Study on positive temperature coefficient of resistivity of co-doped BaTiO_3 with Curie temperature in room temperature region
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摘要
As a temperature self-regulating heater material, the doped BaTiO_3 exhibits an attractive application perspective in the thermal management of electrical devices. However, the high Curie temperature does not meet the requirement in the thermal control application. In this work,(Ba_(0.997-x)Ce_(0.003)Sr_x)(TiNb_(0.002))O_3(x=0.2, 0.3, 0.35, abbreviated as BCSTNs) ceramics were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The purpose of doping different content of strontium is to shift the Curie temperature of BaTiO_3-based ceramic to the ambient temperature region, maintaining excellent PT_C effect and low room-temperature resistivity by codoped cation ions in Ba-and Ti-site. The influences of sintering temperature and soak time on the microstructure as well as electrical properties of BCSTNs ceramics have been studied. The X-ray diffraction reveals that the composition with x=0.35 exhibits the coexistence of tetragonal and cubic lattice symmetries, confirmed by the Rietveld structure refinement. The dense microstructure with average grain sizes 0.84–7.87 μm was observed for BCSTN ceramics. Temperature-resistivity measurements demonstrate that T_C of the ceramics with x=0.35 shifted to the room temperature region. Additionally, the BCSTN ceramic with heavy doping Sr exhibits relative low room-temperature resistivity and the resistance jump greater than 2.0 orders of magnitude.
As a temperature self-regulating heater material, the doped BaTiO_3 exhibits an attractive application perspective in the thermal management of electrical devices. However, the high Curie temperature does not meet the requirement in the thermal control application. In this work,(Ba_(0.997-x)Ce_(0.003)Sr_x)(TiNb_(0.002))O_3(x=0.2, 0.3, 0.35, abbreviated as BCSTNs) ceramics were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The purpose of doping different content of strontium is to shift the Curie temperature of BaTiO_3-based ceramic to the ambient temperature region, maintaining excellent PT_C effect and low room-temperature resistivity by codoped cation ions in Ba-and Ti-site. The influences of sintering temperature and soak time on the microstructure as well as electrical properties of BCSTNs ceramics have been studied. The X-ray diffraction reveals that the composition with x=0.35 exhibits the coexistence of tetragonal and cubic lattice symmetries, confirmed by the Rietveld structure refinement. The dense microstructure with average grain sizes 0.84–7.87 μm was observed for BCSTN ceramics. Temperature-resistivity measurements demonstrate that T_C of the ceramics with x=0.35 shifted to the room temperature region. Additionally, the BCSTN ceramic with heavy doping Sr exhibits relative low room-temperature resistivity and the resistance jump greater than 2.0 orders of magnitude.
As a temperature self-regulating heater material, the doped BaTiO_3 exhibits an attractive application perspective in the thermal management of electrical devices. However, the high Curie temperature does not meet the requirement in the thermal control application. In this work,(Ba_(0.997-x)Ce_(0.003)Sr_x)(TiNb_(0.002))O_3(x=0.2, 0.3, 0.35, abbreviated as BCSTNs) ceramics were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The purpose of doping different content of strontium is to shift the Curie temperature of BaTiO_3-based ceramic to the ambient temperature region, maintaining excellent PT_C effect and low room-temperature resistivity by codoped cation ions in Ba-and Ti-site. The influences of sintering temperature and soak time on the microstructure as well as electrical properties of BCSTNs ceramics have been studied. The X-ray diffraction reveals that the composition with x=0.35 exhibits the coexistence of tetragonal and cubic lattice symmetries, confirmed by the Rietveld structure refinement. The dense microstructure with average grain sizes 0.84–7.87 μm was observed for BCSTN ceramics. Temperature-resistivity measurements demonstrate that T_C of the ceramics with x=0.35 shifted to the room temperature region. Additionally, the BCSTN ceramic with heavy doping Sr exhibits relative low room-temperature resistivity and the resistance jump greater than 2.0 orders of magnitude.
引文
1 Liu J,Li Y Z,Chang J,et al.A review of small satellite thermalcontrol system(in Chinese).Spacecr Environ Eng,2011,28:77-82
2 Dudon J P,Zaradzki C,Paul-Bert P,et al.Flexible self-regulating heater(FSRH)using PTC effect:A promising technology for future spacecraft thermal control.In:46th International Conference on Environmental Systems.Vienna,2016.1-10
3 Cheng W,Yuan S,Song J.Studies on preparation and adaptive thermal control performance of novel PTC(positive temperature coefficient)materials with controllable Curie temperatures.Energy,2014,74:447-454
4 Song J,Cheng W,Xu Z,et al.Study on PID temperature control performance of a novel PTC material with room temperature Curie point.Int J Heat Mass Transfer,2016,95:1038-1046
5 Cheng W,Song J,Liu Y,et al.Theoretical and experimental studies on thermal control by using a novel PTC material with room temperature Curie point.Int J Heat Mass Transfer,2014,74:441-447
6 Li Y Z,Wei C F,Yuan L S.Simulation study of satellite partial temperature control system using PTC heater(in Chinese).J Syst Simul,2005,17:1494-1496
7 Hill D,Tuller H.Ceramic sensors:Theory and practise.In:Buchanan R,Ed.Ceramic Materials for Electronics.NY:Marcel Dekker Inc.,1991.335
8 Hozer L.Positive temperature coefficient of resistivity(PTCR)thermistors.In:Semiconductor Ceramics,Grain Boundary Effects.Ellis Horwood Series in Physics and its Applications.Poland,1994.109-147
9 Heywang W.Bariumtitanat als sperrschichthalbleiter.Solid-State Electron,1961,3:51-58
10 Urek S,Drofenik M,Makovec D.Sintering and properties of highly donor-doped barium titanate ceramics.J Mater Sci,2000,35:895-901
11 Mancini M W,Filho P I P.Direct observation of potential barriers in semiconducting barium titanate by electric force microscopy.J Appl Phys,2006,100:104501
12 Yang M,Peng Z,Wang C,et al.Microstructure and electrical properties of BaTiO3-(Bi0.5M0.5)TiO3(M=Li,Na,K,Rb)ceramics with positive temperature coefficient of resistivity.Ceram Int,2016,42:17792-17797
13 Liu M,Qu Y,Yang D.Effect of Bi2O3doping methods on the positive temperature coefficient property of Ba0.999(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.001TiO3ceramics.J Alloys Compd,2010,503:237-241
14 Al-Allak H M.Anomalous increase in the resistivity of n-doped BaTiO3-based ceramics with pressure observed at room temperature.JAm Ceram Soc,2011,94:2757-2760
15 Ding S W,Jia G,Wang J,et al.Electrical properties of Y-and Mndoped BaTiO3-based PTC ceramics.Ceram Int,2008,34:2007-2010
16 Qi J,Gui Z,Wu Y,et al.Enhancement of PTCR effect of semiconducting Ba1-xSrxTi O3by Sb2O3vapor.Sensor Actuat A-Phys,2001,93:84-85
17 Wegmann M,Br?nnimann R,Clemens F,et al.Barium titanate-based PTCR thermistor fibers:Processing and properties.Sensor Actuat A-Phys,2007,135:394-404
18 Yu L H,Xue Q Z,Zhang D M.On a sudden-changing PTC material with low curie point(in Chinese).Electron Compon Mater,1994,13:14-16
19 Patil D R,Lokare S A,Devan R S,et al.Studies on electrical and dielectric properties of Ba1-xSrxTiO3.Mater Chem Phys,2007,104:254-257
20 Jiang S L,Gong S P,Zhou L,et al.Study on the co-doped BaTiO3semiconducting ceramic(in Chinese).Piezoelec acousto-optic,2000,22:392-394
21 He Z,Ma J,Qu Y,et al.Effect of additives on the electrical properties of a(Ba0.92Sr0.08)TiO3-based positive temperature coefficient resistor.JEur Ceramic Soc,2002,22:2143-2148
22 He Z,Ma J,Qu Y,et al.Compositional and processing effects on electrical properties of(Ba0.85Pb0.15)TiO3-based positive temperature coefficient resistors.J Eur Ceramic Soc,2004,24:3617-3622
23 Nemati Z A,Tabibazar M,Deguire M R.The effects of cerium doping on the resistivity of PTCR barium lead titanate.Br Ceram Trans,1993,92:109-113
24 Cernea M,Monnereau O,Llewellyn P,et al.Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of Ce doped-BaTiO3.J Eur Ceramic Soc,2006,26:3241-3246
25 Ianculescu A,Pintilie I,Vasilescu C A,et al.Intrinsic pyroelectric properties of thick,coarse grained Ba1-xSrxTiO3ceramics.Ceram Int,2016,42:10338-10348
26 Chen Y L,Yang S F.PTCR effect in donor doped barium titanate:Review of compositions,microstructures,processing and properties.Adv Appl Ceramics,2011,110:257-269
27 Heywang W.Resistivity anomaly in doped barium titanate.J Am Ceramic Soc,1964,47:484-490
28 Jonker G H.Some aspects of semiconducting barium titanate.SolidState Electron,1964,7:895-903
29 Kuwabara M,Matsuda H,Kurata N,et al.Shift of the curie point of barium titanate ceramics with sintering temperature.J Am Ceramic Soc,1997,80:2590-2596
30 Kim J G.Sintering condition and PTCR characteristics of porous nBaTiO3ceramics by adding poly(ethylene glycol).J Mater Sci,2004,39:6129-6131
31 Kim J G,Ha J G,Lim T W,et al.Preparation of porous BaTiO3-based ceramics by high-energy ball-milling process.Mater Lett,2006,60:1505-1508
32 Brzozowski E,Castro M S.Influence of Nb5+and Sb3+dopants on the defect profile,PTCR effect and GBBL characteristics of BaTiO3ceramics.J Eur Ceramic Soc,2004,24:2499-2507
33 Cheng X,Li X,Chen G,et al.Influence of sintering method on the PTCR effect and microstructures of Sm2O3-doped BaTiO3-based ceramics sintered in a reducing atmosphere.Ceramics Int,2017,43:S249-S252
34 Huybrechts B,Ishizaki K,Takata M.Influence of high oxygen partial pressure annealing on the positive temperature coefficient of Mndoped Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3.J Eur Ceramic Soc,1993,11:395-400
35 Daniels J,Wernicke R,Part V.News aspects for an improved PTCRmodel.Philips Res Rept,1976,31:544-559
36 Daniels J,Haerdtl K H,Wernicke R.The PTC effect of barium titanate.Philips Technical Review,1976,38:73-82
37 Kutty T R N,Murugaraj P,Gajbhiye N S.Activation of trap centres in PTC BaTiO3.Mater Lett,1984,2:396-400
38 Chen Y,Gong S,Zhang B,et al.The preparation of fine-grained positive temperature coefficient resistance with superior electrical properties.Microelectron Eng,2013,103:106-110
2 Dudon J P,Zaradzki C,Paul-Bert P,et al.Flexible self-regulating heater(FSRH)using PTC effect:A promising technology for future spacecraft thermal control.In:46th International Conference on Environmental Systems.Vienna,2016.1-10
3 Cheng W,Yuan S,Song J.Studies on preparation and adaptive thermal control performance of novel PTC(positive temperature coefficient)materials with controllable Curie temperatures.Energy,2014,74:447-454
4 Song J,Cheng W,Xu Z,et al.Study on PID temperature control performance of a novel PTC material with room temperature Curie point.Int J Heat Mass Transfer,2016,95:1038-1046
5 Cheng W,Song J,Liu Y,et al.Theoretical and experimental studies on thermal control by using a novel PTC material with room temperature Curie point.Int J Heat Mass Transfer,2014,74:441-447
6 Li Y Z,Wei C F,Yuan L S.Simulation study of satellite partial temperature control system using PTC heater(in Chinese).J Syst Simul,2005,17:1494-1496
7 Hill D,Tuller H.Ceramic sensors:Theory and practise.In:Buchanan R,Ed.Ceramic Materials for Electronics.NY:Marcel Dekker Inc.,1991.335
8 Hozer L.Positive temperature coefficient of resistivity(PTCR)thermistors.In:Semiconductor Ceramics,Grain Boundary Effects.Ellis Horwood Series in Physics and its Applications.Poland,1994.109-147
9 Heywang W.Bariumtitanat als sperrschichthalbleiter.Solid-State Electron,1961,3:51-58
10 Urek S,Drofenik M,Makovec D.Sintering and properties of highly donor-doped barium titanate ceramics.J Mater Sci,2000,35:895-901
11 Mancini M W,Filho P I P.Direct observation of potential barriers in semiconducting barium titanate by electric force microscopy.J Appl Phys,2006,100:104501
12 Yang M,Peng Z,Wang C,et al.Microstructure and electrical properties of BaTiO3-(Bi0.5M0.5)TiO3(M=Li,Na,K,Rb)ceramics with positive temperature coefficient of resistivity.Ceram Int,2016,42:17792-17797
13 Liu M,Qu Y,Yang D.Effect of Bi2O3doping methods on the positive temperature coefficient property of Ba0.999(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.001TiO3ceramics.J Alloys Compd,2010,503:237-241
14 Al-Allak H M.Anomalous increase in the resistivity of n-doped BaTiO3-based ceramics with pressure observed at room temperature.JAm Ceram Soc,2011,94:2757-2760
15 Ding S W,Jia G,Wang J,et al.Electrical properties of Y-and Mndoped BaTiO3-based PTC ceramics.Ceram Int,2008,34:2007-2010
16 Qi J,Gui Z,Wu Y,et al.Enhancement of PTCR effect of semiconducting Ba1-xSrxTi O3by Sb2O3vapor.Sensor Actuat A-Phys,2001,93:84-85
17 Wegmann M,Br?nnimann R,Clemens F,et al.Barium titanate-based PTCR thermistor fibers:Processing and properties.Sensor Actuat A-Phys,2007,135:394-404
18 Yu L H,Xue Q Z,Zhang D M.On a sudden-changing PTC material with low curie point(in Chinese).Electron Compon Mater,1994,13:14-16
19 Patil D R,Lokare S A,Devan R S,et al.Studies on electrical and dielectric properties of Ba1-xSrxTiO3.Mater Chem Phys,2007,104:254-257
20 Jiang S L,Gong S P,Zhou L,et al.Study on the co-doped BaTiO3semiconducting ceramic(in Chinese).Piezoelec acousto-optic,2000,22:392-394
21 He Z,Ma J,Qu Y,et al.Effect of additives on the electrical properties of a(Ba0.92Sr0.08)TiO3-based positive temperature coefficient resistor.JEur Ceramic Soc,2002,22:2143-2148
22 He Z,Ma J,Qu Y,et al.Compositional and processing effects on electrical properties of(Ba0.85Pb0.15)TiO3-based positive temperature coefficient resistors.J Eur Ceramic Soc,2004,24:3617-3622
23 Nemati Z A,Tabibazar M,Deguire M R.The effects of cerium doping on the resistivity of PTCR barium lead titanate.Br Ceram Trans,1993,92:109-113
24 Cernea M,Monnereau O,Llewellyn P,et al.Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of Ce doped-BaTiO3.J Eur Ceramic Soc,2006,26:3241-3246
25 Ianculescu A,Pintilie I,Vasilescu C A,et al.Intrinsic pyroelectric properties of thick,coarse grained Ba1-xSrxTiO3ceramics.Ceram Int,2016,42:10338-10348
26 Chen Y L,Yang S F.PTCR effect in donor doped barium titanate:Review of compositions,microstructures,processing and properties.Adv Appl Ceramics,2011,110:257-269
27 Heywang W.Resistivity anomaly in doped barium titanate.J Am Ceramic Soc,1964,47:484-490
28 Jonker G H.Some aspects of semiconducting barium titanate.SolidState Electron,1964,7:895-903
29 Kuwabara M,Matsuda H,Kurata N,et al.Shift of the curie point of barium titanate ceramics with sintering temperature.J Am Ceramic Soc,1997,80:2590-2596
30 Kim J G.Sintering condition and PTCR characteristics of porous nBaTiO3ceramics by adding poly(ethylene glycol).J Mater Sci,2004,39:6129-6131
31 Kim J G,Ha J G,Lim T W,et al.Preparation of porous BaTiO3-based ceramics by high-energy ball-milling process.Mater Lett,2006,60:1505-1508
32 Brzozowski E,Castro M S.Influence of Nb5+and Sb3+dopants on the defect profile,PTCR effect and GBBL characteristics of BaTiO3ceramics.J Eur Ceramic Soc,2004,24:2499-2507
33 Cheng X,Li X,Chen G,et al.Influence of sintering method on the PTCR effect and microstructures of Sm2O3-doped BaTiO3-based ceramics sintered in a reducing atmosphere.Ceramics Int,2017,43:S249-S252
34 Huybrechts B,Ishizaki K,Takata M.Influence of high oxygen partial pressure annealing on the positive temperature coefficient of Mndoped Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3.J Eur Ceramic Soc,1993,11:395-400
35 Daniels J,Wernicke R,Part V.News aspects for an improved PTCRmodel.Philips Res Rept,1976,31:544-559
36 Daniels J,Haerdtl K H,Wernicke R.The PTC effect of barium titanate.Philips Technical Review,1976,38:73-82
37 Kutty T R N,Murugaraj P,Gajbhiye N S.Activation of trap centres in PTC BaTiO3.Mater Lett,1984,2:396-400
38 Chen Y,Gong S,Zhang B,et al.The preparation of fine-grained positive temperature coefficient resistance with superior electrical properties.Microelectron Eng,2013,103:106-110