论涉法新闻报道的规制——以无罪推定为视角
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摘要
涉法新闻报道作为司法与传媒的交界领域,对无罪推定原则的认识和贯彻还存在缺失和不足。随着近年来各种形式的媒体技术,特别是自媒体的出现,使得舆论对司法的影响与日俱增,涉法新闻报道领域对无罪推定原则的无视与侵犯已日益成为影响司法公正和社会稳定的负面因素。文章聚集涉法新闻报道中涉及无罪推定原则的情况,讨论在新闻报道中如何正确应用无罪推定原则和背离无罪推定原则可能造成的危害,以及尝试从涉法新闻报道的规制角度,探讨如何在贯彻无罪推定原则的前提下形成新闻报道与司法公正的良性互动。在新闻报道中应当尊重无罪推定原则,需要明确媒体的社会责任,确保司法透明,对涉法新闻报道应当依法进行规范,可以通过立法授权司法机关对新闻报道案件情况加以限制,还需要赋予法院对其审理案件相关新闻报道活动进行规制的权力。
As a boundary area between the judiciary and the media, news reports related to the law still lack of the understanding and implementation of the perspective of presumption of innocence. With various forms of media technology in recent years, the influence of public opinion on judiciary has been increasing day by day. The ignorance and infringement of the perspective of presumption of innocence in the field of news reports has brought about negative effects on judicial justice and social stability. This article focuses on the situation of the perspective of presumption of innocence in news reports of criminal cases, discusses about the appropriate application of the principle of presumption of innocence to news reports, deviates from the harm that may be caused by the presumption of innocence, and attempts to regulate the news reports from the law. From the perspective of forming a benign interaction between news reports and judicial justice on the premise of implementing the principle of presumption of innocence, news reports should comply with the principle of presumption of innocence. It is necessary to clarify the social responsibility of the media, ensure the transparency of the judiciary, and regulate the legal report of the law in accordance with the law. The legislation can be used to authorize the judicial organs to restrict the situation of news reports, and the court should be given appropriate power to review and regulate legal news reports concerning criminal cases.
As a boundary area between the judiciary and the media, news reports related to the law still lack of the understanding and implementation of the perspective of presumption of innocence. With various forms of media technology in recent years, the influence of public opinion on judiciary has been increasing day by day. The ignorance and infringement of the perspective of presumption of innocence in the field of news reports has brought about negative effects on judicial justice and social stability. This article focuses on the situation of the perspective of presumption of innocence in news reports of criminal cases, discusses about the appropriate application of the principle of presumption of innocence to news reports, deviates from the harm that may be caused by the presumption of innocence, and attempts to regulate the news reports from the law. From the perspective of forming a benign interaction between news reports and judicial justice on the premise of implementing the principle of presumption of innocence, news reports should comply with the principle of presumption of innocence. It is necessary to clarify the social responsibility of the media, ensure the transparency of the judiciary, and regulate the legal report of the law in accordance with the law. The legislation can be used to authorize the judicial organs to restrict the situation of news reports, and the court should be given appropriate power to review and regulate legal news reports concerning criminal cases.
引文
[1]刘斌.论传媒与司法公正[J].社会科学论坛,2005(6):23-42.
[2]陈实.论刑事司法中律师庭外言论的规制[J].中国法学,2014(1):48-62.
[3]李瞻.传播法---判例与说明[M].台北:黎明文化事业公司,1992:385-390.
[4]魏永征.新闻传播法教程[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[5]贝卡里亚.论犯罪与刑罚[M].黄风,译.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993:45.
[6]高一飞.互联网时代的媒体与司法关系[J].中外法学.2016(2):486-517.
[7]杨宇冠.论中国刑事诉讼定罪证明标准---以排除合理怀疑为视角[J].浙江工商大学学报,2017(5):6-14.
[8]刘斌.让权力在阳光下运行---再论传媒与司法的关系[J].政法论坛,2008(2):85-89.
[9]约翰·斯图亚特·密尔.论自由[M].杨宇冠,李立,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2018:89.
[10]陆小华.当前传媒竞争态势观察[J].军事记者,2002(1):4-7.
[11]弗雷德·西伯特,西奥多·波得森,威尔伯·施拉姆.传媒的四种理论[M].戴鑫,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007:17.
[12]全国新闻工作者协会.中国新闻工作者职业道德准则[EB/OL].(2009-11-27)[2018-10-18].http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2009-11/27/content_18968088.htm.
(1)原文为:The principle that there is a presumption of innocence in favor of the accused is the undoubted law, axiomatic and elementary, and its enforcement lies at the foundation of the administration of our criminal law.载https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/156/432/.
(2)《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第14条第2款规定:“凡受刑事控告者,在未依法证实有罪之前,应有权被视为无罪。”
(3)原文为:It is the function and right of the media to gather and convey information to the public and to comment on the administration of justice, including cases before, during and after trial, without violating the presumption of innocence.载https://www.icj.org/the-madrid-principles-on-the-relationship-between-the-media-and-judicial-independence/.
(4)原文为:It is a duty for all public authorities to refrain from prejudging the outcome of a trial, e.g. by abstaining from making public statements affirming the guilt of the accused. Defendants should normally not be shackled or kept in cages during trials or otherwise presented to the court in a manner indicating that they may be dangerous criminals. The media should avoid news coverage undermining the presumption of innocence. Furthermore, the length of pre-trial detention should never be taken as an indication of guilt and its degree.载https://undocs.org/CCPR/C/GC/32.
(5)原文为:Respect for the principle of the presumption of innocence is an integral part of the right to a fair trial. Accordingly, opinions and information relating to on-going criminal proceedings should only be communicated or disseminated through the media where this does not prejudice the presumption of innocence of the suspect or accused.载https://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/leg_ref_coe_r2003_13_criminal_proceedings_100703_tcm6-5020.pdf.
(6)因为新闻报道违反无罪推定的原则主要侵害了被告人的合法权利,所以被告人和其辩护人对此提出限制,甚至要求法院采取限制措施。
[2]陈实.论刑事司法中律师庭外言论的规制[J].中国法学,2014(1):48-62.
[3]李瞻.传播法---判例与说明[M].台北:黎明文化事业公司,1992:385-390.
[4]魏永征.新闻传播法教程[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[5]贝卡里亚.论犯罪与刑罚[M].黄风,译.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993:45.
[6]高一飞.互联网时代的媒体与司法关系[J].中外法学.2016(2):486-517.
[7]杨宇冠.论中国刑事诉讼定罪证明标准---以排除合理怀疑为视角[J].浙江工商大学学报,2017(5):6-14.
[8]刘斌.让权力在阳光下运行---再论传媒与司法的关系[J].政法论坛,2008(2):85-89.
[9]约翰·斯图亚特·密尔.论自由[M].杨宇冠,李立,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2018:89.
[10]陆小华.当前传媒竞争态势观察[J].军事记者,2002(1):4-7.
[11]弗雷德·西伯特,西奥多·波得森,威尔伯·施拉姆.传媒的四种理论[M].戴鑫,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007:17.
[12]全国新闻工作者协会.中国新闻工作者职业道德准则[EB/OL].(2009-11-27)[2018-10-18].http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2009-11/27/content_18968088.htm.
(1)原文为:The principle that there is a presumption of innocence in favor of the accused is the undoubted law, axiomatic and elementary, and its enforcement lies at the foundation of the administration of our criminal law.载https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/156/432/.
(2)《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第14条第2款规定:“凡受刑事控告者,在未依法证实有罪之前,应有权被视为无罪。”
(3)原文为:It is the function and right of the media to gather and convey information to the public and to comment on the administration of justice, including cases before, during and after trial, without violating the presumption of innocence.载https://www.icj.org/the-madrid-principles-on-the-relationship-between-the-media-and-judicial-independence/.
(4)原文为:It is a duty for all public authorities to refrain from prejudging the outcome of a trial, e.g. by abstaining from making public statements affirming the guilt of the accused. Defendants should normally not be shackled or kept in cages during trials or otherwise presented to the court in a manner indicating that they may be dangerous criminals. The media should avoid news coverage undermining the presumption of innocence. Furthermore, the length of pre-trial detention should never be taken as an indication of guilt and its degree.载https://undocs.org/CCPR/C/GC/32.
(5)原文为:Respect for the principle of the presumption of innocence is an integral part of the right to a fair trial. Accordingly, opinions and information relating to on-going criminal proceedings should only be communicated or disseminated through the media where this does not prejudice the presumption of innocence of the suspect or accused.载https://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/leg_ref_coe_r2003_13_criminal_proceedings_100703_tcm6-5020.pdf.
(6)因为新闻报道违反无罪推定的原则主要侵害了被告人的合法权利,所以被告人和其辩护人对此提出限制,甚至要求法院采取限制措施。