3种草本植物根系对土壤抗蚀特性的响应
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摘要
为探明南方红壤区常见草本植物根系与土壤抗侵蚀性能之间的关系,以湖北省两种代表性土壤(黄棕壤和红壤)内生长的3种草本植物香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)为研究对象,在两种土壤中分别采集3种草本植物根土复合体(共6种根土复合体处理),并设裸地对照,采用集中水流冲刷试验,测定了土壤细沟可蚀性和根系参数,系统分析了该地区常见水土保持草本植物根系抗侵蚀特征。结果表明,根系存在可有效增强土壤抗侵蚀性能,不同植物的增强效果存在差异,增强效果表现为香根草>白三叶>黑麦草;根长密度(RLD, root length density)是影响土壤可蚀性的最重要根系参数,RLD可较好地模拟两种土壤的根土复合体分离能力变化(R2≥0.930),而根重密度(RMD, root mass density)和根面积比(RAR, root area ratio)也有重要作用;直径小于1.0 mm根系是影响根土复合体抗侵蚀性能的重要指标,其中根径为0.5～1.0 mm的细根作用更为显著(P <0.01)。研究结果表明,香根草是南方红壤区一种重要的水土保持植物种类,可为区域内植被恢复中草本植物的选取以及根系特征与土壤抗蚀特性的关系研究提供理论依据。
To explore the relationship between herb roots and anti-erodibility in the red soil region of southern China, we examined three herbs(Vetiveria zizanioides, Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne) that naturally grow in two types of soil(yellow-brown and red) in Hubei Province. The soil-root composite of the three herbs were collected from two types of soil,with a total of six soil-root composite treatments. Each treatment(including the control) was subjected to concentrated flow scouring(hydraulic flume: 4.00 m long, 0.20 m wide) under three different water-flow shear stresses ranging from 2.41 to15.03 Pa. Soil rill erodibility and root parameters were measured to investigate the effects of different soil erodibility characteristics. Results show that roots strengthen soil erodibility significantly. However, the influence of roots varied for different herbs, with Vetiveria zizanioides and Lolium perenne showing the largest and smallest enhancement effects,respectively. Root length density(RLD) was the root parameter that had the largest effect on soil erodibility, as RLD provided the most accurate simulation(R2 ≥ 0.930) of the soil detachment capacity change of two soil-root composites. Root mass density(RMD) and root area ratio(RAR) also had large effects on soil erodibility. Root diameters of less than 1.0 mm increased soil-root composite anti-erodibility, with the most significant effects observed for root diameters of 0.5～1.0 mm(P < 0.01). Overall, we found that Vetiveria zizanioides is an important plant species that can improve soil and water conservation in the red soil region of southern China. Results from this study provide an herb selection reference for regional restoration projects and describe the relationship between root features and soil anti-erodibility.
To explore the relationship between herb roots and anti-erodibility in the red soil region of southern China, we examined three herbs(Vetiveria zizanioides, Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne) that naturally grow in two types of soil(yellow-brown and red) in Hubei Province. The soil-root composite of the three herbs were collected from two types of soil,with a total of six soil-root composite treatments. Each treatment(including the control) was subjected to concentrated flow scouring(hydraulic flume: 4.00 m long, 0.20 m wide) under three different water-flow shear stresses ranging from 2.41 to15.03 Pa. Soil rill erodibility and root parameters were measured to investigate the effects of different soil erodibility characteristics. Results show that roots strengthen soil erodibility significantly. However, the influence of roots varied for different herbs, with Vetiveria zizanioides and Lolium perenne showing the largest and smallest enhancement effects,respectively. Root length density(RLD) was the root parameter that had the largest effect on soil erodibility, as RLD provided the most accurate simulation(R2 ≥ 0.930) of the soil detachment capacity change of two soil-root composites. Root mass density(RMD) and root area ratio(RAR) also had large effects on soil erodibility. Root diameters of less than 1.0 mm increased soil-root composite anti-erodibility, with the most significant effects observed for root diameters of 0.5～1.0 mm(P < 0.01). Overall, we found that Vetiveria zizanioides is an important plant species that can improve soil and water conservation in the red soil region of southern China. Results from this study provide an herb selection reference for regional restoration projects and describe the relationship between root features and soil anti-erodibility.
引文
[1]傅伯杰,赵文武,张秋菊,刘宇.黄土高原景观格局变化与土壤侵蚀.北京:科学出版社,2014.FU B J,ZHAO W W,ZHANG Q J,LIU Y.Changes of Landscape Pattern and Soil Erosion in the Loess Plateau.Beijing:Science Press,2014.
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[10]BAETS S D,POESEN J,MEERSMANS J,SERLET L.Cover crops and their erosion-reducing effects during concentrated flow erosion.Catena,2011,85(3):237-244.
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[12]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝.黄土高原森林植被水土保持机理研究.林业科学,2001,37(5):140-144.ZHAO H Y,WU Q X.Mechanism on soil and water conservation of forest vegetation on the Loess Plateau.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2001,37(5):140-144.
[13]GYSSELS G,POESEN J,BOCHET E,LI Y.Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water:A review.Progress in Physical Geography,2005,29(2):189-217.
[14]陈志强,陈志彪,陈丽慧.南方红壤侵蚀区典型流域土壤侵蚀危险性评价.土壤学报,2011,48(5):1080-1082.CHEN Z Q,CHEN Z B,CHEN L H.Assessment of soil erosion risk in watersheds typical of eroded red soil region,south China.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(5):1080-1082.
[15]王军光,李朝霞,蔡崇法,杨伟,马仁明,张国彪.集中水流内红壤分离速率与团聚体特征及抗剪强度定量关系.土壤学报,2011,48(6):1133-1140.WANG J G,LI Z X,CAI C F,YANG W,MA R M,ZHANG G B.Quantitative relationships of detachment rate of red soil in concentrated flow with soil aggregate characteristics and soil shear strength.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(6):1133-1140.
[16]柳玉梅,张光辉,李丽娟,韩艳峰.坡面流水动力学参数对土壤分离能力的定量影响.农业工程学报,2009,25(6):96-99.LIU Y M,ZHANG G H,LI L J,HAN Y F.Quantitative effects of hydrodynamic parameters on soil detachment capacity of overland flow.Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(6):96-99.
[17]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978:466-532.Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978:466-532.
[18]耿晓东.主要水蚀区坡面土壤侵蚀过程与机理对比研究.杨凌:中国科学院大学博士学位论文,2010.GENG X D.Comparative study on hill slop soil erosion processes and mechanisms in main water erosion regions of China.PhDThesis.Yangling:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.
[19]WYNN T,MOSTAGHIMI S.The effects of vegetation and soil type on streambank erosion,southwestern virginia,USA1.JAWRAJournal of the American Water Resources Association,2006,42(1):14.
[20]张晓艳,周正朝.黄土高原地区草地植被调控土壤水蚀机理的研究进展.草业科学,2015,32(1):64-70.ZHANG X Y,ZHOU Z C.Research progress on mechanism of grassland vegetation regulating soil erosion in Loess Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(1):64-70.
[21]徐少君,曾波.三峡库区5种耐水淹植物根系增强土壤抗侵蚀效能研究.水土保持学报,2008,22(6):13-18.XU S J,ZENG B.Enhancement effects of 5 flooding-tolerant species'roots on soil anti-erodibility in Three Gorges reservoir region.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(6):13-18.
[22]谌芸,何丙辉,练彩霞,刘志鹏,彭石磊.三峡库区陡坡根-土复合体抗冲性能.生态学报,2016,36(16):5173-5181.CHEN Y,HE B H,LIAN C X,LIU Z P,PENG S L.Root-soil system anti-scourability on steep slopes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(16):5173-5181.
[23]TIEN H W,WILLIAM P M,DOUGLAS N S.Strength of tree roots and landslides on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1979,16(1):19-33.
[24]BAETS S D,POESEN J,KNAPEN A,GALINDO P.Impact of root architecture on the erosion-reducing potential of roots during concentrated flow.Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2007,32(9):1323-1345.
[25]ZHOU Z C,SHANGGUAN Z P.Soil anti-scourability enhanced by plant roots.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2005,47(6):676-682.
[26]VANNOPPEN W,VANMAERCKE M,BAETS S D,POESEN J.A review of the mechanical effects of plant roots on concentrated flow erosion rates.Earth-Science Reviews,2015,150:666-678.
[27]刘国彬.黄土高原草地土壤抗冲性及其机理研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(1):94-97.LIU G B.Study on soil anti-scourability and its mechanism of grassland on Loess Plateau.Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(1):94-97.
[28]熊燕梅,夏汉平,李志安,蔡锡安.植物根系固坡抗蚀的效应与机理研究进展.应用生态学报,2007,18(4):895-904.XIONG Y M,XIA H P,LI Z A,CAI X A.Effects and mechanisms of plant roots on slope reinforcement and soil erosion resistance:A research review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(4):895-904.
[29]陈义君,彭石磊,谌芸,李叶鑫,王洋洋,张越.紫色土坡耕地香根草根系的固土抗蚀效应.草业科学,2015,32(4):485-491.CHEN Y J,PENG S L,CHEN Y,LI Y X,WANG Y Y,ZHANG Y.Soil erosion control effectiveness of Vetiveria zizanioides root system in the purple soil cropland.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(4):485-491.
[30]夏汉平,敖惠修.香根草生态工程应用于公路护坡的效益研究.草业科学,2002,19(1):52-56.XIA H P,AO H X.Studies on benefits of the vetiver eco-engineermg for protection of highway slopes.Pratacultural Science,2002,19(1):52-56.
[31]史志华,宋长青.土壤水蚀过程研究回顾.水土保持学报,2016,30(5):1-10.SHI Z H,SONG C Q.Water erosion processes:a historical review.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(5):1-10.
[32]李强.黄土丘陵区植物根系强化土壤抗冲性机理及固土效应.杨凌:中国科学院大学博士学位论文,2014.LI Q.Mechanism of plant roots in improving resistance of soil to concentrated flow erosion and reinforcement in loess hilly region.PhD Thesis.Yangling:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014.
[33]林慧龙,王苗苗,李学玲,王钊齐.在模拟降水和践踏处理复合作用下长芒草典型草原土可蚀性研究.草业学报,2010,19(3):76-87.LIN H L,WANG M M,LI X L,WANG Z Q.A study on soil erodibility in a combined experimental trampling and simulated rainfall experiment on a Stipa bungeana steppe in Huanxian County,Gansu Province,China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2010,19(3):76-87.
[2]NEARING M A,SIMANTON J R,NORTON L D,BULYGIN S J,STONE J.Soil erosion by surface water flow on a stony,semiarid hillslope.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1999,24(8):677-686.
[3]ZHANG G H,TANG K M,REN Z,ZHANG X C.Impact of grass root mass density on soil detachment capacity by concentrated flow on steepslopes.Transactions of the ASABE,2013,56(3):927-934.
[4]MARSTON R A,HESSION W C,WYNN T,RESLER L,CURRAN J.Geomorphology and vegetation on hillslopes:Interactions,dependencies,and feedback loops.Geomorphology,2010,116(3):206-217.
[5]BAETS S D,POESEN J,GYSSELS G,KNAPEN A.Effects of grass roots on the erodibility of topsoils during concentrated flow.Geomorphology,2006,76(1-2):54-67.
[6]史志华,王玲,刘前进,张含玉,黄萱,方怒放.土壤侵蚀:从综合治理到生态调控.中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):198-205.SHI Z H,WANG L,LIU Q J,ZHANG H Y,HUANG X,FANG N F.Soil erosion:From comprehensive control to ecological regulation.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(2):198-205.
[7]徐宪立,马克明,傅伯杰,刘宪春,黄勇,祁建.植被与水土流失关系研究进展.生态学报,2006,26(9):3137-3143.XU X L,MA K M,FU B J,LIU X C,HUANG Y,QI J.Research review of the relationship between vegetation and soil loss.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(9):3137-3143.
[8]刘定辉,李勇.植物根系提高土壤抗侵蚀性机理研究.水土保持学报,2003,17(3):34-37.LIU D H,LI Y.Mechanism of plant roots improving resistance of soil to concentrated flow erosion.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(3):34-37.
[9]LI Y,ZHU X M,TIAN J Y.Effectiveness of plant roots to increase the anti-scourability of soil on the Loess Plateau.Chinese Science Bulletin,1991,36(24):2077-2082.
[10]BAETS S D,POESEN J,MEERSMANS J,SERLET L.Cover crops and their erosion-reducing effects during concentrated flow erosion.Catena,2011,85(3):237-244.
[11]ZHANG G H,TANG K M,SUN Z L,ZHANG X C.Temporal variability in rill erodibility for two types of grasslands.Soil Research,2014,52:781-788.
[12]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝.黄土高原森林植被水土保持机理研究.林业科学,2001,37(5):140-144.ZHAO H Y,WU Q X.Mechanism on soil and water conservation of forest vegetation on the Loess Plateau.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2001,37(5):140-144.
[13]GYSSELS G,POESEN J,BOCHET E,LI Y.Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water:A review.Progress in Physical Geography,2005,29(2):189-217.
[14]陈志强,陈志彪,陈丽慧.南方红壤侵蚀区典型流域土壤侵蚀危险性评价.土壤学报,2011,48(5):1080-1082.CHEN Z Q,CHEN Z B,CHEN L H.Assessment of soil erosion risk in watersheds typical of eroded red soil region,south China.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(5):1080-1082.
[15]王军光,李朝霞,蔡崇法,杨伟,马仁明,张国彪.集中水流内红壤分离速率与团聚体特征及抗剪强度定量关系.土壤学报,2011,48(6):1133-1140.WANG J G,LI Z X,CAI C F,YANG W,MA R M,ZHANG G B.Quantitative relationships of detachment rate of red soil in concentrated flow with soil aggregate characteristics and soil shear strength.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(6):1133-1140.
[16]柳玉梅,张光辉,李丽娟,韩艳峰.坡面流水动力学参数对土壤分离能力的定量影响.农业工程学报,2009,25(6):96-99.LIU Y M,ZHANG G H,LI L J,HAN Y F.Quantitative effects of hydrodynamic parameters on soil detachment capacity of overland flow.Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(6):96-99.
[17]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978:466-532.Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978:466-532.
[18]耿晓东.主要水蚀区坡面土壤侵蚀过程与机理对比研究.杨凌:中国科学院大学博士学位论文,2010.GENG X D.Comparative study on hill slop soil erosion processes and mechanisms in main water erosion regions of China.PhDThesis.Yangling:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.
[19]WYNN T,MOSTAGHIMI S.The effects of vegetation and soil type on streambank erosion,southwestern virginia,USA1.JAWRAJournal of the American Water Resources Association,2006,42(1):14.
[20]张晓艳,周正朝.黄土高原地区草地植被调控土壤水蚀机理的研究进展.草业科学,2015,32(1):64-70.ZHANG X Y,ZHOU Z C.Research progress on mechanism of grassland vegetation regulating soil erosion in Loess Plateau.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(1):64-70.
[21]徐少君,曾波.三峡库区5种耐水淹植物根系增强土壤抗侵蚀效能研究.水土保持学报,2008,22(6):13-18.XU S J,ZENG B.Enhancement effects of 5 flooding-tolerant species'roots on soil anti-erodibility in Three Gorges reservoir region.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,22(6):13-18.
[22]谌芸,何丙辉,练彩霞,刘志鹏,彭石磊.三峡库区陡坡根-土复合体抗冲性能.生态学报,2016,36(16):5173-5181.CHEN Y,HE B H,LIAN C X,LIU Z P,PENG S L.Root-soil system anti-scourability on steep slopes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(16):5173-5181.
[23]TIEN H W,WILLIAM P M,DOUGLAS N S.Strength of tree roots and landslides on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1979,16(1):19-33.
[24]BAETS S D,POESEN J,KNAPEN A,GALINDO P.Impact of root architecture on the erosion-reducing potential of roots during concentrated flow.Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2007,32(9):1323-1345.
[25]ZHOU Z C,SHANGGUAN Z P.Soil anti-scourability enhanced by plant roots.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2005,47(6):676-682.
[26]VANNOPPEN W,VANMAERCKE M,BAETS S D,POESEN J.A review of the mechanical effects of plant roots on concentrated flow erosion rates.Earth-Science Reviews,2015,150:666-678.
[27]刘国彬.黄土高原草地土壤抗冲性及其机理研究.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(1):94-97.LIU G B.Study on soil anti-scourability and its mechanism of grassland on Loess Plateau.Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1998,4(1):94-97.
[28]熊燕梅,夏汉平,李志安,蔡锡安.植物根系固坡抗蚀的效应与机理研究进展.应用生态学报,2007,18(4):895-904.XIONG Y M,XIA H P,LI Z A,CAI X A.Effects and mechanisms of plant roots on slope reinforcement and soil erosion resistance:A research review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(4):895-904.
[29]陈义君,彭石磊,谌芸,李叶鑫,王洋洋,张越.紫色土坡耕地香根草根系的固土抗蚀效应.草业科学,2015,32(4):485-491.CHEN Y J,PENG S L,CHEN Y,LI Y X,WANG Y Y,ZHANG Y.Soil erosion control effectiveness of Vetiveria zizanioides root system in the purple soil cropland.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(4):485-491.
[30]夏汉平,敖惠修.香根草生态工程应用于公路护坡的效益研究.草业科学,2002,19(1):52-56.XIA H P,AO H X.Studies on benefits of the vetiver eco-engineermg for protection of highway slopes.Pratacultural Science,2002,19(1):52-56.
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