河谷型藏族村落空间特征及生成机制研究——以大夏河沿岸村落为例
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摘要
在高寒地区特殊的河谷地理环境、半农半牧的生产方式以及浓郁的藏族宗教文化背景下,藏族聚落在长期的历史发展过程中形成了人与自然和谐相容的人居环境空间。通过实地考察、现场测绘,借助乡村聚落空间研究理论及空间句法、图底法,对甘南夏河地区大夏河沿岸3个藏族村落自然山水格局、建筑群体空间形态进行解析,提练特征,并挖掘其生成发展机制。研究发现,河谷型藏族村落空间特征呈现出:"背山面水、水村田隔、农田占据、村落退让"的山水-田舍格局特征;"指状聚合、内部分散"的建筑群体平面形态特征;"宗教空间伴生、服务空间植入"的建筑群体空间形态特征;并在"自然环境适应+生计方式约束"、"山水格局适应+部落传承沿袭+对外交通引导"、"宗教信仰延续+现代文化介入"的机制下发生与发展。
In the background of special valley-type geographical environment, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral production mode and rich Tibetan religious culture in alpine region, Tibetan settlements have formed the harmonious living environment between man and nature in the course of long-term historical development. Based on field work and on-the-spot surveying and mapping, with the help of theoretical research and spatial syntax, map floor method, the paper analyzed the natural landscape patterns and architectural group space of three Daxia riverside Tibetan villages, refined characteristics and excavated its generation and development mechanism. The study found that the spatial characteristics of valley-type Tibetan villages as follows: The landscape pattern characteristics could be summarized as' backwater, farmland division of villages and rivers, farmland occupied and the villages concession'; The plane distribution characteristics of architectural groups could be summarized as 'the aggregation of the finger shape and the dispersion of in internal region'; The Spatial characteristics of architectural groups could be summarized as 'the religious space associated and service space implantation'. All of these characteristics have generated and developed with the mechanism of 'natural environment adaptation +livelihood constraints', 'landscape pattern adaptation + tribal inheritance + external transport guidance'and 'continuation of religious belief + modern culture involvement'.
In the background of special valley-type geographical environment, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral production mode and rich Tibetan religious culture in alpine region, Tibetan settlements have formed the harmonious living environment between man and nature in the course of long-term historical development. Based on field work and on-the-spot surveying and mapping, with the help of theoretical research and spatial syntax, map floor method, the paper analyzed the natural landscape patterns and architectural group space of three Daxia riverside Tibetan villages, refined characteristics and excavated its generation and development mechanism. The study found that the spatial characteristics of valley-type Tibetan villages as follows: The landscape pattern characteristics could be summarized as' backwater, farmland division of villages and rivers, farmland occupied and the villages concession'; The plane distribution characteristics of architectural groups could be summarized as 'the aggregation of the finger shape and the dispersion of in internal region'; The Spatial characteristics of architectural groups could be summarized as 'the religious space associated and service space implantation'. All of these characteristics have generated and developed with the mechanism of 'natural environment adaptation +livelihood constraints', 'landscape pattern adaptation + tribal inheritance + external transport guidance'and 'continuation of religious belief + modern culture involvement'.
引文
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[12]郁丹.在神的怀抱里:一个安多藏族村落的生态-显圣景观[J].西北民族研究,2010(2):21-35.
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[14]姚准.藏地城镇空间地域特征的宗教成因[J].现代城市研究,2006,21(4):14-19.
[15]唐燕,赵文宁,顾朝林.我国乡村治理体系的形成及其对乡村规划的启示[J].现代城市研究.2015(4):2-7.
[2]安玉源.传统聚落的演变·聚落传统的传承[D].北京:清华大学,2004.
[3]韩晓莉,李志民.王军.河源干旱地区人居环境调查与研究:甘南藏族山地聚落的生态适应性浅析[J].华中建筑,2007,25(1):165-168.
[4]傅千吉.白龙江流域藏族传统建筑文化特点研究[J].西北民族研究,2007(4):200-208.
[5]史利莎,严力蛟.黄璐.等.基于景观格局理论和理想风水模式的藏族乡土聚落景观空间解析:以甘肃省迭部县扎尕那村落为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6305-6316.
[6]杨林平.甘南藏族乡村聚落公共空间特征研究[D].西安:长安大学,2013.
[7]崔翔.甘南藏区传统聚落空间营建智慧及启示[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2014.
[8]段德罡,崔翔,王瑾.甘南卓尼藏族聚落空间调查研究[J].建筑与文化,2014(5):47-53.
[9]成亮.甘南藏区乡村聚落空间模式研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学.2016.
[10]浦欣成.传统乡村聚落平面形态的量化方法研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社.2013.
[11]王青.城市形态空间演变定量研究初探:以太原市为例[J].经济地理.2002.22(3):339-341.
[12]郁丹.在神的怀抱里:一个安多藏族村落的生态-显圣景观[J].西北民族研究,2010(2):21-35.
[13]王录仓,李巍.藏族部落—寺院—村落"共生"效应研究:以甘南州碌曲县为例[J].经济地理,2015,35(4):135-141.
[14]姚准.藏地城镇空间地域特征的宗教成因[J].现代城市研究,2006,21(4):14-19.
[15]唐燕,赵文宁,顾朝林.我国乡村治理体系的形成及其对乡村规划的启示[J].现代城市研究.2015(4):2-7.
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