用。
As a component of the development of farmer cooperatives,property rights are undoubtedly an important contractual arrangement.Different from previous research ideas,this paper attempts to put forward the concept of "Invisible contract",in order to emphasize that the property rights of farmer cooperatives are not only a market contract that imitates and transplants the capital market,but also a kind of relationship that has both social attributes contract. On the one hand,this contract of contract embedded in the system of personification,can reflect the process of continuous interaction with institutional environment changes; on the other hand,through this informal definition,the cooperative property rights in different subject behaviors Between people could be defined. Because of this,this paper puts forward the theoretical framework of the Invisible contract,and takes the dynamic event of N village tea cooperative as an example,which shows the important role of Invisible contract in the definition of property right of cooperative.
As a component of the development of farmer cooperatives,property rights are undoubtedly an important contractual arrangement.Different from previous research ideas,this paper attempts to put forward the concept of "Invisible contract",in order to emphasize that the property rights of farmer cooperatives are not only a market contract that imitates and transplants the capital market,but also a kind of relationship that has both social attributes contract. On the one hand,this contract of contract embedded in the system of personification,can reflect the process of continuous interaction with institutional environment changes; on the other hand,through this informal definition,the cooperative property rights in different subject behaviors Between people could be defined. Because of this,this paper puts forward the theoretical framework of the Invisible contract,and takes the dynamic event of N village tea cooperative as an example,which shows the important role of Invisible contract in the definition of property right of cooperative.
引文
1.Cheng,S.The Structure of a Contract and the Theory of a Non-Exclusive Resource.Journal of Law and Economics,1970(13):49～70
2.Coase,R.The Problem of Social Cost.Journal of Law and Economics,1960(3):1～44
3.Hansmann,H.The Ownership of Enterprise.Cambridge:The Belknap Press,1996:23～31
4.Nilsson,J.Organizational Principles for Co-Operative Firms.Scandinavian journal of management,2001,17(3):329～356
5.Porter,K.and Scully,W.Economic Efficiency in Cooperatives.The Journal of Law and Economics,1987(2):489～512
6.Cook,L.The Future of U.S.Agriculture Cooperatives.A Neo-institutional Approach,American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1995(77):1153～1159
7.Chaddad,R.Advancing the Theory of the Cooperative Organization:The Cooperative as a True Hybrid.Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics,2012,83(4):445～461
8.Bonus,H.The Cooperative Association as a Business Enterprise:A Study in the Economics of Transactions .Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,1986,142(2):310～339
9.Fulton M.New Generation Co-operatives:Legal Awareness for Marketing Specialty Ag Products.Edmonton,Alberta:Alberta Agriculture,Food and Rural Development,2000
10.Galdeano,E,Cespedes,J,Rodriguez,M.Productivity and Environmental Performance in Marketing Cooperatives:An Analysis of the Spanish Horticultural Sector.Journal of Agricultural Economics,2006,57(3):479～500
11.汪丁丁.产权博弈.经济研究,1996(10):70～80
12.巴泽尔.产权的经济分析.上海人民出版社,1997
13.周其仁.产权与制度变迁:中国改革的经验研究.社会科学文献出版社,2002
14.马彦丽,孟彩英.我国农民专业合作社的双重委托—代理关系——兼论存在的问题及改进思路.农业经济问题,2008(5):55～60
15.黄胜忠,徐旭初.成员异质性与农民专业合作社的组织结构分析.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2008(3):1～7
16.张晓山.农民专业合作社的发展趋势探析.管理世界,2009(5):89～96
17.苑鹏.农民专业合作社联合社发展的探析——以北京市密云县奶牛合作联社为例.中国农村经济,2008(8):44～51
18.楼栋,仝志辉.中国农民专业合作社多元发展格局的理论解释——基于间接定价理论模型和相关案例的分析.开放时代,2010(12):42～52
19.费孝通,乡土中国.北京大学出版社,2012
20.张小军.复合产权:一个实质论和资本体系的视角——山西介休洪山泉的历史水权个案研究.社会学研究,2007(4):23～50
21.周雪光.“关系产权”:产权制度的一个社会学解释.社会学研究,2005(02):1～31
22.折晓叶,陈婴婴.产权怎样界定——一份集体产权私化的社会文本.社会学研究,2005(04):1～43
23.黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁,中华书局,1986
24.林南.社会资本:关于社会结构与行动的理论,上海人民出版社,2005
25.科尔奈.增长、短缺与效率:社会主义经济的宏观动态模型.商务印书馆,2012
26.申静,王汉生.集体产权在中国乡村生活中的实践逻辑——社会学视角下的产权建构过程.社会学研究,2005(1):113～148
27.李桃.经济理性、生存智慧与行为逻辑——农民专业合作社内部中小社员“搭便车”行为探究.宏观经济研究,2014(2)10～17
28.李祖佩.项目进村与乡村治理重构——一项基于村庄本位的考察.中国农村观察,2013(4):2～13
29.赵晓峰.农民专业合作社制度演变中的“会员制”困境及其超越.农业经济问题,2015(2):27～33
(1)这里借鉴科尔奈(2012)提出的“软预算约束”概念,即政府预算无法对政府行为形成强有力的约束力,造成一种制度软化现象。类似的,本文将目前合作社产权的非正式运作过程理解为在政府既有的规章制度框架下产生的一种软化现象
(2)这里的询问是指,合作社社长告知了合作社理事、监事成员关于合作社重新拟定的项目开发计划
2.Coase,R.The Problem of Social Cost.Journal of Law and Economics,1960(3):1～44
3.Hansmann,H.The Ownership of Enterprise.Cambridge:The Belknap Press,1996:23～31
4.Nilsson,J.Organizational Principles for Co-Operative Firms.Scandinavian journal of management,2001,17(3):329～356
5.Porter,K.and Scully,W.Economic Efficiency in Cooperatives.The Journal of Law and Economics,1987(2):489～512
6.Cook,L.The Future of U.S.Agriculture Cooperatives.A Neo-institutional Approach,American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1995(77):1153～1159
7.Chaddad,R.Advancing the Theory of the Cooperative Organization:The Cooperative as a True Hybrid.Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics,2012,83(4):445～461
8.Bonus,H.The Cooperative Association as a Business Enterprise:A Study in the Economics of Transactions .Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,1986,142(2):310～339
9.Fulton M.New Generation Co-operatives:Legal Awareness for Marketing Specialty Ag Products.Edmonton,Alberta:Alberta Agriculture,Food and Rural Development,2000
10.Galdeano,E,Cespedes,J,Rodriguez,M.Productivity and Environmental Performance in Marketing Cooperatives:An Analysis of the Spanish Horticultural Sector.Journal of Agricultural Economics,2006,57(3):479～500
11.汪丁丁.产权博弈.经济研究,1996(10):70～80
12.巴泽尔.产权的经济分析.上海人民出版社,1997
13.周其仁.产权与制度变迁:中国改革的经验研究.社会科学文献出版社,2002
14.马彦丽,孟彩英.我国农民专业合作社的双重委托—代理关系——兼论存在的问题及改进思路.农业经济问题,2008(5):55～60
15.黄胜忠,徐旭初.成员异质性与农民专业合作社的组织结构分析.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2008(3):1～7
16.张晓山.农民专业合作社的发展趋势探析.管理世界,2009(5):89～96
17.苑鹏.农民专业合作社联合社发展的探析——以北京市密云县奶牛合作联社为例.中国农村经济,2008(8):44～51
18.楼栋,仝志辉.中国农民专业合作社多元发展格局的理论解释——基于间接定价理论模型和相关案例的分析.开放时代,2010(12):42～52
19.费孝通,乡土中国.北京大学出版社,2012
20.张小军.复合产权:一个实质论和资本体系的视角——山西介休洪山泉的历史水权个案研究.社会学研究,2007(4):23～50
21.周雪光.“关系产权”:产权制度的一个社会学解释.社会学研究,2005(02):1～31
22.折晓叶,陈婴婴.产权怎样界定——一份集体产权私化的社会文本.社会学研究,2005(04):1～43
23.黄宗智.华北的小农经济与社会变迁,中华书局,1986
24.林南.社会资本:关于社会结构与行动的理论,上海人民出版社,2005
25.科尔奈.增长、短缺与效率:社会主义经济的宏观动态模型.商务印书馆,2012
26.申静,王汉生.集体产权在中国乡村生活中的实践逻辑——社会学视角下的产权建构过程.社会学研究,2005(1):113～148
27.李桃.经济理性、生存智慧与行为逻辑——农民专业合作社内部中小社员“搭便车”行为探究.宏观经济研究,2014(2)10～17
28.李祖佩.项目进村与乡村治理重构——一项基于村庄本位的考察.中国农村观察,2013(4):2～13
29.赵晓峰.农民专业合作社制度演变中的“会员制”困境及其超越.农业经济问题,2015(2):27～33
(1)这里借鉴科尔奈(2012)提出的“软预算约束”概念,即政府预算无法对政府行为形成强有力的约束力,造成一种制度软化现象。类似的,本文将目前合作社产权的非正式运作过程理解为在政府既有的规章制度框架下产生的一种软化现象
(2)这里的询问是指,合作社社长告知了合作社理事、监事成员关于合作社重新拟定的项目开发计划