半干旱黄土区苜蓿退化对坡面草本植物分布及多样性的影响
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摘要
半干旱黄土丘陵区土壤水分亏缺引起人工苜蓿草地退化会显著影响其他草本植物的分布及多样性,然而地形驱动下的苜蓿草地退化及植被群落多样性响应还尚不清楚。以典型半干旱黄土丘陵区龙滩小流域为研究区,对不同地形条件下退化苜蓿草地地上生物量、草本多样性及生长季内0—200 cm土壤水分进行了定位监测,利用方差分析、相关分析和典范对应分析(CCA)明确坡面地形、苜蓿生长状况和土壤水分与其他草本植物分布及多样性之间的关系。结果表明:(1)地形显著影响植被群落特征,西坡、东坡和北坡样带苜蓿地上生物量明显不同,西坡和东坡样带中、下坡位苜蓿地上生物量明显高于上坡位,而其他草本的生物量、物种丰富度和多样性指数的变化趋势则与苜蓿相反;(2)苜蓿地上生物量与80—200 cm土壤水分显著正相关,而与0—20 cm和20—80 cm土壤水分的相关性较小;(3)地形特征、不同深度土壤水分和苜蓿地上生物量解释了退化苜蓿草地其他草本群落变异的87.8%,其中坡向、苜蓿地上生物量、0—20 cm和20—80 cm土壤水分4个因子解释了79.3%的群落变异。研究认为,半干旱黄土丘陵区不同地形条件引起坡面土壤水分变化,进而影响退化苜蓿草地地上生物量,使得苜蓿退化程度不同,而苜蓿退化程度和0—80 cm土壤水分决定了不同部位草本分布及多样性。
The degeneration of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) caused by soil desiccation can significantly affect the distribution and diversity of the herbage community in the semi-arid Loess Plateau. However, the mechanism by which soil moisture redistribution caused by topographic features at the hillslope scale influences the degradation of alfalfa and the distribution of other herbage has received limited attention. In this study, the Longtan watershed was selected as the study area. The above-ground biomass of alfalfa and diversity of herbage were investigated, and soil moisture content at a depth of 0—200 cm under different topographic conditions was monitored. The relationships between topographic features, above-ground biomass of alfalfa, soil moisture content, and herbage distribution and diversity were quantitatively analyzed by using ANOVA, Pearson′s correlation analysis, and CCA. The following results were obtained:(1) Topographical features significantly affected vegetation community characteristics. Significant differences in the above-ground biomass of alfalfa were found between different slope aspects and slope positions. The biomass of alfalfa on the middle-hillslope and foot-hillslope positions was significantly higher than that on the upper-hillslope in west-and east-facing hillslopes. However, the spatial variability of the biomass of other herbage, species richness, and diversity indices differed with the spatial variation characteristics of biomass.(2) The above-ground biomass of alfalfa was significantly positively correlated with soil moisture content at a depth of 80—200 cm, whereas the correlations between biomass and soil moisture content at a depth of 0—20 cm and 20—80 cm were not significant.(3) The topographical features, soil moisture content at different depths, and biomass of alfalfa explained 87.8% of the variation of other herbage in the alfalfa degeneration communities. Furthermore, the total variation of the slope aspect, biomass of alfalfa, soil moisture content at 0—20 cm, and soil moisture content at 20—80 cm explained 79.3% of the variation in plant communities. The topographical factors caused the spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture content, which affected the degree of alfalfa degeneration through the variation in alfalfa′s above-ground biomass in the semi-arid loess hilly watershed. The distribution and diversity of herbage were determined by the degree of alfalfa degeneration and the soil moisture content at 0—80 cm under different topographic conditions.
The degeneration of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) caused by soil desiccation can significantly affect the distribution and diversity of the herbage community in the semi-arid Loess Plateau. However, the mechanism by which soil moisture redistribution caused by topographic features at the hillslope scale influences the degradation of alfalfa and the distribution of other herbage has received limited attention. In this study, the Longtan watershed was selected as the study area. The above-ground biomass of alfalfa and diversity of herbage were investigated, and soil moisture content at a depth of 0—200 cm under different topographic conditions was monitored. The relationships between topographic features, above-ground biomass of alfalfa, soil moisture content, and herbage distribution and diversity were quantitatively analyzed by using ANOVA, Pearson′s correlation analysis, and CCA. The following results were obtained:(1) Topographical features significantly affected vegetation community characteristics. Significant differences in the above-ground biomass of alfalfa were found between different slope aspects and slope positions. The biomass of alfalfa on the middle-hillslope and foot-hillslope positions was significantly higher than that on the upper-hillslope in west-and east-facing hillslopes. However, the spatial variability of the biomass of other herbage, species richness, and diversity indices differed with the spatial variation characteristics of biomass.(2) The above-ground biomass of alfalfa was significantly positively correlated with soil moisture content at a depth of 80—200 cm, whereas the correlations between biomass and soil moisture content at a depth of 0—20 cm and 20—80 cm were not significant.(3) The topographical features, soil moisture content at different depths, and biomass of alfalfa explained 87.8% of the variation of other herbage in the alfalfa degeneration communities. Furthermore, the total variation of the slope aspect, biomass of alfalfa, soil moisture content at 0—20 cm, and soil moisture content at 20—80 cm explained 79.3% of the variation in plant communities. The topographical factors caused the spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture content, which affected the degree of alfalfa degeneration through the variation in alfalfa′s above-ground biomass in the semi-arid loess hilly watershed. The distribution and diversity of herbage were determined by the degree of alfalfa degeneration and the soil moisture content at 0—80 cm under different topographic conditions.
引文
[1] 李凤民,徐进章,孙国钧.半干旱黄土高原退化生态系统的修复与生态农业发展.生态学报,2003,23(9):1901- 1909.
[2] 王晗生.黄土高原植被恢复策略回顾.中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):42- 45.
[3] 张金屯.黄土高原植被恢复与建设的理论和技术问题.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):120- 124.
[4] 张文辉,刘国彬.黄土高原植被恢复与建设策略.中国水土保持,2009,(1):24- 27.
[5] 刘国彬,许明祥,王国良,陈云明.黄土高原小流域综合治理及生态恢复过程——以安塞纸坊沟小流域为例//中国水土保持探索与实践——小流域可持续发展研讨会论文集(上).北京:水利部,中科院,世界银行,中国水土保持学会,2005:64- 70.
[6] Fu B J,Wu B F,Lü Y H,Xu Z H,Cao J H,Niu D,Yang G S,Zhou Y M.Three gorges project:efforts and challenges for the environment.Progress in Physical Geography:Earth and Environment,2010,34(6):741- 754.
[7] Chen L D,Yang L,Wei W,Wang Z T,Mo B R,Cai G J.Towards sustainable integrated watershed ecosystem management:a case study in Dingxi on the Loess Plateau,China.Environmental Management,2013,51(1):126- 137.
[8] Wang J J,Jiang Z D,Xia Z L.Grain-for-Green policy and its achievements//Tsunekawa A,Liu G B,Yamanaka N,Du S,eds.Restoration and Development of the Degraded Loess Plateau,China.Tokyo:Springer,2014:137- 147.
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[10] 刘国彬,上官周平,姚文艺,杨勤科,赵敏娟,党小虎,郭明航,王国梁,王兵.黄土高原生态工程的生态成效.中国科学院院刊,2017,32(1):11- 19.
[11] Yuan Z Q,Yu K L,Epstein H,Fang C,Li J T,Liu Q Q,Liu X W,Gao W J,Li F M.Effects of legume species introduction on vegetation and soil nutrient development on abandoned croplands in a semi-arid environment on the Loess Plateau,China.Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:692- 700.
[12] Zhang X,Zhao W W,Liu Y X,Fang X N,Feng Q.The relationships between grasslands and soil moisture on the Loess Plateau of China:a review.Catena,2016,145:56- 67.
[13] 罗珠珠,李玲玲,牛伊宁,蔡立群,张仁陟,谢军红.陇中黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿地土壤干燥化特征及适宜种植年限.应用生态学报,2015,26(10):3059- 3065.
[14] 万素梅,贾志宽,韩清芳,杨宝平.黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及水分恢复.生态学报,2008,28(3):1045- 1051.
[15] 李裕元,邵明安.黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿草地退化过程与植物多样性研究.应用生态学报,2005,16(12):2321- 2327.
[16] 程积民,程杰,高阳.半干旱区退耕地紫花苜蓿生长特性与土壤水分生态效应.草地学报,2011,19(4):565- 569,576- 576.
[17] Zhang Q Y,Jia X X,Zhao C L,Shao M A.Revegetation with artificial plants improves topsoil hydrological properties but intensifies deep-soil drying in northern Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Arid Land,2018,10(3):335- 346.
[18] 马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,陈灵芝.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数.生态学报,1995,15(3):268- 277.
[19] 郭忠升.半干旱区柠条林利用土壤水分深度和耗水量.水土保持通报,2009,29(5):69- 72.
[20] Yang L,Zhang H D,Chen L D.Identification on threshold and efficiency of rainfall replenishment to soil water in semi-arid loess hilly areas.Science China Earth Sciences,2018,61(3):292- 301.
[21] 潘成忠,上官周平.黄土半干旱丘陵区陡坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究.农业工程学报,2003,19(6):5- 9.
[22] 邝高明,朱清科,刘中奇,赵荟,王晶.黄土丘陵沟壑区微地形对土壤水分及生物量的影响.水土保持研究,2012,19(3):74- 77.
[23] Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Zhang Y.Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2009,19(6):707- 718.
[24] Yang L,Wei W,Chen L D,Mo B R.Response of deep soil moisture to land use and afforestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,2012,475:111- 122.
[25] 安文明,韩晓阳,李宗善,王帅,伍星,吕一河,刘国华,傅伯杰.黄土高原不同植被恢复方式对土壤水分坡面变化的影响.生态学报,2018,38(13):4852- 4860.
[26] 郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力.生态学报,2003,23(8):1640- 1647.
[27] 白文娟,焦菊英,马祥华,温仲明,焦峰.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植物群落的分类与排序.西北植物学报,2005,25(7):1317- 1322.
[28] Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Shao H B.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Hydrology,2010,381(1):9- 17.
[29] 胡婵娟,郭雷.植被恢复的生态效应研究进展.生态环境学报,2012,21(9):1640- 1646.
[30] Huang Z,Liu Y,Cui Z,Fang Y,He H H,Liu B R,Wu G L.Soil water storage deficit of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grasslands along ages in arid area (China).Field Crops Research,2018,221:1- 6.
[31] 程积民,万惠娥,王静.黄土丘陵区紫花苜蓿生长与土壤水分变化.应用生态学报,2005,16(3):435- 438.
[32] 李裕元,邵明安,上官周平,樊军,王丽梅.黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿草地退化过程与植被演替研究.草业学报,2006,15(2):85- 92.
[33] 王子婷,杨磊,蔡国军,莫保儒,柴春山,戚建莉,张洋东.半干旱黄土区坡面尺度柠条生长状况及影响要素分析.生态学报,2017,37(23):7872- 7881.
[34] Li J P,Xie Y Z,Deng L,Wang K B,Li X W.Soil Physico-chemical property dynamics when continually growing alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in the Loess Plateau of China.Nature Environment and Pollution Technology,2018,17(1):11- 20.
[35] 杨永东,张建生,蔡国军,莫保儒,柴春山,王子婷.黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下紫花苜蓿地土壤水分动态变化.草业科学,2008,25(10):25- 28.
[36] 王书转,郝明德,普琼,吴振海.黄土区苜蓿人工草地群落生态与生产功能演替.草业学报,2014,23(6):1- 10.
[37] 莫保儒,蔡国军,赵廷宁,于洪波,邹天福,柴春山,王子婷.黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性.草业科学,2010,27(2):48- 53.
[38] 赵荟,朱清科,秦伟,刘中奇,王晶,邝高明.黄土高原干旱阳坡微地形土壤水分特征研究.水土保持通报,2010,30(3):64- 68.
[39] 卢纪元,朱清科,陈文思,王瑜.陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应.中国水土保持科学,2016,14(1):53- 60.
[2] 王晗生.黄土高原植被恢复策略回顾.中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):42- 45.
[3] 张金屯.黄土高原植被恢复与建设的理论和技术问题.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):120- 124.
[4] 张文辉,刘国彬.黄土高原植被恢复与建设策略.中国水土保持,2009,(1):24- 27.
[5] 刘国彬,许明祥,王国良,陈云明.黄土高原小流域综合治理及生态恢复过程——以安塞纸坊沟小流域为例//中国水土保持探索与实践——小流域可持续发展研讨会论文集(上).北京:水利部,中科院,世界银行,中国水土保持学会,2005:64- 70.
[6] Fu B J,Wu B F,Lü Y H,Xu Z H,Cao J H,Niu D,Yang G S,Zhou Y M.Three gorges project:efforts and challenges for the environment.Progress in Physical Geography:Earth and Environment,2010,34(6):741- 754.
[7] Chen L D,Yang L,Wei W,Wang Z T,Mo B R,Cai G J.Towards sustainable integrated watershed ecosystem management:a case study in Dingxi on the Loess Plateau,China.Environmental Management,2013,51(1):126- 137.
[8] Wang J J,Jiang Z D,Xia Z L.Grain-for-Green policy and its achievements//Tsunekawa A,Liu G B,Yamanaka N,Du S,eds.Restoration and Development of the Degraded Loess Plateau,China.Tokyo:Springer,2014:137- 147.
[9] Wang Z T,Yang L,Cai G J,Mo B R,Chai C S.A quantitative health evaluation of an eco-economy in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2015,21(7):1884- 1902.
[10] 刘国彬,上官周平,姚文艺,杨勤科,赵敏娟,党小虎,郭明航,王国梁,王兵.黄土高原生态工程的生态成效.中国科学院院刊,2017,32(1):11- 19.
[11] Yuan Z Q,Yu K L,Epstein H,Fang C,Li J T,Liu Q Q,Liu X W,Gao W J,Li F M.Effects of legume species introduction on vegetation and soil nutrient development on abandoned croplands in a semi-arid environment on the Loess Plateau,China.Science of the Total Environment,2016,541:692- 700.
[12] Zhang X,Zhao W W,Liu Y X,Fang X N,Feng Q.The relationships between grasslands and soil moisture on the Loess Plateau of China:a review.Catena,2016,145:56- 67.
[13] 罗珠珠,李玲玲,牛伊宁,蔡立群,张仁陟,谢军红.陇中黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿地土壤干燥化特征及适宜种植年限.应用生态学报,2015,26(10):3059- 3065.
[14] 万素梅,贾志宽,韩清芳,杨宝平.黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及水分恢复.生态学报,2008,28(3):1045- 1051.
[15] 李裕元,邵明安.黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿草地退化过程与植物多样性研究.应用生态学报,2005,16(12):2321- 2327.
[16] 程积民,程杰,高阳.半干旱区退耕地紫花苜蓿生长特性与土壤水分生态效应.草地学报,2011,19(4):565- 569,576- 576.
[17] Zhang Q Y,Jia X X,Zhao C L,Shao M A.Revegetation with artificial plants improves topsoil hydrological properties but intensifies deep-soil drying in northern Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Arid Land,2018,10(3):335- 346.
[18] 马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,陈灵芝.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数.生态学报,1995,15(3):268- 277.
[19] 郭忠升.半干旱区柠条林利用土壤水分深度和耗水量.水土保持通报,2009,29(5):69- 72.
[20] Yang L,Zhang H D,Chen L D.Identification on threshold and efficiency of rainfall replenishment to soil water in semi-arid loess hilly areas.Science China Earth Sciences,2018,61(3):292- 301.
[21] 潘成忠,上官周平.黄土半干旱丘陵区陡坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究.农业工程学报,2003,19(6):5- 9.
[22] 邝高明,朱清科,刘中奇,赵荟,王晶.黄土丘陵沟壑区微地形对土壤水分及生物量的影响.水土保持研究,2012,19(3):74- 77.
[23] Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Zhang Y.Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2009,19(6):707- 718.
[24] Yang L,Wei W,Chen L D,Mo B R.Response of deep soil moisture to land use and afforestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,2012,475:111- 122.
[25] 安文明,韩晓阳,李宗善,王帅,伍星,吕一河,刘国华,傅伯杰.黄土高原不同植被恢复方式对土壤水分坡面变化的影响.生态学报,2018,38(13):4852- 4860.
[26] 郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力.生态学报,2003,23(8):1640- 1647.
[27] 白文娟,焦菊英,马祥华,温仲明,焦峰.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植物群落的分类与排序.西北植物学报,2005,25(7):1317- 1322.
[28] Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Shao H B.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Hydrology,2010,381(1):9- 17.
[29] 胡婵娟,郭雷.植被恢复的生态效应研究进展.生态环境学报,2012,21(9):1640- 1646.
[30] Huang Z,Liu Y,Cui Z,Fang Y,He H H,Liu B R,Wu G L.Soil water storage deficit of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grasslands along ages in arid area (China).Field Crops Research,2018,221:1- 6.
[31] 程积民,万惠娥,王静.黄土丘陵区紫花苜蓿生长与土壤水分变化.应用生态学报,2005,16(3):435- 438.
[32] 李裕元,邵明安,上官周平,樊军,王丽梅.黄土高原北部紫花苜蓿草地退化过程与植被演替研究.草业学报,2006,15(2):85- 92.
[33] 王子婷,杨磊,蔡国军,莫保儒,柴春山,戚建莉,张洋东.半干旱黄土区坡面尺度柠条生长状况及影响要素分析.生态学报,2017,37(23):7872- 7881.
[34] Li J P,Xie Y Z,Deng L,Wang K B,Li X W.Soil Physico-chemical property dynamics when continually growing alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in the Loess Plateau of China.Nature Environment and Pollution Technology,2018,17(1):11- 20.
[35] 杨永东,张建生,蔡国军,莫保儒,柴春山,王子婷.黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下紫花苜蓿地土壤水分动态变化.草业科学,2008,25(10):25- 28.
[36] 王书转,郝明德,普琼,吴振海.黄土区苜蓿人工草地群落生态与生产功能演替.草业学报,2014,23(6):1- 10.
[37] 莫保儒,蔡国军,赵廷宁,于洪波,邹天福,柴春山,王子婷.黄土丘陵沟壑区植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性.草业科学,2010,27(2):48- 53.
[38] 赵荟,朱清科,秦伟,刘中奇,王晶,邝高明.黄土高原干旱阳坡微地形土壤水分特征研究.水土保持通报,2010,30(3):64- 68.
[39] 卢纪元,朱清科,陈文思,王瑜.陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应.中国水土保持科学,2016,14(1):53- 60.
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