末次冰消期以来冰岛周边海域古海洋环境及海冰研究进展
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摘要
冰岛位于北大西洋北部地区,是对全球气候变化最为敏感的区域之一,对其周边海域古海洋环境的深入研究是全球气候变化研究的重要组成部分。海冰的大面积分布是该地区的显著特点之一,对全球气候系统产生较大的影响意义。此外,冰岛周边海域大量火山灰沉积,也为古海洋环境研究提供了可靠的年代资料。本文以冰岛为中心,回顾了冰岛周边海域末次冰消期以来古海洋环境及海冰研究的现状,探讨了该海域不同记录之间的差异,并通过分析末次冰消期以来古环境研究的不足,提出了相应的展望。
Iceland is one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change because of its location within the North Atlantic storm track and its position at the present-day boundary between polar and Atlantic surface-water masses. Even relatively minor changes in circulation patterns are likely to be archived in the sedimentary record in this sensitive boundary region. Therefore, further research on the paleoceanography of Icelandic adjacent seas is an important component in the study of global climate change. Sea ice extent is one of the prominent characteristics of the area around Iceland, and it plays a significant role in the global climate system. Additionally, the adjacent seas around Iceland have widespread tephra layers, which provide reliable chronological data for paleoceanographic research. In this study, we reviewed current paleoenvironmental information and sea ice changes in the Icelandic adjacent seas since the last deglaciation, and then discussed the advantages and disadvantages of different paleoceanographic records, which are based on a diverse range of proxies. Furthermore, the deficiencies of different paleoenvironment and sea ice proxies are also discussed. Finally, we suggested future paleoclimatic research in the region to address the paucity of long-term paleoenvironmental records, such as the sea ice record.
Iceland is one of the most sensitive areas to global climate change because of its location within the North Atlantic storm track and its position at the present-day boundary between polar and Atlantic surface-water masses. Even relatively minor changes in circulation patterns are likely to be archived in the sedimentary record in this sensitive boundary region. Therefore, further research on the paleoceanography of Icelandic adjacent seas is an important component in the study of global climate change. Sea ice extent is one of the prominent characteristics of the area around Iceland, and it plays a significant role in the global climate system. Additionally, the adjacent seas around Iceland have widespread tephra layers, which provide reliable chronological data for paleoceanographic research. In this study, we reviewed current paleoenvironmental information and sea ice changes in the Icelandic adjacent seas since the last deglaciation, and then discussed the advantages and disadvantages of different paleoceanographic records, which are based on a diverse range of proxies. Furthermore, the deficiencies of different paleoenvironment and sea ice proxies are also discussed. Finally, we suggested future paleoclimatic research in the region to address the paucity of long-term paleoenvironmental records, such as the sea ice record.
引文
1冉莉华.北大西洋北部全新世气候及海洋环境演变[D].上海:华东师范大学,2008.
2 Dickson R R,Brown J.The production of North Atlantic Deep Water:Sources,rates,and pathways[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(C6):12319-12341.
3 Henrich R,Baumann K H,Huber R,et al.Carbonate preservation records of the past 3 Myr in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea and the northern North Atlantic:implications for the history of NADW production[J].Marine Geology,2002,184(1-2):17-39.
4李培基.北极海冰与全球气候变化[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(1):72-80.
5王学忠.北极海冰气候变率的模拟研究[D].南京:南京气象学院,2004.
6马德毅.中国第五次北极科学考察报告[M].北京:海洋出版社,2013:1-255.
7 Jennings A,Andrews J,Wilson L.Holocene environmental evolution of the SE Greenland Shelf North and South of the Denmark Strait:Irminger and East Greenland current interactions[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30(7-8):980-998.
8 Andersen C,Ko?K N,Jennings A,et al.Nonuniform response of the major surface currents in the Nordic Seas to insolation forcing:implications for the Holocene climate variability[J].Paleoceanography,2004,19(2):PA2003.
9 Swift J H.The Arctic waters[M]//Hurdle B G.The Nordic Seas.New York:Springer,1986:129-153.
10 Hansen B,?sterhus S.North Atlantic-Nordic Seas exchanges[J].Progress in Oceanography,2000,45(2):109-208.
11 Aagaard K N,Coachman L K.The east Greenland current north of Denmark strait:Part I[J].Arctic,1968,21:181-200.
12 Malmberg S A.The water masses between Iceland and Greenland[J].Journal of the Marine Research,1985,9:127-140.
13 Knudsen K L,Jiang H,Jansen E,et al.Environmental changes off North Iceland during the deglaciation and the Holocene:foraminifera,diatoms and stable isotopes[J].Marine Micropaleontology,2004,50(3-4):273-305.
14 Jiang H,Eiríksson J,Schulz M,et al.Evidence for solar forcing of sea-surface temperature on the North Icelandic Shelf during the late Holocene[J].Geology,2005,33(1):73-76.
15 Ran L H,Jiang H,Knudsen K L,et al.A high-resolution Holocene diatom record on the North Icelandic shelf[J].Boreas,2008,37(3):399-413.
16 Ko?K N,Jansen E,Haflidason H.Paleoceanographic reconstructions of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland,Iceland and Norwegian seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1993,12(2):115-140.
17 Ko?K N,Jansen E.A high-resolution diatom record of the last deglaciation from the SE Norwegian Sea:Documentation of rapid climatic changes[J].Paleoceanography,1992,7(4):499-520.
18 Jennings A,Syvitski J,Gerson L,et al.Chronology and paleoenvironments during the late Weichselian deglaciation of the southwest Iceland shelf[J].Boreas,2000,29(3):167-183.
19 ólafsdóttir S,Jennings A E,Geirsdóttirá,et al.Holocene variability of the North Atlantic Irminger current on the south-and northwest shelf of Iceland[J].Marine Micropaleontology,2010,77(3-4):101-118.
20 Andersen C,Ko?K N,Moros M.A highly unstable Holocene climate in the subpolar North Atlantic:evidence from diatoms[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2004,23(20-22):2155-2166.
21 Giraudeau J,Cremer M,ManthéS,et al.Coccolith evidence for instabilities in surface circulation south of Iceland during Holocene times[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,179(2):257-268.
22 Eiríksson J,Knudsen K L,Haflidason H,et al.Late-glacial and Holocene palaeoceanography of the North Icelandic shelf[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2000,15(1):23-42.
23 Eiríksson J,Knudsen K L,Haflidason H,et al.Chronology of Late Holocene climatic events in the northern North Atlantic based on AMS 14C dates and tephra markers from the volcano Hekla,Iceland[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2000,15(6):573-580.
24 Knudsen K L,Eiríksson J.Application of tephrochronology to the timing and correlation of palaeoceanographic events recorded in Holocene and Late Glacial shelf sediments off North Iceland[J].Marine Geology,2002,191(3-4):165-188.
25 Boyle E A,Keigwin L.North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature[J].Nature,1987,330(6143):35-40.
26 Kroon D,Austin W E N,Chapman M R,et al.Deglacial surface circulation changes in the northeastern Atlantic:Temperature and salinity records off NW Scotland on a century scale[J].Paleoceanography,1997,12(6):755-763.
27 Austin W E N,Kroon D.Deep sea ventilation of the northeastern Atlantic during the last 15,000 years[J].Global and Planetary Change,2001,30(1-2):13-31.
28 Sarnthein M,Stattegger K,Dreger D,et al.Fundamental modes and abrupt changes in North Atlantic circulation and climate over the last 60 ky-concepts,reconstruction and numerical modeling[M]//Sarnthein M,Stattegger K,Dreger D,et al.The Northern North Atlantic.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,2001:365-410.
29 Grousset F E,Cortijo E,Huon S,et al.Zooming in on Heinrich layers[J].Paleoceanography,2001,16(3):240-259.
30 Klitgaard-Kristensen D,Sejrup H P,Haflidason H.The last 18 kyr fluctuations in Norwegian Sea surface conditions and implications for the magnitude of climatic change:Evidence from the North Sea[J].Paleoceanography,2001,16(5):455-467.
31 Knudsen K L,S?ndergaard M K B,Eiríksson J,et al.Holocene thermal maximum off North Iceland:Evidence from benthic and planktonic foraminifera in the 8600-5200 cal year BP time slice[J].Marine Micropaleontology,2008,67(1-2):120-142.
32 Jiang H,Muscheler R,Bj?rck S,et al.Solar forcing of Holocene summer sea-surface temperatures in the northern North Atlantic[J].Geology,2015,43(3):203-206.
33 Jiang H,Seidenkrantz M S,Knudsen K L,et al.Late-Holocene summer sea-surface temperatures based on a diatom record from the north Icelandic shelf[J].The Holocene,2002,12(2):137-147.
34 ?lubowska-Woldengen M,Ko?N,Rasmussen T L,et al.Time-slice reconstructions of ocean circulation changes on the continental shelf in the Nordic and Barents Seas during the last 16 000 cal yr B.P.[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27(15-16):1476-1492.
35 Sejrup H P,Haflidason H,Flateb?T,et al.Late-glacial to Holocene environmental changes and climate variability:evidence from Voldafjorden,western Norway[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2001,16(2):181-198.
36 Birks C J A,Ko?K N.A high-resolution diatom record of late-quaternary sea-surface temperatures and oceanographic conditions from the eastern Norwegian Sea[J].Boreas,2002,31(4):323-344.
37 Smith L M.Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the continental shelves adjacent to the Denmark strait[D].Boulder:University of Colorado,2001.
38 Jennings A E,Gr?nvold K,Hilberman R,et al.High-resolution study of Icelandic tephras in the Kangerlussuaq Trough,southeast Greenland,during the last deglaciation[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2002,17(8):747-757.
39 Jennings A E,Hald M,Smith M,et al.Freshwater forcing from the Greenland Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas:evidence from southeastern Greenland shelf cores[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(3-4):282-298.
40 Andrews J T,Smith L M,Preston R,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns of iceberg rafting(IRD)along the East Greenland margin,ca.68°N,over the last 14 cal.ka[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,1997,12(1):1-13.
41 Jennings A E,Knudsen K L,Hald M,et al.A mid-Holocene shift in Arctic sea-ice variability on the East Greenland Shelf[J].The Holocene,2002,12(1):49-58.
42 Andrews J T,Jennings A E,Coleman C G,et al.Holocene variations in mineral and grain-size composition along the East Greenland glaciated margin(ca 67°-70°N):local versus long-distance sediment transport[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29(19-20):2619-2632.
43 Stoner J S,Jennings A,Kristjánsdóttir G B,et al.A paleomagnetic approach toward refining Holocene radiocarbon-based chronologies:paleoceanographic records from the North Iceland(MD99-2269)and East Greenland(MD99-2322)margins[J].Paleoceanography,2007,22(1):PA1209.
44 Bj?rck S,Bennike O,Rosén P,et al.Anomalously mild Younger Dryas summer conditions in southern Greenland[J].Geology,2002,30(5):427-430.
45 Kuijpers A,Troelstra S R,Prins M A,et al.Late Quaternary sedimentary processes and ocean circulation changes at the Southeast Greenland Margin[J].Marine Geology,2003,195(1-4):109-129.
46 Oppo D W,Mc Manus J F,Cullen J L.Palaeo-oceanography:deepwater variability in the Holocene epoch[J].Nature,2003,422(6929):277.
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2 Dickson R R,Brown J.The production of North Atlantic Deep Water:Sources,rates,and pathways[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(C6):12319-12341.
3 Henrich R,Baumann K H,Huber R,et al.Carbonate preservation records of the past 3 Myr in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea and the northern North Atlantic:implications for the history of NADW production[J].Marine Geology,2002,184(1-2):17-39.
4李培基.北极海冰与全球气候变化[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(1):72-80.
5王学忠.北极海冰气候变率的模拟研究[D].南京:南京气象学院,2004.
6马德毅.中国第五次北极科学考察报告[M].北京:海洋出版社,2013:1-255.
7 Jennings A,Andrews J,Wilson L.Holocene environmental evolution of the SE Greenland Shelf North and South of the Denmark Strait:Irminger and East Greenland current interactions[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30(7-8):980-998.
8 Andersen C,Ko?K N,Jennings A,et al.Nonuniform response of the major surface currents in the Nordic Seas to insolation forcing:implications for the Holocene climate variability[J].Paleoceanography,2004,19(2):PA2003.
9 Swift J H.The Arctic waters[M]//Hurdle B G.The Nordic Seas.New York:Springer,1986:129-153.
10 Hansen B,?sterhus S.North Atlantic-Nordic Seas exchanges[J].Progress in Oceanography,2000,45(2):109-208.
11 Aagaard K N,Coachman L K.The east Greenland current north of Denmark strait:Part I[J].Arctic,1968,21:181-200.
12 Malmberg S A.The water masses between Iceland and Greenland[J].Journal of the Marine Research,1985,9:127-140.
13 Knudsen K L,Jiang H,Jansen E,et al.Environmental changes off North Iceland during the deglaciation and the Holocene:foraminifera,diatoms and stable isotopes[J].Marine Micropaleontology,2004,50(3-4):273-305.
14 Jiang H,Eiríksson J,Schulz M,et al.Evidence for solar forcing of sea-surface temperature on the North Icelandic Shelf during the late Holocene[J].Geology,2005,33(1):73-76.
15 Ran L H,Jiang H,Knudsen K L,et al.A high-resolution Holocene diatom record on the North Icelandic shelf[J].Boreas,2008,37(3):399-413.
16 Ko?K N,Jansen E,Haflidason H.Paleoceanographic reconstructions of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland,Iceland and Norwegian seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1993,12(2):115-140.
17 Ko?K N,Jansen E.A high-resolution diatom record of the last deglaciation from the SE Norwegian Sea:Documentation of rapid climatic changes[J].Paleoceanography,1992,7(4):499-520.
18 Jennings A,Syvitski J,Gerson L,et al.Chronology and paleoenvironments during the late Weichselian deglaciation of the southwest Iceland shelf[J].Boreas,2000,29(3):167-183.
19 ólafsdóttir S,Jennings A E,Geirsdóttirá,et al.Holocene variability of the North Atlantic Irminger current on the south-and northwest shelf of Iceland[J].Marine Micropaleontology,2010,77(3-4):101-118.
20 Andersen C,Ko?K N,Moros M.A highly unstable Holocene climate in the subpolar North Atlantic:evidence from diatoms[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2004,23(20-22):2155-2166.
21 Giraudeau J,Cremer M,ManthéS,et al.Coccolith evidence for instabilities in surface circulation south of Iceland during Holocene times[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,179(2):257-268.
22 Eiríksson J,Knudsen K L,Haflidason H,et al.Late-glacial and Holocene palaeoceanography of the North Icelandic shelf[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2000,15(1):23-42.
23 Eiríksson J,Knudsen K L,Haflidason H,et al.Chronology of Late Holocene climatic events in the northern North Atlantic based on AMS 14C dates and tephra markers from the volcano Hekla,Iceland[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2000,15(6):573-580.
24 Knudsen K L,Eiríksson J.Application of tephrochronology to the timing and correlation of palaeoceanographic events recorded in Holocene and Late Glacial shelf sediments off North Iceland[J].Marine Geology,2002,191(3-4):165-188.
25 Boyle E A,Keigwin L.North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature[J].Nature,1987,330(6143):35-40.
26 Kroon D,Austin W E N,Chapman M R,et al.Deglacial surface circulation changes in the northeastern Atlantic:Temperature and salinity records off NW Scotland on a century scale[J].Paleoceanography,1997,12(6):755-763.
27 Austin W E N,Kroon D.Deep sea ventilation of the northeastern Atlantic during the last 15,000 years[J].Global and Planetary Change,2001,30(1-2):13-31.
28 Sarnthein M,Stattegger K,Dreger D,et al.Fundamental modes and abrupt changes in North Atlantic circulation and climate over the last 60 ky-concepts,reconstruction and numerical modeling[M]//Sarnthein M,Stattegger K,Dreger D,et al.The Northern North Atlantic.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,2001:365-410.
29 Grousset F E,Cortijo E,Huon S,et al.Zooming in on Heinrich layers[J].Paleoceanography,2001,16(3):240-259.
30 Klitgaard-Kristensen D,Sejrup H P,Haflidason H.The last 18 kyr fluctuations in Norwegian Sea surface conditions and implications for the magnitude of climatic change:Evidence from the North Sea[J].Paleoceanography,2001,16(5):455-467.
31 Knudsen K L,S?ndergaard M K B,Eiríksson J,et al.Holocene thermal maximum off North Iceland:Evidence from benthic and planktonic foraminifera in the 8600-5200 cal year BP time slice[J].Marine Micropaleontology,2008,67(1-2):120-142.
32 Jiang H,Muscheler R,Bj?rck S,et al.Solar forcing of Holocene summer sea-surface temperatures in the northern North Atlantic[J].Geology,2015,43(3):203-206.
33 Jiang H,Seidenkrantz M S,Knudsen K L,et al.Late-Holocene summer sea-surface temperatures based on a diatom record from the north Icelandic shelf[J].The Holocene,2002,12(2):137-147.
34 ?lubowska-Woldengen M,Ko?N,Rasmussen T L,et al.Time-slice reconstructions of ocean circulation changes on the continental shelf in the Nordic and Barents Seas during the last 16 000 cal yr B.P.[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27(15-16):1476-1492.
35 Sejrup H P,Haflidason H,Flateb?T,et al.Late-glacial to Holocene environmental changes and climate variability:evidence from Voldafjorden,western Norway[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2001,16(2):181-198.
36 Birks C J A,Ko?K N.A high-resolution diatom record of late-quaternary sea-surface temperatures and oceanographic conditions from the eastern Norwegian Sea[J].Boreas,2002,31(4):323-344.
37 Smith L M.Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the continental shelves adjacent to the Denmark strait[D].Boulder:University of Colorado,2001.
38 Jennings A E,Gr?nvold K,Hilberman R,et al.High-resolution study of Icelandic tephras in the Kangerlussuaq Trough,southeast Greenland,during the last deglaciation[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2002,17(8):747-757.
39 Jennings A E,Hald M,Smith M,et al.Freshwater forcing from the Greenland Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas:evidence from southeastern Greenland shelf cores[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25(3-4):282-298.
40 Andrews J T,Smith L M,Preston R,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns of iceberg rafting(IRD)along the East Greenland margin,ca.68°N,over the last 14 cal.ka[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,1997,12(1):1-13.
41 Jennings A E,Knudsen K L,Hald M,et al.A mid-Holocene shift in Arctic sea-ice variability on the East Greenland Shelf[J].The Holocene,2002,12(1):49-58.
42 Andrews J T,Jennings A E,Coleman C G,et al.Holocene variations in mineral and grain-size composition along the East Greenland glaciated margin(ca 67°-70°N):local versus long-distance sediment transport[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29(19-20):2619-2632.
43 Stoner J S,Jennings A,Kristjánsdóttir G B,et al.A paleomagnetic approach toward refining Holocene radiocarbon-based chronologies:paleoceanographic records from the North Iceland(MD99-2269)and East Greenland(MD99-2322)margins[J].Paleoceanography,2007,22(1):PA1209.
44 Bj?rck S,Bennike O,Rosén P,et al.Anomalously mild Younger Dryas summer conditions in southern Greenland[J].Geology,2002,30(5):427-430.
45 Kuijpers A,Troelstra S R,Prins M A,et al.Late Quaternary sedimentary processes and ocean circulation changes at the Southeast Greenland Margin[J].Marine Geology,2003,195(1-4):109-129.
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