走滑断层地震地表破裂带分布影响因素数值模拟研究——以1973年炉霍M_S7.6地震为例
|
摘要
地震后在断层两侧的强变形与破裂带是地震灾害最严重的区域.为系统、定量研究同震地表变形带特征及其影响因素,本研究建立了走滑断层的三维有限元模型,分别探讨了断层位错量、断层倾角、错动方式、上覆松散层厚度、沉积层土性等因素的影响规律.模拟结果显示:走滑断层同震地表变形表现为以断层为中心的近似对称单峰分布,强地表变形集中在断层两侧各50m宽度范围,地表变形量峰值随位错量增加而增大,破裂带宽度也随位错量增加而增大,但增量逐渐减小,并趋于一个渐近值;断层倾角对地表变形与破裂带宽度影响表现为随倾角减小变形量峰值点向上盘小距离偏移;走滑兼正断位错引起的变形量峰值最大,但地表破裂带宽度最小,走滑兼逆断引起的变形量峰值最小,但地表破裂带宽度最大,直立纯走滑断层的两参量都居中;走滑断层地表变形量峰值随上覆松散层厚度增大而减小,但随厚度减小的速率逐渐变小,松散层厚度从5m增加到20m时,破裂带宽度随厚度增加而缓慢增加,但自厚度大于20m时,破裂带宽度开始随厚度增加而逐渐下降;当不同土性覆盖层(粗砂、粉砂、黏土)厚度相同时,地震引起的地表变形量峰值自粗砂、粉砂、黏土逐次增大,当粗砂厚度为60m以上时,3.6m的同震水平位错已不能形成地表破裂,而粉砂的厚度为70m以上,黏土的厚度则为75m以上.
The strong deformation and fracture zone on both sides of the fault is the most serious area of earthquake disaster.In order to study on the surface deformation zone characteristics of co-seismic and its influencing factors quantitatively and scientificly,a 3-D finite element model of strike-slip fault is established and the effect law of dislocations,fault dip,dislocation mode,thickness of sedimentary layer are discussed respectively.The simulation results show that the co-seismic surface deformation of the strike-slip fault is approximately symmetric single-peak distribution centered on the fault,and the strong surface deformation is concentrated in the 50 m width range on both sides of the fault.The peak value of surface deformation increases with the increase of dislocations,and the rupture zone width increases with the increase of dislocations too,but the increment decreases gradually and tends to an asymptotic value.The effect of fault dip on the surface deformation and rupture zone width is that the peak value point of deformation deviates to the hanging wall at a small distance with decreasing of fault dip.The peak value of deformation of normal strike-slip is the largest,but rupture zone width is the smallest,the peak value of deformation of thrust strike-slip is the smallest,but rupture zone width is the largest,while both parameters of vertical pure strike-slip fault are in the middle.The peak value of surface deformation of strike-slip fault decreases with the increase of the thickness of the loose sedimentary layer,but the rate decreases gradually with the increase of the thickness.When the thickness of sedimentary layer increases from 5 mto 20 m,the rupture zone width increases slowly with the increase of thickness.However the rupture zone width begins to decrease with the increase of thickness when thickness is larger than 20 m.When the thickness of different soil cover layers(coarse sand,silt,clay)is the same,the peak value of surface deformation increases successively from coarse sand,silt and clay.And when the thickness of coarse sand is more than60 m,the horizontal co-seismic dislocation of 3.6 m can no longer form the surface rupture.The thickness of silt and clay is more than 70 mand 75 mrespectively.
The strong deformation and fracture zone on both sides of the fault is the most serious area of earthquake disaster.In order to study on the surface deformation zone characteristics of co-seismic and its influencing factors quantitatively and scientificly,a 3-D finite element model of strike-slip fault is established and the effect law of dislocations,fault dip,dislocation mode,thickness of sedimentary layer are discussed respectively.The simulation results show that the co-seismic surface deformation of the strike-slip fault is approximately symmetric single-peak distribution centered on the fault,and the strong surface deformation is concentrated in the 50 m width range on both sides of the fault.The peak value of surface deformation increases with the increase of dislocations,and the rupture zone width increases with the increase of dislocations too,but the increment decreases gradually and tends to an asymptotic value.The effect of fault dip on the surface deformation and rupture zone width is that the peak value point of deformation deviates to the hanging wall at a small distance with decreasing of fault dip.The peak value of deformation of normal strike-slip is the largest,but rupture zone width is the smallest,the peak value of deformation of thrust strike-slip is the smallest,but rupture zone width is the largest,while both parameters of vertical pure strike-slip fault are in the middle.The peak value of surface deformation of strike-slip fault decreases with the increase of the thickness of the loose sedimentary layer,but the rate decreases gradually with the increase of the thickness.When the thickness of sedimentary layer increases from 5 mto 20 m,the rupture zone width increases slowly with the increase of thickness.However the rupture zone width begins to decrease with the increase of thickness when thickness is larger than 20 m.When the thickness of different soil cover layers(coarse sand,silt,clay)is the same,the peak value of surface deformation increases successively from coarse sand,silt and clay.And when the thickness of coarse sand is more than60 m,the horizontal co-seismic dislocation of 3.6 m can no longer form the surface rupture.The thickness of silt and clay is more than 70 mand 75 mrespectively.
引文
Borchardt G.2010.Establishing appropriate setback widths for active faults.Environmental and Engineering Geoscience,16(1):47-53.
Chen Y T,Lin B H,Lin Z Y,et al.1975.Study on the focal process of the Xingtai earthquake of 1966years based on the Observation of Ground Deformation.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),18(3):164-182.
China Earthquake Administration.2009.DB/T15-2009Surveying and prospecting of active fault(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1-21.
Christenson Gary E,Darlene Batatian L,Nelson Craig V.2003.Guidelines for Evaluating Surface-Fault-Rupture in Utah.Utah:Geological Survey,5-23.
Guo T T.2013.A study on Wenchuan earthquake disasters and the safety distance from active faults[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration.
Han Z J,Ran Y K,Xu X W.2002.Primary study on possible width and displacement of future surface rupture zone produced by buried active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),24(4):484-494.
Hao L L.2011.Study on security avoidance distance of active faults[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Xi′an:Chang′an University.
Huang J Y.2016.Research on the method for evaluating the earthquake surface rupture[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Seismological Bureau.
Jiang H K,Qu Y J,Li Y L,et al.2006.Some statistic features of aftershock sequences in Chinese mainland.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(4):1110-1117.
Jonathan G.1998.Guidelines for evaluating potential surface fault rupture land subsidence hazards in Nevada[EB/OL].Nevada Earthquake Safety Council,1-4.http:∥www.nbmg.unr.edu/nesc/guidelines.htm.
Li B,Ma D H,Su J Y,et al.2014.Estimation method for surface rupture width under strong earthquake based on Information diffusion.Journal of Basic Science and Engineering(in Chinese),22(2):294-304.
Li L H.2014.Research on the mechanism of high deformation and rupture due to active fault[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University.
Li X J,Zhao L,Li Y Q.2009.Simulation of fault movement induced rupture process of overlaying soil of bedrock.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),28(S1):2703-2707.
Li Y J,Chen L W,Li H.2009a.Numerical simulation of annual change characteristics of tectonic stress-strain field in Yunnan.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),29(2):13-18.
Li Y J,Chen L W,Li H,et al.2009b.Research on relationship between tectonic stress field and strong seismic activity in Yunnan area.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),29(4):26-29,41.
Liu G P,Fu Z X.2002.The triggering mechanism of the largest aftershock(MS=6.3)of the 1973 Luhuo Great Earthquake(MS=7.6).Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),18(2):175-182.
Lu Q Z,Zhao F K,Peng J B,et al.2013.Overview on rupture propagation studies of buried ground-fissures.Journal of Engineering Geology(in Chinese),21(6):898-907.
Okada Y.1992.Internal Deformation due to shear and tensile fault in a half space.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(2):1018-1040.
Qi Ting.2012.Study on the prediction of surface rupture zone and strong deformation zone caused by active fault in urban area.[Master′s Thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University.
Ran H L,Zhou B G.2004.Research on the probabilistic assessment of potential ground offset along active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),26(1):133-140.
Ran H L,He H L.2006.Research on the magnitude and recurrence interval of characterized earthquakes with Magnitude≥6.7along the northwestern portion of the Xianshuihe fault zone in western Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(1):153-161.
Scholz C H.2002.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.2nd ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,504.
Tang M X.1999.Study on safe distance of active faults.Earthquake Resistant Engineering(in Chinese),(1):44-48.
Tang R C,Wen D H,Deng T G,et al.1976.A preliminary study on the characteristics of the ground fractures during the Lu-Huo(炉霍)M=7.9earthquake,1973and the origin of the earthquake.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),19(1):18-27.
The Resources Agency of California.2002.Seismic hazards and earthquake fault zones[Z/OL].Public Information,County of Ventura,Resource Management Agency,Planning Division 800South Victoria Avenue,Ventura,CA 93009·805 654-2488.http:∥www.ventura.org/rma/planning.
Tie R,Wang J,Jia L J,et al.2016.Data statistics of strongmoderate earthquake and characteristics research of ground rupture.World Earthquake Engineering(in Chinese),32(1):112-116.
Wan B,Jin C Y.2010.Estimation of site seismic surface rupture hazard.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction(in Chinese),26(1):36-44.
Wang C Y,Han W B,Wu J P,et al.2003.Crustal structure beneath the Songpan-Garze Orogenic belt.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),25(3):229-241.
Wang Q.2013.Study on surface rupture width and construction site′s security avoidance distance of Wenchuan earthquake[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Xi'an:Chang′an University.
Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.1994.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,84(4):974-1002.
Wen X Z.1995.Quantitative estimates of seismic potential on active faults(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,20-42.
Wu J F.2009.Study on setback distance from surface rupture for post-Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction.[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Seismological Bureau.
Xu X W,Yu G H,Ma W T,et al.2002a.Evidence and methods for determining the safety distance from the potential earthquake surface rupture on active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),24(4):470-483.
Xu X W,Chen W B,Yu G H,et al.2002b.Characteristic features of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibetan plateau,China.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),24(1):1-13.
Xu X W,Zhao B M,Ma S L,et al.2011.Method and application of active fault earthquake disaster prediction(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.
Xu X W,Guo T T,Liu S Z,et al.2016.Discussion on issues associated with setback distance from active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),38(3):477-502.
Yao L Y,Nie Y A,Zhao G M.2000a.Stress field by shear fault in a semi-infinite medium-PartⅠ:Strike-slip fault.Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),22(1):16-23.
Yao L Y,Nie Y A,Zhao G M.2000b.Stress field by shear fault in a semi-infinite medium-PartⅡ:Dip-slip fault.Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),22(3):217-223.
Zhang B,He W G,Fang L H,et al.2015.Surveys on surface rupture phenomena of Gansu Kangle M63/4 Earthquake in1936.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),38(2):262-271.
Zhang J Y.2015.Active fault setback research on engineering sites[Ph.D.Thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Seismological Bureau.
Zhang Y S,Sun P,Shi J S,et al.2010.Investigation of rupture influenced zones and their corresponding safe distances for reconstruction after 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology(in Chinese),18(3):312-319.
Zhao J S,Wu J F,Shi L J,et al.2009.Setback distance determination in reconstruction along the trace of surface rupture caused by MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration(in Chinese),29(6):96-101.
Zhou Q,Zhou B G,Ran H L.2006.Comparative study on surface rupture of faults in different soil mass.Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention(in Chinese),1(3):225-233.
陈运泰,林邦慧,林中洋等.1975.根据地面形变的观测研究1966年邢台地震的震源过程.地球物理学报,18(3):164-182.
郭婷婷.2013.汶川地震震害与活动断层“避让带”宽度的分析研究[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.
韩竹军,冉勇康,徐锡伟.2002.隐伏活断层未来地表破裂带宽度与位错量初步研究.地震地质,24(4):484-494.
郝莉莉.2011.活动断裂安全避让距离研究[硕士论文].西安:长安大学.
黄静宜.2016.强震地表破裂评估方法研究[博士论文].北京:中国地震局工程力学研究所.
蒋海昆,曲延军,李永莉等.2006.中国大陆中强地震余震序列的部分统计特征.地球物理学报,49(4):1110-1117.
李波,马东辉,苏经宇等.2014.基于信息扩散的强震地表破裂宽度预测.应用基础与工程科学学报,22(2):294-304.
李连辉.2014.活动断层作用下地表强变形与破裂的机理研究[硕士论文].北京:北京交通大学.
李小军,赵雷,李亚琦.2009.断层错动引发基岩上覆土层破裂过程模拟.岩石力学与工程学报,28(S1):2703-2707.
李玉江,陈连旺,李红.2009a.云南地区构造应力应变场年变化特征的数值模拟.大地测量与地球动力学,29(2):13-18.
李玉江,陈连旺,李红等.2009b.云南地区构造应力场与强震活动关系研究.大地测量与地球动力学,29(4):26-29,41.
刘桂萍,傅征祥.2002.1973年炉霍大地震(MS=7.6)最大余震(MS=6.3)的库仑破裂应力触发.中国地震,18(2):175-182.
卢全中,赵富坤,彭建兵等.2013.隐伏地裂缝破裂扩展研究综述.工程地质学报,21(6):898-907.
齐婷.2012.城市地区活动断层的地表破裂带与强变形带的预测研究[硕士论文].北京:北京交通大学.
冉洪流,周本刚.2004.断层地表潜在突发位移的概率评价初探.地震地质,26(1):133-140.
冉洪流,何宏林.2006.鲜水河断裂带北西段不同破裂源强震震级(M≥6.7)及复发间隔研究.地球物理学报,49(1):153-161.
唐荣昌,文德华,邓天岗等.1976.1973年炉霍7.9级地震的地裂缝特征及地震成因的初步探讨.地球物理学报,19(1):18-27.
汤淼鑫.1999.活动断裂安全距离的研究.工程抗震,(1):44-48.
铁瑞,王俊,贾连军等.2016.强震地震数据统计及其地表破裂特性研究.世界地震工程,32(1):112-116.
万波,靳超宇.2010.场地地震地表破裂危险性估计.防灾减灾学报,26(1):36-44.
王椿镛,韩渭宾,吴建平等.2003.松潘-甘孜造山带地壳速度结构.地震学报,25(3):229-241.
王琦.2013.汶川地震地表破裂宽度与建筑场地安全避让距离的研究[硕士论文].西安:长安大学.
闻学泽.1995.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估.北京:地震出版社,20-42.
吴景发.2009.汶川地震灾后重建断层避让距离研究[硕士论文].北京:中国地震局工程力学研究所.
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛等.2002a.活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法.地震地质,24(4):470-483.
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华等.2002b.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,24(1):1-13.
徐锡伟,赵伯明,马胜利等.2011.活动断层地震灾害预测方法与应用.北京:科学出版社.305.
徐锡伟,郭婷婷,刘少卓等.2016.活动断层避让相关问题的讨论.地震地质,38(3):477-502.
姚兰予,聂永安,赵根模.2000a.半无限空间中剪切断层错动产生的应力场---(一)走向滑动断层.西北地震学报,22(1):16-23.
姚兰予,聂永安,赵根模.2000b.半无限空间中剪切断层错动产生的应力场---(二)倾向滑动断层.西北地震学报,22(3):217-223.
张波,何文贵,方良好等.2015.1936年甘肃康乐63/4级地震地表破裂带调查.地震研究,38(2):262-271.
张建毅.2015.工程场地活断层避让距离研究[博士论文].北京:中国地震局工程力学研究所.
张永双,孙萍,石菊松等.2010.汶川地震地表破裂影响带调查与建筑场地避让宽度探讨.工程地质学报,18(3):312-319.
赵纪生,吴景发,师黎静等.2009.汶川地震地表破裂周围建筑物重建的避让距离.地震工程与工程振动,29(6):96-101.
中国地震局.2009.DB/T15-2009活动断层探测.北京:地震出版社,1-21.
周庆,周本刚,冉洪流.2006.不同土质条件下断层地表破裂对比研究.震灾防御技术,1(3):225-233.
Chen Y T,Lin B H,Lin Z Y,et al.1975.Study on the focal process of the Xingtai earthquake of 1966years based on the Observation of Ground Deformation.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),18(3):164-182.
China Earthquake Administration.2009.DB/T15-2009Surveying and prospecting of active fault(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1-21.
Christenson Gary E,Darlene Batatian L,Nelson Craig V.2003.Guidelines for Evaluating Surface-Fault-Rupture in Utah.Utah:Geological Survey,5-23.
Guo T T.2013.A study on Wenchuan earthquake disasters and the safety distance from active faults[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration.
Han Z J,Ran Y K,Xu X W.2002.Primary study on possible width and displacement of future surface rupture zone produced by buried active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),24(4):484-494.
Hao L L.2011.Study on security avoidance distance of active faults[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Xi′an:Chang′an University.
Huang J Y.2016.Research on the method for evaluating the earthquake surface rupture[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Seismological Bureau.
Jiang H K,Qu Y J,Li Y L,et al.2006.Some statistic features of aftershock sequences in Chinese mainland.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(4):1110-1117.
Jonathan G.1998.Guidelines for evaluating potential surface fault rupture land subsidence hazards in Nevada[EB/OL].Nevada Earthquake Safety Council,1-4.http:∥www.nbmg.unr.edu/nesc/guidelines.htm.
Li B,Ma D H,Su J Y,et al.2014.Estimation method for surface rupture width under strong earthquake based on Information diffusion.Journal of Basic Science and Engineering(in Chinese),22(2):294-304.
Li L H.2014.Research on the mechanism of high deformation and rupture due to active fault[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University.
Li X J,Zhao L,Li Y Q.2009.Simulation of fault movement induced rupture process of overlaying soil of bedrock.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),28(S1):2703-2707.
Li Y J,Chen L W,Li H.2009a.Numerical simulation of annual change characteristics of tectonic stress-strain field in Yunnan.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),29(2):13-18.
Li Y J,Chen L W,Li H,et al.2009b.Research on relationship between tectonic stress field and strong seismic activity in Yunnan area.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),29(4):26-29,41.
Liu G P,Fu Z X.2002.The triggering mechanism of the largest aftershock(MS=6.3)of the 1973 Luhuo Great Earthquake(MS=7.6).Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),18(2):175-182.
Lu Q Z,Zhao F K,Peng J B,et al.2013.Overview on rupture propagation studies of buried ground-fissures.Journal of Engineering Geology(in Chinese),21(6):898-907.
Okada Y.1992.Internal Deformation due to shear and tensile fault in a half space.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,92(2):1018-1040.
Qi Ting.2012.Study on the prediction of surface rupture zone and strong deformation zone caused by active fault in urban area.[Master′s Thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University.
Ran H L,Zhou B G.2004.Research on the probabilistic assessment of potential ground offset along active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),26(1):133-140.
Ran H L,He H L.2006.Research on the magnitude and recurrence interval of characterized earthquakes with Magnitude≥6.7along the northwestern portion of the Xianshuihe fault zone in western Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(1):153-161.
Scholz C H.2002.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.2nd ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,504.
Tang M X.1999.Study on safe distance of active faults.Earthquake Resistant Engineering(in Chinese),(1):44-48.
Tang R C,Wen D H,Deng T G,et al.1976.A preliminary study on the characteristics of the ground fractures during the Lu-Huo(炉霍)M=7.9earthquake,1973and the origin of the earthquake.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),19(1):18-27.
The Resources Agency of California.2002.Seismic hazards and earthquake fault zones[Z/OL].Public Information,County of Ventura,Resource Management Agency,Planning Division 800South Victoria Avenue,Ventura,CA 93009·805 654-2488.http:∥www.ventura.org/rma/planning.
Tie R,Wang J,Jia L J,et al.2016.Data statistics of strongmoderate earthquake and characteristics research of ground rupture.World Earthquake Engineering(in Chinese),32(1):112-116.
Wan B,Jin C Y.2010.Estimation of site seismic surface rupture hazard.Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction(in Chinese),26(1):36-44.
Wang C Y,Han W B,Wu J P,et al.2003.Crustal structure beneath the Songpan-Garze Orogenic belt.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),25(3):229-241.
Wang Q.2013.Study on surface rupture width and construction site′s security avoidance distance of Wenchuan earthquake[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Xi'an:Chang′an University.
Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.1994.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,84(4):974-1002.
Wen X Z.1995.Quantitative estimates of seismic potential on active faults(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,20-42.
Wu J F.2009.Study on setback distance from surface rupture for post-Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction.[Master′s thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Seismological Bureau.
Xu X W,Yu G H,Ma W T,et al.2002a.Evidence and methods for determining the safety distance from the potential earthquake surface rupture on active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),24(4):470-483.
Xu X W,Chen W B,Yu G H,et al.2002b.Characteristic features of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibetan plateau,China.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),24(1):1-13.
Xu X W,Zhao B M,Ma S L,et al.2011.Method and application of active fault earthquake disaster prediction(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.
Xu X W,Guo T T,Liu S Z,et al.2016.Discussion on issues associated with setback distance from active fault.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),38(3):477-502.
Yao L Y,Nie Y A,Zhao G M.2000a.Stress field by shear fault in a semi-infinite medium-PartⅠ:Strike-slip fault.Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),22(1):16-23.
Yao L Y,Nie Y A,Zhao G M.2000b.Stress field by shear fault in a semi-infinite medium-PartⅡ:Dip-slip fault.Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),22(3):217-223.
Zhang B,He W G,Fang L H,et al.2015.Surveys on surface rupture phenomena of Gansu Kangle M63/4 Earthquake in1936.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),38(2):262-271.
Zhang J Y.2015.Active fault setback research on engineering sites[Ph.D.Thesis](in Chinese).Beijing:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Seismological Bureau.
Zhang Y S,Sun P,Shi J S,et al.2010.Investigation of rupture influenced zones and their corresponding safe distances for reconstruction after 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology(in Chinese),18(3):312-319.
Zhao J S,Wu J F,Shi L J,et al.2009.Setback distance determination in reconstruction along the trace of surface rupture caused by MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration(in Chinese),29(6):96-101.
Zhou Q,Zhou B G,Ran H L.2006.Comparative study on surface rupture of faults in different soil mass.Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention(in Chinese),1(3):225-233.
陈运泰,林邦慧,林中洋等.1975.根据地面形变的观测研究1966年邢台地震的震源过程.地球物理学报,18(3):164-182.
郭婷婷.2013.汶川地震震害与活动断层“避让带”宽度的分析研究[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.
韩竹军,冉勇康,徐锡伟.2002.隐伏活断层未来地表破裂带宽度与位错量初步研究.地震地质,24(4):484-494.
郝莉莉.2011.活动断裂安全避让距离研究[硕士论文].西安:长安大学.
黄静宜.2016.强震地表破裂评估方法研究[博士论文].北京:中国地震局工程力学研究所.
蒋海昆,曲延军,李永莉等.2006.中国大陆中强地震余震序列的部分统计特征.地球物理学报,49(4):1110-1117.
李波,马东辉,苏经宇等.2014.基于信息扩散的强震地表破裂宽度预测.应用基础与工程科学学报,22(2):294-304.
李连辉.2014.活动断层作用下地表强变形与破裂的机理研究[硕士论文].北京:北京交通大学.
李小军,赵雷,李亚琦.2009.断层错动引发基岩上覆土层破裂过程模拟.岩石力学与工程学报,28(S1):2703-2707.
李玉江,陈连旺,李红.2009a.云南地区构造应力应变场年变化特征的数值模拟.大地测量与地球动力学,29(2):13-18.
李玉江,陈连旺,李红等.2009b.云南地区构造应力场与强震活动关系研究.大地测量与地球动力学,29(4):26-29,41.
刘桂萍,傅征祥.2002.1973年炉霍大地震(MS=7.6)最大余震(MS=6.3)的库仑破裂应力触发.中国地震,18(2):175-182.
卢全中,赵富坤,彭建兵等.2013.隐伏地裂缝破裂扩展研究综述.工程地质学报,21(6):898-907.
齐婷.2012.城市地区活动断层的地表破裂带与强变形带的预测研究[硕士论文].北京:北京交通大学.
冉洪流,周本刚.2004.断层地表潜在突发位移的概率评价初探.地震地质,26(1):133-140.
冉洪流,何宏林.2006.鲜水河断裂带北西段不同破裂源强震震级(M≥6.7)及复发间隔研究.地球物理学报,49(1):153-161.
唐荣昌,文德华,邓天岗等.1976.1973年炉霍7.9级地震的地裂缝特征及地震成因的初步探讨.地球物理学报,19(1):18-27.
汤淼鑫.1999.活动断裂安全距离的研究.工程抗震,(1):44-48.
铁瑞,王俊,贾连军等.2016.强震地震数据统计及其地表破裂特性研究.世界地震工程,32(1):112-116.
万波,靳超宇.2010.场地地震地表破裂危险性估计.防灾减灾学报,26(1):36-44.
王椿镛,韩渭宾,吴建平等.2003.松潘-甘孜造山带地壳速度结构.地震学报,25(3):229-241.
王琦.2013.汶川地震地表破裂宽度与建筑场地安全避让距离的研究[硕士论文].西安:长安大学.
闻学泽.1995.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估.北京:地震出版社,20-42.
吴景发.2009.汶川地震灾后重建断层避让距离研究[硕士论文].北京:中国地震局工程力学研究所.
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛等.2002a.活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法.地震地质,24(4):470-483.
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华等.2002b.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,24(1):1-13.
徐锡伟,赵伯明,马胜利等.2011.活动断层地震灾害预测方法与应用.北京:科学出版社.305.
徐锡伟,郭婷婷,刘少卓等.2016.活动断层避让相关问题的讨论.地震地质,38(3):477-502.
姚兰予,聂永安,赵根模.2000a.半无限空间中剪切断层错动产生的应力场---(一)走向滑动断层.西北地震学报,22(1):16-23.
姚兰予,聂永安,赵根模.2000b.半无限空间中剪切断层错动产生的应力场---(二)倾向滑动断层.西北地震学报,22(3):217-223.
张波,何文贵,方良好等.2015.1936年甘肃康乐63/4级地震地表破裂带调查.地震研究,38(2):262-271.
张建毅.2015.工程场地活断层避让距离研究[博士论文].北京:中国地震局工程力学研究所.
张永双,孙萍,石菊松等.2010.汶川地震地表破裂影响带调查与建筑场地避让宽度探讨.工程地质学报,18(3):312-319.
赵纪生,吴景发,师黎静等.2009.汶川地震地表破裂周围建筑物重建的避让距离.地震工程与工程振动,29(6):96-101.
中国地震局.2009.DB/T15-2009活动断层探测.北京:地震出版社,1-21.
周庆,周本刚,冉洪流.2006.不同土质条件下断层地表破裂对比研究.震灾防御技术,1(3):225-233.