填埋生活垃圾稳定化特征与可开采性分析:以我国第一代卫生填埋场为例
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摘要
针对我国卫生填埋场库容严重不足和简易填埋场急需治理的难题,提出了通过现场全断面钻孔取样测试填埋垃圾固相降解稳定化归一指标来判断稳定化程度,对基本稳定化的填埋垃圾通过开挖筛分分质利用和处置实现卫生填埋场库容循环再利用和简易填埋场环境治理的方法.结合我国第一代卫生填埋场——杭州天子岭第一填埋场,进行全断面钻孔取样.经过筛分分选得到建筑组分、可燃组分和细粒组分;重点测试并分析了细粒组分的含量和颗分曲线及其理化特性参数随填埋深度的变化规律;然后提出固相降解稳定化归一指标,研究了细粒组分和污染物含量随固相降解稳定化归一指标的变化规律;最后分析了填埋场的可开采性.结果表明,采用固相降解稳定化归一指标能较好地表征填埋垃圾的生化降解程度,当该指标大于0.83时,填埋垃圾基本稳定化,细粒组分浸出液的电导率(EC)和化学需氧量(COD)测试值趋于稳定,但细粒组分重金属和有机污染物含量均超标.如果采用保守的再回填方式处理细粒组分,混合收集的新鲜垃圾经填埋基本稳定化后再开采的减量率可达83%,能够有效实现卫生填埋场的库容循环再利用.
Aiming at the serious shortage of landfill storage capacity and the urgent need for simple dumps treatment in China, a method to realize the recycling of landfill storage capacity and the environmental treatment of simple dumps is proposed, which determines the stabilization degree of landfill by in-site full-section borehole sampling to test the degradation stabilization index of solid phase of waste, and uses the basically stabilized waste by excavation and screening. Waste samples were taken at different depths by drilling from the Tianziling Landfill(Phase I) which is the first generation sanitary landfill. The construction fractions, combustible fractions and fine fractions were obtained by manual screening, then the determination and analysis of the fine fraction content, particle size distribution, physicochemical characteristic parameters varied with depth were conducted. After that, the variation of fine fraction and contaminant content with the degradation stabilization index, which was proposed herein, were analysed. The feasibility of landfill mining was discussed in the end. The following conclusions were drawn obtained: when the degradation stabilization index, which was suitable to characterize the degree of biochemical degradation of landfilled waste, was over 0.83, the landfilled waste was almost stabilized, the values of electrical conductivity(EC) and chemical oxygen demand(COD) of the leaching solution became stable as well; while the content of heavy metals and organic matter in the fine fractions dissatisfied the requirements of standards. If the fine fractions were treated with re-landfilling, the reduction rate of the fresh waste collected in a mixing way could reach 83% after basically stabilizing through the process of landfilling and mining, therefore landfill mining can effectively realize the recycling of the storage capacity of sanitary landfills.
Aiming at the serious shortage of landfill storage capacity and the urgent need for simple dumps treatment in China, a method to realize the recycling of landfill storage capacity and the environmental treatment of simple dumps is proposed, which determines the stabilization degree of landfill by in-site full-section borehole sampling to test the degradation stabilization index of solid phase of waste, and uses the basically stabilized waste by excavation and screening. Waste samples were taken at different depths by drilling from the Tianziling Landfill(Phase I) which is the first generation sanitary landfill. The construction fractions, combustible fractions and fine fractions were obtained by manual screening, then the determination and analysis of the fine fraction content, particle size distribution, physicochemical characteristic parameters varied with depth were conducted. After that, the variation of fine fraction and contaminant content with the degradation stabilization index, which was proposed herein, were analysed. The feasibility of landfill mining was discussed in the end. The following conclusions were drawn obtained: when the degradation stabilization index, which was suitable to characterize the degree of biochemical degradation of landfilled waste, was over 0.83, the landfilled waste was almost stabilized, the values of electrical conductivity(EC) and chemical oxygen demand(COD) of the leaching solution became stable as well; while the content of heavy metals and organic matter in the fine fractions dissatisfied the requirements of standards. If the fine fractions were treated with re-landfilling, the reduction rate of the fresh waste collected in a mixing way could reach 83% after basically stabilizing through the process of landfilling and mining, therefore landfill mining can effectively realize the recycling of the storage capacity of sanitary landfills.
引文
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2陈云敏.环境土工基本理论及工程应用.岩土工程学报,2014,36:1-46
3詹良通,刘伟,曾兴,等.垃圾填埋场污染物击穿竖向防渗帷幕时间的影响因素分析及设计厚度的简化计算公式.岩土工程学报,2013,35:1988-1996
4 Krook J,Svensson N,Eklund M.Landfill mining:A critical review of two decades of research.Waste Manage,2012,32:513-520
5 Jain P,Townsend T G,Johnson P.Case study of landfill reclamation at a Florida landfill site.Waste Manage,2013,33:109-116
6 Quaghebeur M,Laenen B,Geysen D,et al.Characterization of landfilled materials:Screening of the enhanced landfill mining potential.J Cleaner Production,2013,55:72-83
7 Kaartinen T,Sormunen K,Rintala J.Case study on sampling,processing and characterization of landfilled municipal solid waste in the view of landfill mining.J Cleaner Product,2013,55:56-66
8 Prechthai T,Padmasri M,Visvanathan C.Quality assessment of mined MSW from an open dumpsite for recycling potential.Resour Conservat Recycl,2008,53:70-78
9 Sormunen K,Ettala M,Rintala J.Detailed internal characterisation of two Finnish landfills by waste sampling.Waste Manage,2008,28:151-163
10袁京,杨帆,李国学,等.非正规填埋场矿化垃圾理化性质与资源化利用研究.中国环境科学,2014,34:1811-1817
11 Chen Y M,Xu W J,Xu X B,et al.Numerical modelling of biochemical,hydraulic and mechanical behaviours for landfills with high-food-wastecontent MSW.In:International Conference on Geo-Energy and Geo-Environment.Hong Kong,2015
12 Zhan L T,Xu H,Chen Y M,et al.Biochemical,hydrological and mechanical behaviors of high food waste content MSW landfill:Preliminary findings from a large-scale experiment.Waste Manage,2017,63:27-40
13 Chen Y M,Zhan L T,Li Y C.Biochemical,hydraulic and mechanical behaviours of landfills with high-kitchen-waste-content MSW.In:The 7th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics.Melbourne,2014
14 M?nk?re T J,Palmroth M R T,Rintala J A.Characterization of fine fraction mined from two Finnish landfills.Waste Manage,2016,47:34-39
15 Zhao Y,Song L,Huang R,et al.Recycling of aged refuse from a closed landfill.Waste Manag Res,2007,25:130-138
16 Zhou C,Xu W,Gong Z,et al.Characteristics and fertilizer effects of soil-like materials from landfill mining.Clean Soil Air Water,2015,43:940-947
17 M?nk?re T J,Palmroth M R T,Rintala J A.Screening biological methods for laboratory scale stabilization of fine fraction from landfill mining.Waste Manage,2017,60:739-747
18 He P J,Xiao Z,Shao L M,et al.In situ distributions and characteristics of heavy metals in full-scale landfill layers.J Hazard Mater,2006,137:1385-1394
19 HJ 564-2010.生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程技术规范.北京:国家环境保护部,2010
20 Barlaz M A.Forest products decomposition in municipal solid waste landfills.Waste Manage,2006,26:321-333
21 Adani F,Gigliotti G,Valentini F,et al.Respiration index determination:A comparative study of different methods.Compost Sci Utiliz,2003,11:144-151
22李雄,徐迪民,赵由才,等.生活垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾分选研究.环境污染与防治,2006,28:481-484
23 GB 8172-1987.城镇垃圾农用控制标准.北京:国家环境保护局,1987
24 Bilgili M S,Demir A,Ozkaya B.Influence of leachate recirculation on aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of solid wastes.J Hazard Mater,2007,143:177-183
25 Prechthai T,Parkpian P,Visvanathan C.Assessment of heavy metal contamination and its mobilization from municipal solid waste open dumping site.J Hazard Mater,2008,156:86-94
26刘海龙,周家伟,陈云敏,等.城市生活垃圾填埋场稳定化评估.浙江大学学报(工学版),2016,50:54-60
27 Adani F,Confalonieri R,Tambone F.Dynamic respiration index as a descriptor of the biological stability of organic wastes.J Environ Qual,2004,33:1866
28 GB 16889-2008.生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准.北京:环境保护部,2008
29 GB 15618-2008.土壤环境质量标准.北京:国家环境保护部科技标准司,2008
30住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所.生活垃圾流化床焚烧工程技术导则:RISN-TG016-2014.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014
31 JTG/T F20-2015.公路路面基层施工技术细则.北京:交通运输部,2015
32刘松玉.污染场地测试评价与处理技术.岩土工程学报,2018,1:1-37
33王旭.生活垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化利用研究.硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2017.6-15
34柯瀚,王文芳,魏长春,等.填埋体饱和渗透系数影响因素室内研究.浙江大学学报(工学版),2013,47:1164-1170
35 Carman P C.Permeability of saturated sands,soils and clays.J Agric Sci,1939,29:262-273
36张文杰,陈云敏.垃圾填埋场抽水试验及降水方案设计.岩土力学,2010,31:211-215
37 GB 14554-1993.恶臭污染物排放标准.北京:环境保护部,1993
38 Liu L,Ma J,Xue Q,et al.The in situ aeration in an old landfill in China:Multi-wells optimization method and application.Waste Manage,2018,76:614-620
39 Liu L,Xue Q,Zeng G,et al.Field-scale monitoring test of aeration for enhancing biodegradation in an old landfill in China.Environ Prog Sust Energy,2016,35:380-385
2陈云敏.环境土工基本理论及工程应用.岩土工程学报,2014,36:1-46
3詹良通,刘伟,曾兴,等.垃圾填埋场污染物击穿竖向防渗帷幕时间的影响因素分析及设计厚度的简化计算公式.岩土工程学报,2013,35:1988-1996
4 Krook J,Svensson N,Eklund M.Landfill mining:A critical review of two decades of research.Waste Manage,2012,32:513-520
5 Jain P,Townsend T G,Johnson P.Case study of landfill reclamation at a Florida landfill site.Waste Manage,2013,33:109-116
6 Quaghebeur M,Laenen B,Geysen D,et al.Characterization of landfilled materials:Screening of the enhanced landfill mining potential.J Cleaner Production,2013,55:72-83
7 Kaartinen T,Sormunen K,Rintala J.Case study on sampling,processing and characterization of landfilled municipal solid waste in the view of landfill mining.J Cleaner Product,2013,55:56-66
8 Prechthai T,Padmasri M,Visvanathan C.Quality assessment of mined MSW from an open dumpsite for recycling potential.Resour Conservat Recycl,2008,53:70-78
9 Sormunen K,Ettala M,Rintala J.Detailed internal characterisation of two Finnish landfills by waste sampling.Waste Manage,2008,28:151-163
10袁京,杨帆,李国学,等.非正规填埋场矿化垃圾理化性质与资源化利用研究.中国环境科学,2014,34:1811-1817
11 Chen Y M,Xu W J,Xu X B,et al.Numerical modelling of biochemical,hydraulic and mechanical behaviours for landfills with high-food-wastecontent MSW.In:International Conference on Geo-Energy and Geo-Environment.Hong Kong,2015
12 Zhan L T,Xu H,Chen Y M,et al.Biochemical,hydrological and mechanical behaviors of high food waste content MSW landfill:Preliminary findings from a large-scale experiment.Waste Manage,2017,63:27-40
13 Chen Y M,Zhan L T,Li Y C.Biochemical,hydraulic and mechanical behaviours of landfills with high-kitchen-waste-content MSW.In:The 7th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics.Melbourne,2014
14 M?nk?re T J,Palmroth M R T,Rintala J A.Characterization of fine fraction mined from two Finnish landfills.Waste Manage,2016,47:34-39
15 Zhao Y,Song L,Huang R,et al.Recycling of aged refuse from a closed landfill.Waste Manag Res,2007,25:130-138
16 Zhou C,Xu W,Gong Z,et al.Characteristics and fertilizer effects of soil-like materials from landfill mining.Clean Soil Air Water,2015,43:940-947
17 M?nk?re T J,Palmroth M R T,Rintala J A.Screening biological methods for laboratory scale stabilization of fine fraction from landfill mining.Waste Manage,2017,60:739-747
18 He P J,Xiao Z,Shao L M,et al.In situ distributions and characteristics of heavy metals in full-scale landfill layers.J Hazard Mater,2006,137:1385-1394
19 HJ 564-2010.生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程技术规范.北京:国家环境保护部,2010
20 Barlaz M A.Forest products decomposition in municipal solid waste landfills.Waste Manage,2006,26:321-333
21 Adani F,Gigliotti G,Valentini F,et al.Respiration index determination:A comparative study of different methods.Compost Sci Utiliz,2003,11:144-151
22李雄,徐迪民,赵由才,等.生活垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾分选研究.环境污染与防治,2006,28:481-484
23 GB 8172-1987.城镇垃圾农用控制标准.北京:国家环境保护局,1987
24 Bilgili M S,Demir A,Ozkaya B.Influence of leachate recirculation on aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of solid wastes.J Hazard Mater,2007,143:177-183
25 Prechthai T,Parkpian P,Visvanathan C.Assessment of heavy metal contamination and its mobilization from municipal solid waste open dumping site.J Hazard Mater,2008,156:86-94
26刘海龙,周家伟,陈云敏,等.城市生活垃圾填埋场稳定化评估.浙江大学学报(工学版),2016,50:54-60
27 Adani F,Confalonieri R,Tambone F.Dynamic respiration index as a descriptor of the biological stability of organic wastes.J Environ Qual,2004,33:1866
28 GB 16889-2008.生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准.北京:环境保护部,2008
29 GB 15618-2008.土壤环境质量标准.北京:国家环境保护部科技标准司,2008
30住房和城乡建设部标准定额研究所.生活垃圾流化床焚烧工程技术导则:RISN-TG016-2014.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014
31 JTG/T F20-2015.公路路面基层施工技术细则.北京:交通运输部,2015
32刘松玉.污染场地测试评价与处理技术.岩土工程学报,2018,1:1-37
33王旭.生活垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化利用研究.硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2017.6-15
34柯瀚,王文芳,魏长春,等.填埋体饱和渗透系数影响因素室内研究.浙江大学学报(工学版),2013,47:1164-1170
35 Carman P C.Permeability of saturated sands,soils and clays.J Agric Sci,1939,29:262-273
36张文杰,陈云敏.垃圾填埋场抽水试验及降水方案设计.岩土力学,2010,31:211-215
37 GB 14554-1993.恶臭污染物排放标准.北京:环境保护部,1993
38 Liu L,Ma J,Xue Q,et al.The in situ aeration in an old landfill in China:Multi-wells optimization method and application.Waste Manage,2018,76:614-620
39 Liu L,Xue Q,Zeng G,et al.Field-scale monitoring test of aeration for enhancing biodegradation in an old landfill in China.Environ Prog Sust Energy,2016,35:380-385