流域尺度土地利用调蓄视角的雨洪管理探析
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摘要
发达国家雨洪管理焦点历经管网设计、不透水面阈值控制、低影响开发及土地利用管理等过程,呈现"多尺度多视角衔接"趋势。本文聚焦太湖流域土地利用调蓄功能变化机制及管理应用,揭示了1985-2015年来建设占用耕地是调蓄功能降低的主要原因;发现基于小流域的调蓄功能变化与建设用地强度整体低关联,但局部高相关,高相关的地区位于大城市或某些乡镇周边的建设增长热区,而这些热区的建设用地与调蓄空间规模较大且接触机会更多,是开发之前调蓄空间保护、开发控制以及开发之后综合管理等3个土地利用调蓄目标因子协调不当的结果;最后提出流域尺度土地利用调蓄视角的雨洪管理"345"模式,即以3个目标因子和5类控制要素为基础,实施土地利用调蓄创建、防御、拓展与保护等4类差别化战略模式,从更大尺度认识老城区和新区的雨洪关联,拓展海绵城市建设的本土认知和视野。
The focus of urbanization effects on floods has gradually extended from the design of hydraulic channels to the control of imperviousness ratio and urban land use pattern in urban areas or the urbanized watershed. The stormwater management needs to integrate multiple floods perspectives in a spatial hierarchical unit, such as building, lot, city, watershed and region. However, the spread of the use of the urban landscape for managing and controlling stormwater in urbanized basins has been rather slow. The Low Impact Development(LID)model, which is used as the word of sponge city development in China, is used widely in Chinese cities. But most of Chinese cities, especially in East China have a high urban land intensity and no enough sponge city spaces to absorb surface runoff. The strong floods relationship exists among these spatial scales such as lot, city, watershed and region. Thus, the impact of land use change on environmental conditions improves the scientific knowledge on the floods correlation between new urban districts and downtowns, and expands the range of application of the LID/sponge city development. Then, the decline in the infiltration capacity resulted primarily from the transformation between construction land, cultivated land and other land use changes. However, there is low correlation between the infiltration capacity(CNc) and the construction land growth intensity in the overall sequence of development intensity(CLI15), but a high correlation in local parts of the CLI15 value. The high correlation occurs in the two parts of the CLI15 such as 8%-15% and 24%-39%, which are located in the "hot areas" of urban land growth around big cities and some rapidly developing towns. There is plenty of construction land and ecological infiltration space, and more opportunities to spatially contact together. Especially, three important target factors of the infiltration capacity in land use, such as the protection of infiltration spaces, land use control and LID-IMPs, are insufficient in the integrated planning and management. Last, the paper proposed a "3 + 4 + 5" stormwater management model in improving land use infiltration capacity, namely, three target factors, five key management elements and four management strategies models. Most parts of Area A in Taihu Lake watershed have a high intensity of land development, and implement the offensive strategy of improving the capacity of the hydraulic channels in the flood-prone areas, and create new ecological spatial elements in the right places. Area B around big cities is the main implementation area of the sponge city development/LID-IMPs, and controls the size of incremental construction land, and optimizes the pattern of construction land and natural spaces based spatial forms. Areas C and D are the main protection areas, and integrate stromwater management with land use zones, and expand and improve the ecological quality of natural service function.
The focus of urbanization effects on floods has gradually extended from the design of hydraulic channels to the control of imperviousness ratio and urban land use pattern in urban areas or the urbanized watershed. The stormwater management needs to integrate multiple floods perspectives in a spatial hierarchical unit, such as building, lot, city, watershed and region. However, the spread of the use of the urban landscape for managing and controlling stormwater in urbanized basins has been rather slow. The Low Impact Development(LID)model, which is used as the word of sponge city development in China, is used widely in Chinese cities. But most of Chinese cities, especially in East China have a high urban land intensity and no enough sponge city spaces to absorb surface runoff. The strong floods relationship exists among these spatial scales such as lot, city, watershed and region. Thus, the impact of land use change on environmental conditions improves the scientific knowledge on the floods correlation between new urban districts and downtowns, and expands the range of application of the LID/sponge city development. Then, the decline in the infiltration capacity resulted primarily from the transformation between construction land, cultivated land and other land use changes. However, there is low correlation between the infiltration capacity(CNc) and the construction land growth intensity in the overall sequence of development intensity(CLI15), but a high correlation in local parts of the CLI15 value. The high correlation occurs in the two parts of the CLI15 such as 8%-15% and 24%-39%, which are located in the "hot areas" of urban land growth around big cities and some rapidly developing towns. There is plenty of construction land and ecological infiltration space, and more opportunities to spatially contact together. Especially, three important target factors of the infiltration capacity in land use, such as the protection of infiltration spaces, land use control and LID-IMPs, are insufficient in the integrated planning and management. Last, the paper proposed a "3 + 4 + 5" stormwater management model in improving land use infiltration capacity, namely, three target factors, five key management elements and four management strategies models. Most parts of Area A in Taihu Lake watershed have a high intensity of land development, and implement the offensive strategy of improving the capacity of the hydraulic channels in the flood-prone areas, and create new ecological spatial elements in the right places. Area B around big cities is the main implementation area of the sponge city development/LID-IMPs, and controls the size of incremental construction land, and optimizes the pattern of construction land and natural spaces based spatial forms. Areas C and D are the main protection areas, and integrate stromwater management with land use zones, and expand and improve the ecological quality of natural service function.
引文
[1] Pauleit S, Ennos R, Golding Y. Modeling the environmental impacts of urban land use and land cover change:A study in Merseyside, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2005, 71(2):295-310.
[2] Chaves M L, Camozzato A L, Eizirik C L, et al. Predictors of normal and successful aging among urban-dwelling elderly Brazilians. The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2009, 64(5):597-602.
[3] Su W Z, Gu C L, Yang G S, et al. Measuring the impact of urban sprawl on natural landscape pattern of the western Taihu Lake Watershed. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2010, 95(1):61-67.
[4] Haase D. Effects of urbanisation on the water balance:A long-term trajectory. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2009, 29(4):211-219.
[5] Su W Z, Ye G B, Yao S M, et al. Urban land pattern impacts on floods in a new district of China. Sustainability, 2014, 6(10):6488-6508.
[6] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects:The2014 Revision. New York:United Nations, 2015.
[7] Su W Z. Measuring the past 20 years of urban-rural land growth in flood-prone areas in the developed Taihu Lake watershed, China. Frontiers of Earth Science, 2017, 11(2):1-11.
[8] Delleur J W. The evolution of urban hydrology:Past, present, and future. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2003, 129(8):563-573.
[9] Brabec E A. Imperviousness and land-use policy:Toward an effective approach to watershed planning. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2009, 14(4):425-433.
[10] Shuster W D, Bonta J, Thurston H, et al. Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology:A review. Urban Water Journal, 2005, 2(4):263-275.
[11] Schueler T R, Fraley-McNeal L, Cappiella K. Is impervious cover still important? Review of recent research. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2009, 14(4):309-315.
[12] Coffmann L S. Low-impact development design:A new paradigm for stormwater management mimicking and restoring the natural hydrologic regime:An alternative stormwater management technology. Escoamento Deágua De Chuva, 2011:1-158.
[13] Mejía A I, Moglen G E. Impact of the spatial distribution of imperviousness on the hydrologic response of an urbanizing basin. Hydrological Processes, 2010, 24(23):3359-3373.
[14] van Roon M. Low impact urban design and development:Catchment-based structure planning to optimise ecological outcomes. Urban Water Journal, 2011, 8(5):293-308.
[15] V?r?smarty C J, Green P, Salisbury J, et al. Global water resources:Vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 2000, 289(5477):284.
[16] Pielke R A. Land use and climate change. Science, 2005, 310(5754):1625-1626.
[17] Isidoro J M, de Lima J L, Leandro J. Influence of wind-driven rain on the rainfall-runoff process for urban areas:Scale model of high-rise buildings. Urban Water Journal, 2012, 9(3), 199-210.
[18] Shohan S A, Slobodan P S. Spatial and temporal analysis of urban flood risk assessment. Urban Water Journal, 2013, 10(1):26-49
[19] Jha A K, Bloch R, Lamond J. Cities and Flooding:A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. Washington D C:The World Bank, 2012, 885-887.
[20] Mentens J, Raes D, Hermy M. Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century? Landscape and Urban Planning, 2006, 77(3):217-226.
[21] Nie L, Lindholm O, Lindholm G. Impacts of climate change on urban drainage systems:A case study in Fredrikstad,Norway. Urban Water Journal, 2009, 6(4):323-332.
[22] Ahmad S S, Simonovic S P. Spatial and temporal analysis of urban flood risk assessment. Urban Water Journal, 2013, 10(1):26-49.
[23] Zhou Hongjian, Shi Peijun, Wang Jingai, et al. River network change and its ecological effects in Shenzhen Region in Recent 30 Years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(9):969-980.[周洪建,史培军,王静爱,等.近30年来深圳河网变化及其生态效应分析.地理学报, 2008, 63(9):969-980.]
[24] Yang Kai, Yuan Kai, Zhao Jun, et al. Stream structure characteristics and its urbanization responses to tidal river System. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(4):557-564.[杨凯,袁雯,赵军,等.感潮河网地区水系结构特征及城市化响应.地理学报, 2004, 59(4):557-564.]
[25] Li Lijuan, Jiang Dejuan, Li Jiuyi, et al. Advances in hidrological response to land use/land cover change. Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(2):211-224.[李丽娟,姜德娟,李九一,等.土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究进展.自然资源学报, 2007, 22(2):211-224.]
[26] Su Weizhong, Yang Guishan, Chen Shuang. An empirical analysis of urbanization spatial process and its ecological effect in Western Taihu Lake Watershed of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(9):4306-4312.[苏伟忠,杨桂山,陈爽.太湖流域湖西区城市化空间过程及其生态效应.生态学报, 2008, 28(9):4306-4312.]
[27] Su Weizhong, Yang Guishan, Chen Shuang. The impact of urban spatial expansion on regional environment of flood hazards gestation. Resources Science, 2012, 34(5):933-939.[苏伟忠,杨桂山,陈爽.城市空间扩展对区域洪涝孕灾环境的影响.资源科学, 2012, 34(5):933-939.]
[28] Gao Junfeng, Wen Yuhua. Impact of land use change on runoff of Taihu basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2002, 57(2):194-200.[高俊峰,闻余华.太湖流域土地利用变化对流域产水量的影响.地理学报, 2002, 57(2):194-200.]
[29] Zheng Jing, Fang Weihua, Shi Peijun, et al. Modeling the impact of land use change on hydrological processes in fast Urbanizing region:A case of the Buji watershed in Shenzhen city, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(9):1560-1572.[郑璟,方伟华,史培军,等.快速城市化地区土地利用变化对流域水文过程影响的模拟研究:以深圳市布吉河流域为例.自然资源学报, 2009, 24(9):1560-1572.]
[30] Chen Jiang, Yang Kai, Liu Lanlan, et al. Impact of 60 years land use change on rainfall in central Shanghai. Journal of Natural Resources, 2010, 25(6):914-925.[程江,杨凯,刘兰岚,等.上海中心城区土地利用变化对区域降雨径流的影响研究.自然资源学报, 2010, 25(6):914-925.]
[31] Li Na, Yuan Wen. Characteristics, cause factors, and influnce mechanism of flood and water logging in Shanghai.Journal of Natural Disasters, 2011, 20(1):37-45.[李娜,袁雯.上海洪涝灾害发生特征、致灾因子及影响机制研究.自然灾害学报, 2011, 20(1):37-45.]
[32] Xu Jintao, Xu Youpeng, Ye Zhengwei. Observation and simulation of hydrological processes in urban districts:A case study of Anji experimental district in the Xitiaoxi watershed of Taihu basin. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2011, 20(4):445-450.[徐金涛,许有鹏,叶正伟.城镇化地区水文过程实验观测与模拟:以太湖西苕溪流域安吉实验小区为例.长江流域资源与环境, 2011, 20(4):445-450.]
[33] Wang Yuefeng, Xu Youpeng, Zhang Qianyu, et al. Influence of stream structure change on regulation capacity of river networks in Taihu Lake basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(3):449-458.[王跃峰,许有鹏,张倩玉,等.太湖平原区河网结构变化对调蓄能力的影响.地理学报, 2016, 71(3):449-458.]
[34] Su Weizhong, Chen Weixiao, Guo Wei, et al. The occupation of river network by urban-rural land expansion in Taihu basin, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(8):1289-1301.[苏伟忠,陈维肖,郭葳,等.太湖流域城乡用地扩张对河网的空间占用机制初探.自然资源学报, 2016, 31(8):1289-1301.]
[35] Yu Wenjin, Yan Yonggang, Lv Haiyan, et al. GIS-based quantitative research on the risk of rainstorm and flood disaster in Taihu basin. Journal of Catastrophology, 2011, 26(4):1-7.[于文金,闫永刚,吕海燕,等.基于GIS的太湖流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险定量化研究.灾害学, 2011, 26(4):1-7.]
[36] Su Weizhong, Yang Guishan, Zhen Feng. Ecological land fragmentation and its connectivity with urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(12):1309-1317.[苏伟忠,杨桂山,甄峰.长江三角洲生态用地破碎度及其城市化关联.地理学报, 2007, 62(12):1309-1317.]
[37] Mishra S K, Singh V P. Soil Conservation Service Curve Number(SCS-CN)Methodology. Springer Netherlands, 2003,355-362.
[38] Wan Rongrong, Yang Guishan. The influence of land-use and land-cover on flood peak:A case study of Xitiaoxi river basin in the headwater region of Taihu Lake. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(2):318-327.[万荣荣,杨桂山.流域土地利用/覆被对洪峰的影响研究:以太湖上游西苕溪流域为例.自然资源学报, 2009, 24(2):318-327.]
[39] Chen Ying, Xu Youpeng, Yin Yixing. Assessment of effects of land use changes on storm runoff generation:A case study of Xitiaoxi Basin. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2009, 29(1):117-123.[陈莹,许有鹏,尹义星.土地利用/覆被变化下的暴雨径流过程模拟分析:以太湖上游西苕溪流域为例.地理科学, 2009, 29(1):117-123.]
[40] Parkinson J. Urban Stormwater Management in Developing Countries. UK:IWA Publishing, 2013.
[2] Chaves M L, Camozzato A L, Eizirik C L, et al. Predictors of normal and successful aging among urban-dwelling elderly Brazilians. The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2009, 64(5):597-602.
[3] Su W Z, Gu C L, Yang G S, et al. Measuring the impact of urban sprawl on natural landscape pattern of the western Taihu Lake Watershed. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2010, 95(1):61-67.
[4] Haase D. Effects of urbanisation on the water balance:A long-term trajectory. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2009, 29(4):211-219.
[5] Su W Z, Ye G B, Yao S M, et al. Urban land pattern impacts on floods in a new district of China. Sustainability, 2014, 6(10):6488-6508.
[6] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects:The2014 Revision. New York:United Nations, 2015.
[7] Su W Z. Measuring the past 20 years of urban-rural land growth in flood-prone areas in the developed Taihu Lake watershed, China. Frontiers of Earth Science, 2017, 11(2):1-11.
[8] Delleur J W. The evolution of urban hydrology:Past, present, and future. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2003, 129(8):563-573.
[9] Brabec E A. Imperviousness and land-use policy:Toward an effective approach to watershed planning. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2009, 14(4):425-433.
[10] Shuster W D, Bonta J, Thurston H, et al. Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology:A review. Urban Water Journal, 2005, 2(4):263-275.
[11] Schueler T R, Fraley-McNeal L, Cappiella K. Is impervious cover still important? Review of recent research. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2009, 14(4):309-315.
[12] Coffmann L S. Low-impact development design:A new paradigm for stormwater management mimicking and restoring the natural hydrologic regime:An alternative stormwater management technology. Escoamento Deágua De Chuva, 2011:1-158.
[13] Mejía A I, Moglen G E. Impact of the spatial distribution of imperviousness on the hydrologic response of an urbanizing basin. Hydrological Processes, 2010, 24(23):3359-3373.
[14] van Roon M. Low impact urban design and development:Catchment-based structure planning to optimise ecological outcomes. Urban Water Journal, 2011, 8(5):293-308.
[15] V?r?smarty C J, Green P, Salisbury J, et al. Global water resources:Vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 2000, 289(5477):284.
[16] Pielke R A. Land use and climate change. Science, 2005, 310(5754):1625-1626.
[17] Isidoro J M, de Lima J L, Leandro J. Influence of wind-driven rain on the rainfall-runoff process for urban areas:Scale model of high-rise buildings. Urban Water Journal, 2012, 9(3), 199-210.
[18] Shohan S A, Slobodan P S. Spatial and temporal analysis of urban flood risk assessment. Urban Water Journal, 2013, 10(1):26-49
[19] Jha A K, Bloch R, Lamond J. Cities and Flooding:A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. Washington D C:The World Bank, 2012, 885-887.
[20] Mentens J, Raes D, Hermy M. Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century? Landscape and Urban Planning, 2006, 77(3):217-226.
[21] Nie L, Lindholm O, Lindholm G. Impacts of climate change on urban drainage systems:A case study in Fredrikstad,Norway. Urban Water Journal, 2009, 6(4):323-332.
[22] Ahmad S S, Simonovic S P. Spatial and temporal analysis of urban flood risk assessment. Urban Water Journal, 2013, 10(1):26-49.
[23] Zhou Hongjian, Shi Peijun, Wang Jingai, et al. River network change and its ecological effects in Shenzhen Region in Recent 30 Years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(9):969-980.[周洪建,史培军,王静爱,等.近30年来深圳河网变化及其生态效应分析.地理学报, 2008, 63(9):969-980.]
[24] Yang Kai, Yuan Kai, Zhao Jun, et al. Stream structure characteristics and its urbanization responses to tidal river System. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(4):557-564.[杨凯,袁雯,赵军,等.感潮河网地区水系结构特征及城市化响应.地理学报, 2004, 59(4):557-564.]
[25] Li Lijuan, Jiang Dejuan, Li Jiuyi, et al. Advances in hidrological response to land use/land cover change. Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(2):211-224.[李丽娟,姜德娟,李九一,等.土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究进展.自然资源学报, 2007, 22(2):211-224.]
[26] Su Weizhong, Yang Guishan, Chen Shuang. An empirical analysis of urbanization spatial process and its ecological effect in Western Taihu Lake Watershed of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(9):4306-4312.[苏伟忠,杨桂山,陈爽.太湖流域湖西区城市化空间过程及其生态效应.生态学报, 2008, 28(9):4306-4312.]
[27] Su Weizhong, Yang Guishan, Chen Shuang. The impact of urban spatial expansion on regional environment of flood hazards gestation. Resources Science, 2012, 34(5):933-939.[苏伟忠,杨桂山,陈爽.城市空间扩展对区域洪涝孕灾环境的影响.资源科学, 2012, 34(5):933-939.]
[28] Gao Junfeng, Wen Yuhua. Impact of land use change on runoff of Taihu basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2002, 57(2):194-200.[高俊峰,闻余华.太湖流域土地利用变化对流域产水量的影响.地理学报, 2002, 57(2):194-200.]
[29] Zheng Jing, Fang Weihua, Shi Peijun, et al. Modeling the impact of land use change on hydrological processes in fast Urbanizing region:A case of the Buji watershed in Shenzhen city, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(9):1560-1572.[郑璟,方伟华,史培军,等.快速城市化地区土地利用变化对流域水文过程影响的模拟研究:以深圳市布吉河流域为例.自然资源学报, 2009, 24(9):1560-1572.]
[30] Chen Jiang, Yang Kai, Liu Lanlan, et al. Impact of 60 years land use change on rainfall in central Shanghai. Journal of Natural Resources, 2010, 25(6):914-925.[程江,杨凯,刘兰岚,等.上海中心城区土地利用变化对区域降雨径流的影响研究.自然资源学报, 2010, 25(6):914-925.]
[31] Li Na, Yuan Wen. Characteristics, cause factors, and influnce mechanism of flood and water logging in Shanghai.Journal of Natural Disasters, 2011, 20(1):37-45.[李娜,袁雯.上海洪涝灾害发生特征、致灾因子及影响机制研究.自然灾害学报, 2011, 20(1):37-45.]
[32] Xu Jintao, Xu Youpeng, Ye Zhengwei. Observation and simulation of hydrological processes in urban districts:A case study of Anji experimental district in the Xitiaoxi watershed of Taihu basin. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2011, 20(4):445-450.[徐金涛,许有鹏,叶正伟.城镇化地区水文过程实验观测与模拟:以太湖西苕溪流域安吉实验小区为例.长江流域资源与环境, 2011, 20(4):445-450.]
[33] Wang Yuefeng, Xu Youpeng, Zhang Qianyu, et al. Influence of stream structure change on regulation capacity of river networks in Taihu Lake basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(3):449-458.[王跃峰,许有鹏,张倩玉,等.太湖平原区河网结构变化对调蓄能力的影响.地理学报, 2016, 71(3):449-458.]
[34] Su Weizhong, Chen Weixiao, Guo Wei, et al. The occupation of river network by urban-rural land expansion in Taihu basin, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(8):1289-1301.[苏伟忠,陈维肖,郭葳,等.太湖流域城乡用地扩张对河网的空间占用机制初探.自然资源学报, 2016, 31(8):1289-1301.]
[35] Yu Wenjin, Yan Yonggang, Lv Haiyan, et al. GIS-based quantitative research on the risk of rainstorm and flood disaster in Taihu basin. Journal of Catastrophology, 2011, 26(4):1-7.[于文金,闫永刚,吕海燕,等.基于GIS的太湖流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险定量化研究.灾害学, 2011, 26(4):1-7.]
[36] Su Weizhong, Yang Guishan, Zhen Feng. Ecological land fragmentation and its connectivity with urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(12):1309-1317.[苏伟忠,杨桂山,甄峰.长江三角洲生态用地破碎度及其城市化关联.地理学报, 2007, 62(12):1309-1317.]
[37] Mishra S K, Singh V P. Soil Conservation Service Curve Number(SCS-CN)Methodology. Springer Netherlands, 2003,355-362.
[38] Wan Rongrong, Yang Guishan. The influence of land-use and land-cover on flood peak:A case study of Xitiaoxi river basin in the headwater region of Taihu Lake. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(2):318-327.[万荣荣,杨桂山.流域土地利用/覆被对洪峰的影响研究:以太湖上游西苕溪流域为例.自然资源学报, 2009, 24(2):318-327.]
[39] Chen Ying, Xu Youpeng, Yin Yixing. Assessment of effects of land use changes on storm runoff generation:A case study of Xitiaoxi Basin. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2009, 29(1):117-123.[陈莹,许有鹏,尹义星.土地利用/覆被变化下的暴雨径流过程模拟分析:以太湖上游西苕溪流域为例.地理科学, 2009, 29(1):117-123.]
[40] Parkinson J. Urban Stormwater Management in Developing Countries. UK:IWA Publishing, 2013.
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