地理协同论——从理解“人—地关系”到设计“人—地协同”
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摘要
本文从地球进入"人类世"(Anthropocene)之后,实现世界可持续发展、建设人类命运共同体的角度出发,就地表系统的复杂性、人类面临的各种灾难以及将要面临的各种资源短缺和环境风险等问题,提出发展"地理协同论",即:地球表层系统与区域可持续性机理、过程与动力学,以实现地理学研究从理解"人—地关系"到设计"人—地协同"的转变。着眼于"人类世"时代地球表层系统由多尺度、多过程等组成的复杂性,回顾了区域论、综合论、系统论等经典地理学理论,从自然单元与社会单元的结合、自然资源利用与自然灾害防御、人类功与过的评价、自然地图与行政地图间的关系、动力学与非动力学的耦合等主题入手,深入讨论了现代地理科学与技术问题。通过理解灾害系统及其致灾成害机理、过程和动力学,构建凝聚度指标,量化综合减灾系统的复杂性。利用协同宽容、约束、放大和分散原理,以灾害风险防范共识最高、成本最低、福利最大、风险最小化为目标,构建以政府为主导、企业为主体和社区全面参与的综合灾害风险防范凝聚力模式。在分析都江堰工程如何实现除害与兴利并举的基础上,综合阐释了"人类世"时代"适度改造自然",以实现人与自然的协同。
From the perspective of achieving sustainable development in the world and building a community with a shared future for humankind in the "Anthropocene", and considering the complexity of the Earth's surface system, various disasters facing humanity,and future challenges of resource shortages and environmental risks, we proposed the development of "geographical synergy" —the mechanism, process and dynamics of the Earth's surface system and regional sustainability—in order to realize the transformation of geographical research from the explanation of human-environment relationship to the design of human-environment synergy. We discussed the scientific and technological questions of modern geography from the perspectives of integrating natural and social units, natural resources and natural disasters, achievements and faults of humans, and coupling of dynamic and non-dynamic processes and systems. We proposed the metrics of "consilience degree" as a measure of the complexity of integrated disaster reduction system based on the understanding of disaster system and the mechanism, process and dynamics of hazard and disaster formation.Using the principles of synergetic tolerance, synergetic constraint, synergetic amplification and synergetic diversification, we proposed to build an integrated disaster risk governance consilience model under the leadership of governments and with enterprises as the main body and the full participation of communities, with multiple optimization objectives of social consent maximization, cost minimization, welfare maximization, and risk minimization.Finally, we elaborated on the synergy of human and nature through "changing nature appropriately", with a case study on the Dujiangyan irrigation system, which enabled the winwin pattern of disaster reduction and benefit making.
From the perspective of achieving sustainable development in the world and building a community with a shared future for humankind in the "Anthropocene", and considering the complexity of the Earth's surface system, various disasters facing humanity,and future challenges of resource shortages and environmental risks, we proposed the development of "geographical synergy" —the mechanism, process and dynamics of the Earth's surface system and regional sustainability—in order to realize the transformation of geographical research from the explanation of human-environment relationship to the design of human-environment synergy. We discussed the scientific and technological questions of modern geography from the perspectives of integrating natural and social units, natural resources and natural disasters, achievements and faults of humans, and coupling of dynamic and non-dynamic processes and systems. We proposed the metrics of "consilience degree" as a measure of the complexity of integrated disaster reduction system based on the understanding of disaster system and the mechanism, process and dynamics of hazard and disaster formation.Using the principles of synergetic tolerance, synergetic constraint, synergetic amplification and synergetic diversification, we proposed to build an integrated disaster risk governance consilience model under the leadership of governments and with enterprises as the main body and the full participation of communities, with multiple optimization objectives of social consent maximization, cost minimization, welfare maximization, and risk minimization.Finally, we elaborated on the synergy of human and nature through "changing nature appropriately", with a case study on the Dujiangyan irrigation system, which enabled the winwin pattern of disaster reduction and benefit making.
引文
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[9]Newbold T,Hudson L N,Hill S L,et al.Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity.Nature,2015,520(7545):45-50.
[10]Huang Bingwei.Draft on integrated physio-geographic regionalization of China.Chinese Science Bulletin,1959,18:594-602.[黄秉维.中国综合自然区划草案.科学通报,1959,18:594-602.]
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[17]Chorley R J.Geomorphology and General Systems Theory.Washington DC:US Government Printing Office,1962.
[18]Chorley R J,Peter H.Socio-economic Models in Geography:Parts I and III of Models in Geography.Methuen,1968.
[19]КрауклисA A,Li Shifen.Theories and practices of geographical system research.Progress in Geography,1989,8(1):1-5.[КрауклисA A,李世玢.地理系统研究的理论和实践.地理科学进展,1989,8(1):1-5.]
[20]Yates E M.Network analysis in geography:Haggett,Peter,and Richard J.Chorley.Journal of Regional Science,1971,2(3):103.
[21]Clayton K,Chorley R J,Kennedy B A.Physical geography:A systems approach.The Geographical Journal,1972,138:246.
[22]The earth science and resource bureau of the geoscience,environment and resource committee,the national institute of research of US.Rediscover Geography-New Relevance to Science and Society.Beijing:Academic Press,2002.[美国国家研究院地学、环境与资源委员会地球科学与资源局重新发现地理学委员会.重新发现地理学-与科学和社会的新关联(1997).北京:学苑出版社,2002.]
[23]Shi Peijun.The Theories and Practices of Geographical Environment Evolution Research.Beijing:Science Press,1991.[史培军.地理环境演变研究的理论与实践.北京:科学出版社,1991.]
[24]Li Houqiang,Ai Nanshan.On the man-earth synergetic-and studies on some nonlinear dynamics aspects of the manearth systems.Progress in Geography.1996,11(2):178-184.[李后强,艾南山.人地协同论-兼论人地系统的若干非线性动力学问题.地球科学进展,1996,11(2):178-184.]
[25]Haken Hermann.Synergism:The Mystery of Nature's Composition.Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House,2005.[赫尔曼·哈肯.协同学-大自然构成的奥秘(中译本).上海:上海译文出版社,2005.]
[26]Shi P,Xu W,Ye T,et al.Developing disaster risk science.Journal of Natural Disaster Science,2011,32(2):79-88.
[27]Gong Peng,Shi Peijun,Pu Ruiliang,et al.Earth Observation Technology and Earth System Science.Beijing:Science Press,1996.[宫鹏,史培军,浦瑞良,等.对地观测技术与地球系统科学.北京:科学出版社,1996.]
[28]Shi Peijun,Zhou Tao,Wang Jingai.Introduction to Resource Science.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2009.[史培军,周涛,王静爱.资源科学导论.北京:高等教育出版社,2009.]
[29]Chen Yong,Shi Peijun.Natural Disasters.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,2007.[陈颙,史培军.自然灾害.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2007.]
[30]Shi Peijun,Yu Deyong,Jiang Yuan,et al.Landscape Urbanization and Ecological Infrastructure Construction:Take Shenzhen as An Example.Beijing:Science Press,2012.[史培军,于德永,江源,等.景观城市化与生态基础设施建设:以深圳为例.北京:科学出版社,2012.]
[31]Shi Peijun.Today and future of the dynamics of human-earth(earth surface)system.Earth Science Frontiers.1997,4(1-2):201-211.[史培军,人地系统动力学研究的现状与展望.地学前缘,1997,(1-2):201-211.]
[32]Ulrich Beck.He Bowen,trans.Risk Society.Nanjing:Yilin Press,2004.[乌尔里希·贝克.何博闻,译.风险社会.南京:译林出版社,2004.]
[33]Shi Peijun.On the theory of disaster research and its practice.Journal of Nanjing University,1991,11:37-42.[史培军.灾害研究的理论与实践.南京大学学报,1991,11:37-42.]
[34]Shi Peijun.Theory and Practice of disaster study.Journal of Natural Disasters,1996,5(4):6-17.[史培军.再论灾害研究的理论与实践.自然灾害学报,1996,5(4):6-17.]
[35]Shi Peijun.Theory on disaster science and disaster dynamics.Journal of Natural Disasters,2002,11(3):1-9.[史培军.三论灾害学研究的理论与实践.自然灾害学报,2002,11(3):1-9.]
[36]Shi Peijun.Theory and practice on disaster system research in a fourth time.Journal of Natural Disasters,2005,14(6):1-7.[史培军.四论灾害系统研究的理论与实践.自然灾害学报,2005,14(6):1-7.]
[37]Shi Peijun.Theory and practice on disaster system research in a fifth time.Journal of Natural Disasters,2009,18(5):1-9.[史培军.五论灾害系统研究的理论与实践.自然灾害学报,2009,18(5):1-9.]
[38]Shi Peijun.Disaster Risk Science.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,2016.[史培军.灾害风险科学.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2016.]
[39]Hu Xiaobing,Shi Peijun,Wang Ming,et al.Consilience degree:A new network property to evaluate system's performance against disturbances.Scientia Sinica Informationis,2014,44(11):1467-1481.[胡小兵,史培军,汪明,等.凝聚度-描述与测度社会生态系统抗干扰能力的一种新特性.中国科学:信息科学,2014,44(11):1467-1481.]
[40]Hu X B,Shi P,Wang M,et al.Towards quantitatively understanding the complexity of social-ecological systems:From connection to consilience.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2017,8(4):343-356.
[41]Shi Peijun,Wang Ming,Hu Xiaobing,et al.Integrated risk governance consilience model of social-ecological system.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):863-876.[史培军,汪明,胡小兵,等.社会-生态系统综合风险防范的凝聚力模式,地理学报,2014,69(6):863-876.]
[42]Shi P.On the role of government in integrated disaster risk governance:Based on practices in China.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2012,3(3):139-146.
[43]Shi P,Li N,Ye Q,et al.Research on integrated disaster risk governance in the context of global environmental change.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2010,1(1):17-23.
[44]Shi P,Ye Q,Han G,et al.Living with global climate diversity:Suggestions on international governance for coping with climate change risk.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2012,3(4):177-184.
[45]Shi P,Yang S,Ye Q,et al.Green development and integrated risk governance.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2017,8(2):231-233.
[46]Yan Wentao,Xiang Weining,Yuan Lin.Exploring ecological wisdom of traditional human settlements in a world cultural heritage area:A case study of Dujiangyan Irrigation Area,Sichuan Province,China.Urban Planning International,2017,32(4):1-9.[颜文涛,象伟宁,袁琳.探索传统人类聚居的生态智慧:以世界文化遗产区都江堰灌区为例.国际城市规划,2017,32(4):1-9.]
[47]Ye Duzheng,Fu Congbin,Ji Jingjun.Orderly human activities and subsistence environment.Advance in Earth Science,2001,16(4):453-460.[叶笃正,符淙斌,季劲钧,等.有序人类活动与生存环境.地球科学进展,2001,16(4):453-460.]
[48]Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Engineering Network.Introduction of Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project[EB/OL].http://www.dujiangyan.com.cn/show.aspx?id=74.][都江堰水利工程网.都江堰水利工程介绍[EB/OL].http://www.dujiangyan.com.cn/show.aspx?id=74.]
[2]Jack Grove.Do great minds think alike?The/Lindau Nobel Laureates Survey.[EB/OL]https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/do-great-minds-think-alike-the-the-lindau-nobel-laureates-survey#survey-answer,2017-09-03.
[3]Moran D D,Wackernagel M,Kitzes J A,et al.Measuring sustainable development-Nation by nation.Ecological Economics,2008,64(3):470-474.
[4]Crutzen P J.Geology of mankind.Nature,2002,415(6867):23.
[5]Costanza R,Graumlich L J,Steffen W.Sustainability or Collapse?An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth.MIT Press,2007.
[6]Steffen W,Crutzen P J,Mcneill J R.The Anthropocene:Are humans now overwhelming the great forces of Nature?Ambio,2007,36:614-621.
[7]Zalasiewicz J,Williams M,Haywood AM,et al.The anthropocene:A new epoch of geological time?Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A,2011,369(1938):835-841.
[8]Waters C N,Zalasiewicz J,Summerhayes C,et al.The anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene.Science,2016,351(6269):aad2622.
[9]Newbold T,Hudson L N,Hill S L,et al.Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity.Nature,2015,520(7545):45-50.
[10]Huang Bingwei.Draft on integrated physio-geographic regionalization of China.Chinese Science Bulletin,1959,18:594-602.[黄秉维.中国综合自然区划草案.科学通报,1959,18:594-602.]
[11]Petit J R,Jouzel J,Raynaud D,et al.Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core,Antarctica.Nature,1999,399:429-436.
[12]Marten S.Critical Transitions in Nature and Society.Princeton:Princeton University Press,2009.
[13]Turner B L,Kasperson R E,Matson P A,et al.A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science.Proceedings of the national academy of sciences,2003,100(14):8074-8079.
[14]Susan H.10 Geographic Ideas that Changed the World.New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,1997.
[15]Richardson K.A safe operating space for humanity.Nature,2009,461(7263):472-475.
[16]Cai Yunlong,Bill Wyckoff.Interpretations on Classical Geographical Thoughts.Beijing:Commercial Press,2015.[蔡运龙,Bill Wyckoff.地理学思想经典解读,北京:商务印书馆,2015.]
[17]Chorley R J.Geomorphology and General Systems Theory.Washington DC:US Government Printing Office,1962.
[18]Chorley R J,Peter H.Socio-economic Models in Geography:Parts I and III of Models in Geography.Methuen,1968.
[19]КрауклисA A,Li Shifen.Theories and practices of geographical system research.Progress in Geography,1989,8(1):1-5.[КрауклисA A,李世玢.地理系统研究的理论和实践.地理科学进展,1989,8(1):1-5.]
[20]Yates E M.Network analysis in geography:Haggett,Peter,and Richard J.Chorley.Journal of Regional Science,1971,2(3):103.
[21]Clayton K,Chorley R J,Kennedy B A.Physical geography:A systems approach.The Geographical Journal,1972,138:246.
[22]The earth science and resource bureau of the geoscience,environment and resource committee,the national institute of research of US.Rediscover Geography-New Relevance to Science and Society.Beijing:Academic Press,2002.[美国国家研究院地学、环境与资源委员会地球科学与资源局重新发现地理学委员会.重新发现地理学-与科学和社会的新关联(1997).北京:学苑出版社,2002.]
[23]Shi Peijun.The Theories and Practices of Geographical Environment Evolution Research.Beijing:Science Press,1991.[史培军.地理环境演变研究的理论与实践.北京:科学出版社,1991.]
[24]Li Houqiang,Ai Nanshan.On the man-earth synergetic-and studies on some nonlinear dynamics aspects of the manearth systems.Progress in Geography.1996,11(2):178-184.[李后强,艾南山.人地协同论-兼论人地系统的若干非线性动力学问题.地球科学进展,1996,11(2):178-184.]
[25]Haken Hermann.Synergism:The Mystery of Nature's Composition.Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House,2005.[赫尔曼·哈肯.协同学-大自然构成的奥秘(中译本).上海:上海译文出版社,2005.]
[26]Shi P,Xu W,Ye T,et al.Developing disaster risk science.Journal of Natural Disaster Science,2011,32(2):79-88.
[27]Gong Peng,Shi Peijun,Pu Ruiliang,et al.Earth Observation Technology and Earth System Science.Beijing:Science Press,1996.[宫鹏,史培军,浦瑞良,等.对地观测技术与地球系统科学.北京:科学出版社,1996.]
[28]Shi Peijun,Zhou Tao,Wang Jingai.Introduction to Resource Science.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2009.[史培军,周涛,王静爱.资源科学导论.北京:高等教育出版社,2009.]
[29]Chen Yong,Shi Peijun.Natural Disasters.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,2007.[陈颙,史培军.自然灾害.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2007.]
[30]Shi Peijun,Yu Deyong,Jiang Yuan,et al.Landscape Urbanization and Ecological Infrastructure Construction:Take Shenzhen as An Example.Beijing:Science Press,2012.[史培军,于德永,江源,等.景观城市化与生态基础设施建设:以深圳为例.北京:科学出版社,2012.]
[31]Shi Peijun.Today and future of the dynamics of human-earth(earth surface)system.Earth Science Frontiers.1997,4(1-2):201-211.[史培军,人地系统动力学研究的现状与展望.地学前缘,1997,(1-2):201-211.]
[32]Ulrich Beck.He Bowen,trans.Risk Society.Nanjing:Yilin Press,2004.[乌尔里希·贝克.何博闻,译.风险社会.南京:译林出版社,2004.]
[33]Shi Peijun.On the theory of disaster research and its practice.Journal of Nanjing University,1991,11:37-42.[史培军.灾害研究的理论与实践.南京大学学报,1991,11:37-42.]
[34]Shi Peijun.Theory and Practice of disaster study.Journal of Natural Disasters,1996,5(4):6-17.[史培军.再论灾害研究的理论与实践.自然灾害学报,1996,5(4):6-17.]
[35]Shi Peijun.Theory on disaster science and disaster dynamics.Journal of Natural Disasters,2002,11(3):1-9.[史培军.三论灾害学研究的理论与实践.自然灾害学报,2002,11(3):1-9.]
[36]Shi Peijun.Theory and practice on disaster system research in a fourth time.Journal of Natural Disasters,2005,14(6):1-7.[史培军.四论灾害系统研究的理论与实践.自然灾害学报,2005,14(6):1-7.]
[37]Shi Peijun.Theory and practice on disaster system research in a fifth time.Journal of Natural Disasters,2009,18(5):1-9.[史培军.五论灾害系统研究的理论与实践.自然灾害学报,2009,18(5):1-9.]
[38]Shi Peijun.Disaster Risk Science.Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press,2016.[史培军.灾害风险科学.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2016.]
[39]Hu Xiaobing,Shi Peijun,Wang Ming,et al.Consilience degree:A new network property to evaluate system's performance against disturbances.Scientia Sinica Informationis,2014,44(11):1467-1481.[胡小兵,史培军,汪明,等.凝聚度-描述与测度社会生态系统抗干扰能力的一种新特性.中国科学:信息科学,2014,44(11):1467-1481.]
[40]Hu X B,Shi P,Wang M,et al.Towards quantitatively understanding the complexity of social-ecological systems:From connection to consilience.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2017,8(4):343-356.
[41]Shi Peijun,Wang Ming,Hu Xiaobing,et al.Integrated risk governance consilience model of social-ecological system.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):863-876.[史培军,汪明,胡小兵,等.社会-生态系统综合风险防范的凝聚力模式,地理学报,2014,69(6):863-876.]
[42]Shi P.On the role of government in integrated disaster risk governance:Based on practices in China.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2012,3(3):139-146.
[43]Shi P,Li N,Ye Q,et al.Research on integrated disaster risk governance in the context of global environmental change.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2010,1(1):17-23.
[44]Shi P,Ye Q,Han G,et al.Living with global climate diversity:Suggestions on international governance for coping with climate change risk.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2012,3(4):177-184.
[45]Shi P,Yang S,Ye Q,et al.Green development and integrated risk governance.International Journal of Disaster Risk Science,2017,8(2):231-233.
[46]Yan Wentao,Xiang Weining,Yuan Lin.Exploring ecological wisdom of traditional human settlements in a world cultural heritage area:A case study of Dujiangyan Irrigation Area,Sichuan Province,China.Urban Planning International,2017,32(4):1-9.[颜文涛,象伟宁,袁琳.探索传统人类聚居的生态智慧:以世界文化遗产区都江堰灌区为例.国际城市规划,2017,32(4):1-9.]
[47]Ye Duzheng,Fu Congbin,Ji Jingjun.Orderly human activities and subsistence environment.Advance in Earth Science,2001,16(4):453-460.[叶笃正,符淙斌,季劲钧,等.有序人类活动与生存环境.地球科学进展,2001,16(4):453-460.]
[48]Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Engineering Network.Introduction of Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project[EB/OL].http://www.dujiangyan.com.cn/show.aspx?id=74.][都江堰水利工程网.都江堰水利工程介绍[EB/OL].http://www.dujiangyan.com.cn/show.aspx?id=74.]
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