参军经历会导致农村青年收入溢价吗?——以CFPS2010调查9628个样本为例
|
摘要
文章基于CFPS2010调查的9628个农村男性数据,研究参军经历对个人收入的影响,并以"家庭成分"作为工具变量去除了内生性问题引起的估计偏误。研究发现:参军经历显著增加了个人收入,在控制其他变量后,农村退伍军人的收入高于没有参军者35.5%。进一步分析表明,(1)农村退伍军人更容易获得城镇就业机会,而城镇就业显著提高了个人收入;(2)农村退伍军人拥有更广泛的社会网络,而社会网络也显著促进了个人收入。因此,文章创新地发现了参军经历通过"城镇就业"和"社会网络"两个中介渠道影响个人收入。
There are still many debates about the impact of Military Experience on income. Joining the army is an important approach to achieve a successful career for Chinese rural men. Based on the data of 9628 rural men surveyed by China Family Panel Studies in 2010,this research investigates the impact of military experience on personal income,which add new insights to the theory of military economics.The paper employs the OLS methods to model the direct impact of the military experience on income while controlling for other variables. Mediator variables are added into the equation to test whether the mediation is established, and howthe military experience affects individual income through the mediator variables.However,those who join the army are not a random collection of rural men of all the ages,therefore there is an endogenous problem. These rural youth possess better basic conditions(such as motivation,discipline or ability) than those who are not recruited into the military,which conditions even affect their future income. Nevertheless,family backgrounds that are highly correlated with the opportunity to be a soldier can be used as an instrument variable for military experience. The division of family backgrounds began in the 1950s. After the reform and opening up,the class flowin the countryside was frequent. The original class division did not become the social stratification standard in the newmarket economy period. That means current income will not affect the division of the original family background. In addition other control variables such as marriage,ethnicity,etc. don 'taffect the original background division. Therefore,family background is a valid instrument variable and the two-stage least squares method was used to remove the estimation bias caused by the endogenous problems.The study manifests that military experience can significantly increase ruralmen's income by 35.5%.There are two paths to affect the income levels. Firstly,according to human capital theory,veterans in rural area are more likely to obtain urban employment through employment placement and examinations,while urban employment is more advantageous in obtaining income. Urban employment is a mediator variable between the experience of joining the army and personal income. Secondly,in term of social network theory,there are broader social networks for veterans in rural areas. Broader social networks can have higher incomes,and social networks are the mediating variable between joining the army and individual income. Military experience can significantly increase the level of personal income,which also confirms the observation that parents in rural areas try their best to send the children to the army.
There are still many debates about the impact of Military Experience on income. Joining the army is an important approach to achieve a successful career for Chinese rural men. Based on the data of 9628 rural men surveyed by China Family Panel Studies in 2010,this research investigates the impact of military experience on personal income,which add new insights to the theory of military economics.The paper employs the OLS methods to model the direct impact of the military experience on income while controlling for other variables. Mediator variables are added into the equation to test whether the mediation is established, and howthe military experience affects individual income through the mediator variables.However,those who join the army are not a random collection of rural men of all the ages,therefore there is an endogenous problem. These rural youth possess better basic conditions(such as motivation,discipline or ability) than those who are not recruited into the military,which conditions even affect their future income. Nevertheless,family backgrounds that are highly correlated with the opportunity to be a soldier can be used as an instrument variable for military experience. The division of family backgrounds began in the 1950s. After the reform and opening up,the class flowin the countryside was frequent. The original class division did not become the social stratification standard in the newmarket economy period. That means current income will not affect the division of the original family background. In addition other control variables such as marriage,ethnicity,etc. don 'taffect the original background division. Therefore,family background is a valid instrument variable and the two-stage least squares method was used to remove the estimation bias caused by the endogenous problems.The study manifests that military experience can significantly increase ruralmen's income by 35.5%.There are two paths to affect the income levels. Firstly,according to human capital theory,veterans in rural area are more likely to obtain urban employment through employment placement and examinations,while urban employment is more advantageous in obtaining income. Urban employment is a mediator variable between the experience of joining the army and personal income. Secondly,in term of social network theory,there are broader social networks for veterans in rural areas. Broader social networks can have higher incomes,and social networks are the mediating variable between joining the army and individual income. Military experience can significantly increase the level of personal income,which also confirms the observation that parents in rural areas try their best to send the children to the army.
引文
程令国、张晔、沈可,2015,“教育如何影响了人们的健康?---来自中国老年人的证据”,《经济学(季刊)》,第1期,第305-330页。
马福云、张晓玉,2007,“城乡一体化对退伍军人安置影响探析---珠三角退伍军人安置改革研究”,《青年研究》,第3期,第38-42页。
马继迁、郑宇清,2016,“家庭禀赋如何影响就业?---对失地农民的考察”,《华东经济管理》,第10期,第116-122页。
汪建华,2011,“参军:制度变迁下的社会分层与个体选择性流动”,《社会》,第3期,第138-154页。
王智波、李长洪,2016,“好男人都结婚了吗?---探究我国男性工资婚姻溢价的形成机制”,《经济学(季刊)》,第3期,第917-940页。
张文宏、刘琳,2013,“市场转型与家庭成分问题研究---以‘黑九类'的子女们为例”,《江苏社会科学》,第4期,第40-46页。
章元、E.M.Mouhoud、范英,2012,“异质的社会网络与民工工资:来自中国的证据”,《南方经济》,第2期,第3-14页。
章元、陆铭,2009,“社会网络是否有助于提高农民工的工资水平?”,《管理世界》,第3期,第45-54页。
Allison,P.D.,1994,“Using panel data to estimate the effects of events”,Sociological Methods&Research,23(2):174-199.
Angrist,J.D.,1990,“Lifetime earnings and the Vietnamera draft lottery:evidence from social security administrative records”,American Economic Review,80(3):313-336.
Angrist,J.D.,1998,“Estimating the labor market impact of voluntary military service using social security data on military applicants”,Econometrica,66(2):249-288.
Angrist,J.D.,and Krueger,A.B.,1994,“Why do World War Ⅱ veterans earn more than nonveterans?”,Journal of labor economics,12(1):74-97.
Berger,M.C.and Hirsch,B.T.,1983,“The civilian earnings experience of Vietnam-era veterans”,Journal of human resources,18(4):455-479.
Bertrand,M.and Kamenica,E.,and Pan,J.,2015,“Gender identity and relative income within households”,Quarterly Journal of Economics,130(2):571-614.
Bian Y.,1997,“Bringing strong ties back in:Indirect ties,netw ork bridges,and job searches in China”,American Sociological Review,62(3):366-385.
Blau,P.M.and Duncan,O.D.,1967,“The American occupational structure”,American Journal of Sociology,33(2):296.
Tray,D.D.,1982,“Veteran status as a screening device”,American Economic Review,72(1):133-142.
Elder,G.H.,1998,“The life course as developmental theory”,Child Development,69(1):1-12.
Diamant,N.J.,2009,“Embattled glory:veterans,military families,and the politics of patriotism in China,1949-2007”,Journal of Asian Studies,70(2):519-520.
Goldberg,M.S.,1987,“Warner J T.Military experience,civilian experience,and the earnings of veterans”,Journal of Human Resources,22(1):62-81.
Hirsch,B.T.and M ehay,S.L.,2003,“Evaluating the labor market performance of veterans using a matched comparison group design”,Journal of Human resources,38(3):673-700.
Lin,N.,1999,“Building a network theory of social capital”,Connections,22(1):28-51.
Lleras-M uney,A.,2010,“The needs of the army using compulsory relocation in the military to estimate the effect of air pollutants on children's health”,Journal of Human Resources,45(3):549-590.
M aclean,A.,2016,“Skills Mismatch?Military Service,Combat Occupations,and Civilian Earnings”,Sociological Perspectives,60(2):229-250.
Regan,T.L.and Oaxaca,R.L.,2009,“Work experience as a source of specification error in earnings models:implications for gender wage decompositions”,Journal of Population Economics,22(2):463-499.
Sampson,R.J.and Laub,J.H.,1996,“Socioeconomic achievement in the life course of disadvantaged men:Military service as a turning point,circa 1940-1965”,American Sociological Review,61(3):347-367.
Teachman,J.D.and Call,V.R.A.,1996,“The effect of military service on educational,occupational,and income attainment”,Social Science Research,25(1):1-31.
Teachman,J.D.and Tedrow,L.,2007,“Joining up:Did military service in the early all volunteer era affect subsequent civilian income?”,Social Science Research,36(4):1447-1474.
Wu,X.and Treiman,D.J.,2004,“The household registration system and social stratification in China:1955-1996”,Demography,41(2):363-384.
Zhang,X.N.,2015,“Military Service and Life Chances in Contemporary China”,Chinese Sociological Review,47(3):230-254.
马福云、张晓玉,2007,“城乡一体化对退伍军人安置影响探析---珠三角退伍军人安置改革研究”,《青年研究》,第3期,第38-42页。
马继迁、郑宇清,2016,“家庭禀赋如何影响就业?---对失地农民的考察”,《华东经济管理》,第10期,第116-122页。
汪建华,2011,“参军:制度变迁下的社会分层与个体选择性流动”,《社会》,第3期,第138-154页。
王智波、李长洪,2016,“好男人都结婚了吗?---探究我国男性工资婚姻溢价的形成机制”,《经济学(季刊)》,第3期,第917-940页。
张文宏、刘琳,2013,“市场转型与家庭成分问题研究---以‘黑九类'的子女们为例”,《江苏社会科学》,第4期,第40-46页。
章元、E.M.Mouhoud、范英,2012,“异质的社会网络与民工工资:来自中国的证据”,《南方经济》,第2期,第3-14页。
章元、陆铭,2009,“社会网络是否有助于提高农民工的工资水平?”,《管理世界》,第3期,第45-54页。
Allison,P.D.,1994,“Using panel data to estimate the effects of events”,Sociological Methods&Research,23(2):174-199.
Angrist,J.D.,1990,“Lifetime earnings and the Vietnamera draft lottery:evidence from social security administrative records”,American Economic Review,80(3):313-336.
Angrist,J.D.,1998,“Estimating the labor market impact of voluntary military service using social security data on military applicants”,Econometrica,66(2):249-288.
Angrist,J.D.,and Krueger,A.B.,1994,“Why do World War Ⅱ veterans earn more than nonveterans?”,Journal of labor economics,12(1):74-97.
Berger,M.C.and Hirsch,B.T.,1983,“The civilian earnings experience of Vietnam-era veterans”,Journal of human resources,18(4):455-479.
Bertrand,M.and Kamenica,E.,and Pan,J.,2015,“Gender identity and relative income within households”,Quarterly Journal of Economics,130(2):571-614.
Bian Y.,1997,“Bringing strong ties back in:Indirect ties,netw ork bridges,and job searches in China”,American Sociological Review,62(3):366-385.
Blau,P.M.and Duncan,O.D.,1967,“The American occupational structure”,American Journal of Sociology,33(2):296.
Tray,D.D.,1982,“Veteran status as a screening device”,American Economic Review,72(1):133-142.
Elder,G.H.,1998,“The life course as developmental theory”,Child Development,69(1):1-12.
Diamant,N.J.,2009,“Embattled glory:veterans,military families,and the politics of patriotism in China,1949-2007”,Journal of Asian Studies,70(2):519-520.
Goldberg,M.S.,1987,“Warner J T.Military experience,civilian experience,and the earnings of veterans”,Journal of Human Resources,22(1):62-81.
Hirsch,B.T.and M ehay,S.L.,2003,“Evaluating the labor market performance of veterans using a matched comparison group design”,Journal of Human resources,38(3):673-700.
Lin,N.,1999,“Building a network theory of social capital”,Connections,22(1):28-51.
Lleras-M uney,A.,2010,“The needs of the army using compulsory relocation in the military to estimate the effect of air pollutants on children's health”,Journal of Human Resources,45(3):549-590.
M aclean,A.,2016,“Skills Mismatch?Military Service,Combat Occupations,and Civilian Earnings”,Sociological Perspectives,60(2):229-250.
Regan,T.L.and Oaxaca,R.L.,2009,“Work experience as a source of specification error in earnings models:implications for gender wage decompositions”,Journal of Population Economics,22(2):463-499.
Sampson,R.J.and Laub,J.H.,1996,“Socioeconomic achievement in the life course of disadvantaged men:Military service as a turning point,circa 1940-1965”,American Sociological Review,61(3):347-367.
Teachman,J.D.and Call,V.R.A.,1996,“The effect of military service on educational,occupational,and income attainment”,Social Science Research,25(1):1-31.
Teachman,J.D.and Tedrow,L.,2007,“Joining up:Did military service in the early all volunteer era affect subsequent civilian income?”,Social Science Research,36(4):1447-1474.
Wu,X.and Treiman,D.J.,2004,“The household registration system and social stratification in China:1955-1996”,Demography,41(2):363-384.
Zhang,X.N.,2015,“Military Service and Life Chances in Contemporary China”,Chinese Sociological Review,47(3):230-254.