近代中国警察教育法制之嬗变
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摘要
近代中国警察的建立及其职业教育的确立和形成,因应了社会深刻转型的历史需求,反映出中国人培养警察职业人才以维护社会稳定和国家安全的变革历程。近代中国警察职业教育制度的建立,开启了我国警察教育立法的新时代,构成中国法制现代化的重要组成部分。近代中国警察教育制度发端于清末"新政",以京师警务学堂及《京师警务学堂章程》的设立为标志,形成及确立于民国时期,以警察教育机构及立法的完善为重要历程,生成了特殊的历史轨迹和独特的发展路径。近代中国警察教育法制化凸显出以政府推动为主导、以移植与建构为发展途径、以法治教为治理方式等特征,这些特征在一定程度上影响了现代警察教育制度。
The establishment and formation of modern Chinese police and police vocational education,catering to the historical demand of the profound transformation of society,reflects that Chinese people train police personnel to maintain social stability and national security during social changes. Taking history as a mirror,the establishment of modern police education system has opened a new era of police education law in china,which is an important part of the modernization of China's legal system. The empirical investigation of its historical starting point and stage of formation may help to reveal the theoretical logic of the development process of police education. Originated in late Qing reforms,and with the establishment of the Beijing Normal Police School and The Constitution of the Beijing Normal Police School as its symbol,modern Chinese police education system was formed and established in the Republic of China. With the improvement of police education institutions and legislation as its important course,it has generated a special historical track and unique development path. The legalization of police education in modern China highlights the characteristics of government-driven,transplantation and construction as the way of development and the rule of law as the way of governance. These features have influenced the modern police education system to a certain extent.
The establishment and formation of modern Chinese police and police vocational education,catering to the historical demand of the profound transformation of society,reflects that Chinese people train police personnel to maintain social stability and national security during social changes. Taking history as a mirror,the establishment of modern police education system has opened a new era of police education law in china,which is an important part of the modernization of China's legal system. The empirical investigation of its historical starting point and stage of formation may help to reveal the theoretical logic of the development process of police education. Originated in late Qing reforms,and with the establishment of the Beijing Normal Police School and The Constitution of the Beijing Normal Police School as its symbol,modern Chinese police education system was formed and established in the Republic of China. With the improvement of police education institutions and legislation as its important course,it has generated a special historical track and unique development path. The legalization of police education in modern China highlights the characteristics of government-driven,transplantation and construction as the way of development and the rule of law as the way of governance. These features have influenced the modern police education system to a certain extent.
引文
[1]韩延龙,苏亦工.中国近代警察史[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000.
[2]肖朗,施峥.日本教习与京师警务学堂[J].近代史研究,2004,(5).
[3]郭宗茀.中国警察法[M].重庆:警学编译社,1947.
[4]罗家伦.内务部规定巡警学堂暨教练所章程咨各省都督文,临时政府公报[M].台北:中国国民党中央委员会党史史料编纂委员会,1983.
[5]包明芳.中国警察教育之过去,现在与将来,现代警察[J].警高同学会,1934,2(1).
[6]陈允文.中国的警察[M].上海:商务印书馆,1935.
[7]中央警官学校.中央警官学校概况[M].中央警官学校.
[8]内政部警官学校.警察沿革[M].南京:内政部警官学校.
[9]郭宗茀.中国警察法[M].重庆:警学编译社,1947.
[10]候淠.战时应有之警察教育[J].现代警察,1938,3(4).
[11]潘嘉钊.蒋介石警察密档[M].北京:群众出版社,1994.
[12]劳凯声.有关《教育法》实施的几个问题[J].中国高等教育,1995.
[13]蒋立山,中国法制现代化建设特征分析[J].中外法学,1995,(4).
[14]郑宗凯.警察法总论[M].上海:商务印书馆,1938.
[15]E.博登海默.法理学法律哲学与法律方法[M].邓正来,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[16]黄文艺,当代中国法律发展研究[M].吉林:吉林大学出版社,2000.
(1)其中研究科的学生在“现任”警察官员中选拔,“特令讲述一种课程”。
(1)南京国民政府各省的中等警察教育:自内政部将各省市警官教育的权力收归中央后,很多省市都遵章撤销了本省的警官养成教育,改为开办警官补习教育,主要培训初级警官人才。而中央警官学校接管中等警察教育后,开设了多种中级警察教育层次的培训班,如警官训练班、复员军官转警的教育等,负责养成以及培训地方上各省市的中等警察人才。
(1)中央层级警察教育制度与地方警察教育制度分类依据:北洋政府时期成立的警察学校和警官高等学校及京师警察厅直隶于内政部,由内政部直接管辖的警察教育体制属于中央层级,而地方的警察教育直隶于省警务处,由地方省警务处直接管辖的警察教育体制属于地方层级;南京国民政府时期,警官高等学校和首都警察厅直隶于内政部,由内政部直接管辖的警察教育体制属于中央层级的,地方警察教育直隶于各省民政厅或省警务处管理,由地方省民政厅或省警务处直接管辖的警察教育体制属于地方层级。
(1)《民政部奏定巡警学堂章程》,第一历史档案馆馆藏档案。
(1)《京师警察厅巡警教练所章程》《京师警察厅巡官巡长讲习所章程》《京师警察厅募警讲习所章程》,蔡鸿源主编:《民国法规集成》,黄山出版社,1999年。
[2]肖朗,施峥.日本教习与京师警务学堂[J].近代史研究,2004,(5).
[3]郭宗茀.中国警察法[M].重庆:警学编译社,1947.
[4]罗家伦.内务部规定巡警学堂暨教练所章程咨各省都督文,临时政府公报[M].台北:中国国民党中央委员会党史史料编纂委员会,1983.
[5]包明芳.中国警察教育之过去,现在与将来,现代警察[J].警高同学会,1934,2(1).
[6]陈允文.中国的警察[M].上海:商务印书馆,1935.
[7]中央警官学校.中央警官学校概况[M].中央警官学校.
[8]内政部警官学校.警察沿革[M].南京:内政部警官学校.
[9]郭宗茀.中国警察法[M].重庆:警学编译社,1947.
[10]候淠.战时应有之警察教育[J].现代警察,1938,3(4).
[11]潘嘉钊.蒋介石警察密档[M].北京:群众出版社,1994.
[12]劳凯声.有关《教育法》实施的几个问题[J].中国高等教育,1995.
[13]蒋立山,中国法制现代化建设特征分析[J].中外法学,1995,(4).
[14]郑宗凯.警察法总论[M].上海:商务印书馆,1938.
[15]E.博登海默.法理学法律哲学与法律方法[M].邓正来,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.
[16]黄文艺,当代中国法律发展研究[M].吉林:吉林大学出版社,2000.
(1)其中研究科的学生在“现任”警察官员中选拔,“特令讲述一种课程”。
(1)南京国民政府各省的中等警察教育:自内政部将各省市警官教育的权力收归中央后,很多省市都遵章撤销了本省的警官养成教育,改为开办警官补习教育,主要培训初级警官人才。而中央警官学校接管中等警察教育后,开设了多种中级警察教育层次的培训班,如警官训练班、复员军官转警的教育等,负责养成以及培训地方上各省市的中等警察人才。
(1)中央层级警察教育制度与地方警察教育制度分类依据:北洋政府时期成立的警察学校和警官高等学校及京师警察厅直隶于内政部,由内政部直接管辖的警察教育体制属于中央层级,而地方的警察教育直隶于省警务处,由地方省警务处直接管辖的警察教育体制属于地方层级;南京国民政府时期,警官高等学校和首都警察厅直隶于内政部,由内政部直接管辖的警察教育体制属于中央层级的,地方警察教育直隶于各省民政厅或省警务处管理,由地方省民政厅或省警务处直接管辖的警察教育体制属于地方层级。
(1)《民政部奏定巡警学堂章程》,第一历史档案馆馆藏档案。
(1)《京师警察厅巡警教练所章程》《京师警察厅巡官巡长讲习所章程》《京师警察厅募警讲习所章程》,蔡鸿源主编:《民国法规集成》,黄山出版社,1999年。